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Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties pp 1239–1266Cite as

Article 73. Cases of State succession, State responsibility and outbreak of hostilities

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Abstract

Art 73 includes a precautionary reservation, which leaves room for the ILC to formulate rules on State succession, State responsibility as well as the effects of armed conflict on the law of treaties outside the framework of the VCLT. Especially, the issues of State succession and State responsibility were already under consideration by the ILC so that it was considered necessary not to obstruct or anticipate the outcome of these studies. This was a well-considered pragmatic approach because of which the codification process was not overloaded with attempts to codify rules in fields of international law in which it has proved to be particularly difficult to identify the applicable customary law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    S Rosenne Developments in the Law of Treaties (1989) 34.

  2. 2.

    Rosenne (n 1) 34, 63.

  3. 3.

    Waldock II 38.

  4. 4.

    Report of the Sub-Committee on State Succession [1963-II] YbILC 260, 261; see also Rosenne [1963-II] YbILC 265, 288; Tabibi [1963-II] YbILC 285.

  5. 5.

    Waldock II 77–78 (Draft Art 21).

  6. 6.

    [1963-II] YbILC 206.

  7. 7.

    [1966-II] YbILC 177.

  8. 8.

    [1966-I/2] YbILC 297.

  9. 9.

    Rosenne (n 1) 35.

  10. 10.

    [1964-II] YbILC 175–176.

  11. 11.

    [1966-II] YbILC 186 (Draft Art 69: “Cases of State succession and State responsibility”): “The provisions of the present articles are without prejudice to any question that may arise in regard to a treaty from a succession of States or from the international responsibility of a State.” See also Rosenne (n 1) 34.

  12. 12.

    Final Draft, Commentary to Art 69, 267 para 1, 268 para 3.

  13. 13.

    [1963-II] YbILC 189.

  14. 14.

    Final Draft, Commentary to Art 69, 267–268 para 2.

  15. 15.

    UNCLOT I 484.

  16. 16.

    UNCLOT II 127.

  17. 17.

    Villiger Art 73 MN 11.

  18. 18.

    R Provost in Corten/Klein Art 73 MN 1.

  19. 19.

    Art 2 para 1 lit b of the 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 1946 UNTS 3; Art 2 para 1 lit a of the 1983 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts UN Doc A/CONF.117/14.C.N.358; Art 2 lit a ILC Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in Relation to the Succession of States, UNGA Res 55/153, 12 December 2000, UN Doc A/RES/55/153; see also the decision of the arbitral tribunal in the Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v Senegal) 83 ILR 1, para 31 (1989).

  20. 20.

    A Zimmermann State Succession in Treaties in MPEPIL (2006) MN 1; see M Craven The Problem of State Succession and the Identity of States under International Law (1998) 9 EJIL 142.

  21. 21.

    I Brownlie Principles of International Law (7th edn 2008) 649.

  22. 22.

    Aust 369; Zimmermann (n 20) MN 4.

  23. 23.

    Aust 367; Zimmermann (n 20) MN 3.

  24. 24.

    UNTS 3. See on the Convention DP O’Connell Reflections on the State Succession Convention (1979) 39 ZaöRV 725; M Craven The Decolonization of International Law: State Succession and the Law of Treaties (2010).

  25. 25.

    Zimmermann (n 20) MN 5, 12; see P Dumberry/D Turp La succession d'États en matière de traités et le cas de succession (2003) 36 RBDI 377–412.

  26. 26.

    Zimmermann (n 20) MN 3.

  27. 27.

    Aust 368; see also P Eisemann/M Koskenniemi (eds) State Succession: Codification Tested Against the Facts (2000).

  28. 28.

    M Bothe/C Schmidt, Sur quelques questions de succession posées par la dissolution de l'URSS et celle de la Yougoslavie (1992) 96 RGDIP 811–842; H Hamant Démembrement de l’URSS et problèmes de succession d’ Etats (2007); R Müllerson The Continuity and Succession of States by Reference to the Former USSR and Yugoslavia (1993) 42 ICLQ 473–493; B Stern La Succession d’Etats (1996) 262 RdC 9–437.

  29. 29.

    See K Hailbronner Legal Aspects of the Unification of the Two German States (1991) 1 EJIL 18; S Oeter German Unification and State Succession (1991) 51 ZaöRV 349–383.

  30. 30.

    Aust 367; Zimmermann (n 20) MN 3 et seq; see J Crawford State Practice and International Law in Relation to Secession (1998) 69 BYIL 85; A Zimmermann Staatennachfolge in Verträge (2000).

  31. 31.

    Aust 369.

  32. 32.

    Zimmermann (n 20) MN 13 et seq; see however Brownlie (n 21) 663; see also S Rosenne Automatic Treaty Succession in J Klabbers (ed) Essays on the Law of Treaties (1998) 97–106.

  33. 33.

    ICJ Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia) [1997] ICJ Rep 7, para 123; see J Klabbers Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1998) 11 LYIL 345–355.

  34. 34.

    Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 26: Continuity of Obligations, 8 December 1997, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.8/Rev.1; see also M Kamminga State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties (1996) 7 EJIL 469; R Müllerson The Continuity and Succession of States by Reference to the Former USSR and Yugoslavia (1993) 42 ICLQ 473, 490 et seq; Zimmermann (n 20) MN 15.

  35. 35.

    Aust 371.

  36. 36.

    Zimmermann (n 20) MN 15.

  37. 37.

    ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Yugoslavia) (Preliminary Objections) [1996] ICJ Rep 595, paras 17–23; see however the separate opinion of Judge Weeramantry [1996] ICJ Rep 640 et seq.

  38. 38.

    ICTY Prosecutor v Delalić et al (Appeals Chamber) IT-96-21-A, 20 February 2001, para 110 n 132.

  39. 39.

    Ibid para 111; see however A Rasulor, Revisiting State Succession in Humanitarian Treaties: Is There a Case for Automaticity? (2003) 14 EYIL 141–170.

  40. 40.

    K Bühler State Succession and Membership in International Organization (2001), 115 et seq; Zimmermann (n 20) MN 15.

  41. 41.

    Bühler (n 40) 151 et seq, 180 et seq; Aust 375, 379.

  42. 42.

    Art 15 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (n 19).

  43. 43.

    Art 31 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (n 19).

  44. 44.

    Aust 370; Zimmermann (n 20) MN 8.

  45. 45.

    Brownlie (n 21) 664.

  46. 46.

    Zimmermann (n 20) MN 6 et seq.

  47. 47.

    Villiger Art 73 MN 12.

  48. 48.

    M Schröder Verantwortlichkeit, Völkerstrafrecht, Streitbeilegung und Sanktionen, in W Graf Vitzthum (ed) Völkerrecht (5th edn 2010) MN 4.

  49. 49.

    UNGA Res 56/83, 12 December 2001, UN Doc A/RES/56/83. For the history of codification, see J Crawford The ILC’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts: A Retrospect (2002) 96 AJIL 874.

  50. 50.

    Art 1 Draft Articles; PCIJ The Factory at Chorzów (Claim for Indemnity) (Merits) PCIJ Ser A No 17, 47 (1928).

  51. 51.

    J Crawford State Responsibility in MPEPIL (2008) MN 18.

  52. 52.

    On the question whether fault and damage are necessary prerequisites for incurring responsibility, see J Crawford/S Olleson The Nature and Forms of International Responsibility in M Evans (ed) International Law (3rd edn 2010) 457 et seq; see also O Diggelmann Fault in the Law of State Responsibility - Pragmatism ad infinitum (2006) 496 YIL 293–305.

  53. 53.

    See H Aust/G Nolte Unequivocal Helpers – Complicit States, Mixed Messages and International Law (2009) 58 EJIL 1.

  54. 54.

    ICJ LaGrand (Germany v United States) [2001] ICJ Rep 466, para 124.

  55. 55.

    Crawford (n 51) MN 24.

  56. 56.

    Crawford/Olleson (n 52) 463.

  57. 57.

    See on the concept C Tams Enforcing Obligations erga omnes in International Law (2005).

  58. 58.

    Crawford (n 51) MN 32 et seq, 46; see on State responsibility and international crimes eg JHH Weiler International Crimes of States: A Critical Analysis of the ILC’s Draft Article on Art 19 on State Responsibility (1989); S Rosenne State Responsibility and International Crimes (1997/1998) 30 New York University JILP 145; G Gaja State Responsibility: Should All References to International Crimes Disappear from the ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility? (1999) 10 EJIL 365.

  59. 59.

    PM Dupuy Droit de traités, codification et responsabilité internationale (1997) 43 AFDI 12, 15.

  60. 60.

    Aust 228 et seq.

  61. 61.

    Dupuy (n 59) 16.

  62. 62.

    Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Res 56/83, 12 December 2001, UN Doc A/RES/56/83.

  63. 63.

    R Provost in Corten/Klein Art 73 MN 10.

  64. 64.

    Difference between New Zealand and France Concerning the Interpretation or Application of Two Agreements Concluded on 9 July 1986 between the Two States and Which Related to the Problems Arising from the ‘Rainbow Warrior’ Affair (New Zealand v France) (1990) 20 RIAA 217, para 75.

  65. 65.

    [2001-II/2] YbILC 55.

  66. 66.

    Dupuy (n 59) 17.

  67. 67.

    R Provost in Corten/Klein Art 73 MN 12. A further problematic overlap might be seen in the relationship between Art 23 of the ILC Draft Articles on force majeure and the rules on a supervening impossibility of performance according to Art 61 VCLT.

  68. 68.

    ‘Rainbow Warrior’ Affair (n 64) para 73.

  69. 69.

    R Provost in Corten/Klein Art 73 MN 16–17; Dupuy (n 59) 15.

  70. 70.

    See D Bowett Treaties and State Responsibility in Mélanges M. Virally (1991) 137, 138 et seq; Dupuy (n 59) 17; LA Sicilianos The Relationship between Reprisals and Denunciation or Suspension of a Treaty (1993) 4 EJIL 341 et seq.

  71. 71.

    Dupuy (n 59) 15.

  72. 72.

    See ibid 22.

  73. 73.

    Second Report of SR Crawford, 16 March 1999, UN Doc A/CN.4/498, para 257; see also R Lefeber The Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project and the Law of State Responsibility (1998) 11 LJIL 609, 612.

  74. 74.

    Air Services Agreement of 27 March 1946 (United States v France) 18 RIAA 416 (1979); ICJ Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (n 33) paras 84 et seq.

  75. 75.

    J Crawford/S Olleson The Exception of Non-Performance: Links between the Law of Treaties and the Law of State Responsibility (2001) 21 AYIL 55, 57.

  76. 76.

    ICJ Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Project (n 33) paras 47, 101, 106.

  77. 77.

    Aust 362.

  78. 78.

    ILC Report of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law, Finalized by M Koskenniemi, 13 April 2006, UN Doc A/CN.4/L.682, paras 68 et seq; H Krieger A Conflict of Norms: The Relationship between Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law in the ICRC Customary Law Study (2006) 11 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 265, 270.

  79. 79.

    M Fitzmaurice/O Elias Contemporary Issues in the Law of Treaties (2005) 146; see in general U Linderfalk State Responsibility and the Primary-Secondary Rules Terminology (2009) 78 NJIL 53–72.

  80. 80.

    See Dupuy (n 59) 22.

  81. 81.

    Lefeber (n 73) 611.

  82. 82.

    MN Shaw International Law (6th edn 2008) 794.

  83. 83.

    Crawford/Olleson (n 75) 60.

  84. 84.

    Aust 363.

  85. 85.

    G Fitzmaurice The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice (1985) 6.

  86. 86.

    Final Draft, Commentary to Art 69, 267 para 2.

  87. 87.

    ICRC (ed) Interpretative Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law (2009) 43.

  88. 88.

    Y Dinstein The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict (2nd edn 2010) 1.

  89. 89.

    See eg Art 1 of the 1907 Hague Convention (III) Relative to the Opening of Hostilities; Section II of the 1907 Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex; Art 3 para 1 Geneva Conventions I–IV; Art 17 Geneva Convention I, Art 33 Geneva Convention II; Section II and Art 21 para 3, Art 67, 118–119 Geneva Convention III; Art 49 para 2, Arts 130, 133–135 Geneva Convention IV; Arts 33–34, 40, 43 para 2, Arts 45, 47, 51 para 3, Arts 59–60 Additional Protocol I and Part IV Section I Additional Protocol I; Arts 4 and 13 para 3 Additional Protocol II; Art 3 paras 1–3 and Art 4 Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War.

  90. 90.

    J Delbrück War, Effects on Treaties (2000) 4 EPIL 1371.

  91. 91.

    ICRC (n 87) 41.

  92. 92.

    See also ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 91.

  93. 93.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 21 with reference to ICTY Prosecutor v Tadić (Appeals Chamber) (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) IT-94-1, 2 October 1995, para 70.

  94. 94.

    Statement of China, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.17, para 53.

  95. 95.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 25.

  96. 96.

    (1984) 15 NYIL 321; ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 90.

  97. 97.

    ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) para 110.

  98. 98.

    B Broms Preliminary Report to the Fifth Commission: The Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (1981) 59-I AnnIDI 224, 227.

  99. 99.

    Aust 308; Delbrück (n 90) 1369.

  100. 100.

    ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) paras 3, 5.

  101. 101.

    (1983) 54 BYIL 370; see ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) para 5.

  102. 102.

    (1976–1977) 48 BYIL 333 et seq; ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) para 5.

  103. 103.

    ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 98.

  104. 104.

    Effects of War Upon Treaties and International Conventions (1912) 7 AJIL 149.

  105. 105.

    Harvard Draft 1183–1204.

  106. 106.

    (1985) 61-I AnnIDI 1–27; (1985) 61-II AnnIDI 199–255.

  107. 107.

    UNGA Res 59/41, 16 December 2004, UN Doc A/RES/59/41, para 5.

  108. 108.

    First Report of SR Brownlie, 21 April 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/552.

  109. 109.

    Second Report of SR Brownlie, 16 June 2006, UN Doc A/CN.4/570; Third Report of SR Brownlie, 1 March 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/578; Fourth Report of SR Brownlie, 14 November 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/589.

  110. 110.

    ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 80–135.

  111. 111.

    See n 93.

  112. 112.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 40.

  113. 113.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1368; G Schwarzenberger Jus pacis ac belli (1943) 37 AJIL 460 et seq.

  114. 114.

    McNair 698–702.

  115. 115.

    Schwarzenberger (n 113) 471; J Westlake International Law Part II (1913) 8.

  116. 116.

    McNair 698 n 2.

  117. 117.

    Ibid 698: for further UK and US State practice see ibid 698–702.

  118. 118.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1369; ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) para 15.

  119. 119.

    (1912) 25 AnnIDI 611; see also (1911) 24 AnnIDI 200.

  120. 120.

    Harvard Draft 1183–1204.

  121. 121.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1369.

  122. 122.

    North Atlantic Coast Fisheries (United Kingdom v United States) 11 RIAA 167, 181 (1910).

  123. 123.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1369.

  124. 124.

    See for pertinent State practice on explicit regulations G Dahm/J Delbrück/R Wolfrum Völkerrecht Vol I/3 (2nd edn 2002) 759.

  125. 125.

    Art 4, 7 of the 2008 ILC Draft Articles; see First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) paras 51, 81.

  126. 126.

    Art 12 as suggested by the First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 114.

  127. 127.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1370; ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) para 17.

  128. 128.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 70; see also ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 96–124.

  129. 129.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) paras 53, 65.

  130. 130.

    Third Report of SR Brownlie (n 109) para 34.

  131. 131.

    See inter alia statements by India UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.18, para 64; Poland UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.19, para 19; the United Kingdom, UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 1 and the United States ibid para 34 and UN Doc A/C.6/61/SR.19, para 41.

  132. 132.

    See for the statement of the United States UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 34; see also India, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.17, para 47; Israel, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.18, para 33; Nordic Countries, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.16, para 32.

  133. 133.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 56.

  134. 134.

    Aust 309; Delbrück (n 90) 1370; G Fitzmaurice The Juridical Clauses of the Peace Treaties (1948) 73 RdC 255, 312–317; WE Hall International Law (8th edn 1924) 453–459; McNair 693–728; D O’Connell International Law (2nd edn 1970) 269 et seq; Arts 3 and 6 of the IDI Resolution (1985) 61-I AnnIDI 1–27; (1985) 61-II AnnIDI 199–255.

  135. 135.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1370.

  136. 136.

    First Report of SR Brownlie (n 108) para 107; Delbrück (n 90) 1370.

  137. 137.

    Delbrück (n 90) 1371; see however Dahm/Delbrück/Wolfrum (n 124) 756; McNair 713–715, 718 et seq.

  138. 138.

    First Report of SR Brownlie (n 108) para 80.

  139. 139.

    Aust 310; First Report of SR Brownlie (n 108) para 83.

  140. 140.

    McNair 723.

  141. 141.

    ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) paras 48 et seq.

  142. 142.

    First Report of SR Brownlie (n 108) paras 108 et seq.

  143. 143.

    ICJ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136, para 106.

  144. 144.

    H Krieger Notstand in R Grote/T Marauhn (eds) Konkordanzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen Grundrechtsschutz (2006) MN 20.

  145. 145.

    Third Report of SR Brownlie (n 109) paras 49, 54; for criticism on this point, see the views of the delegations of South Korea UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.18, para 36, the United Kingdom UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 1, and the United States UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 33; see on the differentiation between continuing operation/applicability and the lex specialis rule Krieger (n 78) 268 et seq.

  146. 146.

    H Krieger Die Verantwortlichkeit Deutschlands nach der EMRK für seine Streitkräfte im Auslandseinsatz (2002) 62 ZaöRV 669.

  147. 147.

    D Akande Nuclear Weapons, Unclear Law? Deciphering the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion of the International Court (1997) 68 BYIL 183.

  148. 148.

    See ILC, Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties (n 96) paras 58–63.

  149. 149.

    UNTS 95.

  150. 150.

    UNTS 261.

  151. 151.

    ICJ United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v Iran) [1980] ICJ Rep 3, para 86.

  152. 152.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 76.

  153. 153.

    Ibid paras 74 et seq; see also Art 9 Draft Articles.

  154. 154.

    Draft Art 13 (“Effect of the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defence on a treaty”): “A State exercising its right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations is entitled to suspend in whole or in part the operation of a treaty incompatible with the exercise of that right.”

  155. 155.

    Draft Art 14 (“Decisions of the Security Council”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the legal effects of decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.”

  156. 156.

    Draft Art 16 (“Rights and duties arising from the laws of neutrality”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the rights and duties of States arising from the laws of neutrality.”

  157. 157.

    Draft Art 17 (“Other cases of termination, withdrawal or suspension”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the termination, withdrawal or suspension of treaties as a consequence of, inter alia: (a) The agreement of the parties; or (b) A material breach; or (c) Supervening impossibility of performance; or (d) A fundamental change of circumstances.”

  158. 158.

    Draft Art 18 (“Revival of treaty relations subsequent to an armed conflict”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the right of States Parties to an armed conflict to regulate, subsequent to the conflict, on the basis of agreement, the revival of treaties, terminated or suspended as a result of the armed conflict.”

  159. 159.

    Art 15 Draft Articles.

  160. 160.

    Fourth Report of SR Brownlie (n 109) paras 29 et seq.

  161. 161.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 82; Art 8 of the 2010 Draft Articles (“Notification of intention to terminate, withdraw from or suspend the operation of a treaty”): “1. A State engaged in armed conflict intending to terminate or withdraw from a treaty to which it is a party, or to suspend the operation of that treaty, shall notify the other State Party or States Parties to the treaty, or its depositary, of that intention. 2. The notification takes effect upon receipt by the other State Party or States Parties, unless it provides for a subsequent date. 3. Nothing in the preceding paragraphs shall affect the right of a party to object, in accordance with the terms of the treaty or applicable rules of international law, to termination, withdrawal from or suspension of the operation of the treaty. Unless the treaty provides otherwise, the time limit for raising an objection shall be […] after receipt of the notification. 4. If an objection has been raised within the prescribed time limit, the States Parties concerned shall seek a solution through the means indicated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations. 5. Nothing in the preceding paragraphs shall affect the rights or obligations of States with regard to the settlement of disputes insofar as, despite the incidence of an armed conflict, they have remained applicable, pursuant to draft articles 4 to 7.”

  162. 162.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) paras 89, 91.

  163. 163.

    Ibid para 85.

  164. 164.

    Statement of Switzerland, UN Doc A/CN.4/622.

  165. 165.

    First Report of SR Caflisch (n 93) para 87; ILC Report 62nd Session, UN Doc A/65/10 (2010), 303.

  166. 166.

    ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 98.

Selected Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Legal Studies Institute, University of Osnabrück, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany

    Professor Dr. Oliver Dörr LL.M. (Lond.)

  2. Faculty of Law Department of Public Law/International Law, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria

    Professor Dr. Kirsten Schmalenbach

Authors
  1. Professor Dr. Oliver Dörr LL.M. (Lond.)
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  2. Professor Dr. Kirsten Schmalenbach
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Correspondence to Oliver Dörr LL.M. (Lond.) .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , European Legal Studies Institute, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49069, Germany

    Oliver Dörr

  2. , Law Faculty, University of Salzburg, Churfürst Strasse 1, Salzburg, 5020, Austria

    Kirsten Schmalenbach

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Dörr, O., Schmalenbach, K. (2012). Article 73. Cases of State succession, State responsibility and outbreak of hostilities. In: Dörr, O., Schmalenbach, K. (eds) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19291-3_77

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