Abstract
Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009; 523–531.
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Chapter 1
Lymphoma classification systems
Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009; 523–531.
Kempf W, Sander CA. Classification of cutaneous lymphomas – an update. Histopathology 2010; 56: 57–70.
Robson A. Immunocytochemistry and the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoma. Histopathology 2010; 56: 71–90.
Weaver J, Mahindra AK, Pohlman B, Jin T, His ED. Non-mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: reclassification according to the WHO-EORTC classification. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37: 516–524.
Mycosis fungoides
Diwan H, Ivan D. CD8-positive mycosis fungoides and primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8-positive cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 390–392.
Duvic M, Foss FM. Mycosis fungoides: pathophysiology and emerging therapies. Semin Oncol 2007; 34(suppl 5): S21-8.
Guitart J, Kennedy J, Ronan S, Chmiel JS, Hseigh YC, Variakojis D. Histologic criteria for the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides: proposal for a grading system to standardize pathology reporting. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28: 174–183.
Pimpinelli N, Olsen EA, Santucci M, Vonderheid E, Haeffner AC, Stevens S, Burg G, Cerroni L, Dreno B, Glusac E, Guitart J, Heald PW, Kempf W, Knobler R, Lessin S, Sander C, Smoller BR, Telang G, Whittaker S, Iwatsuki K, Obitz E, Takigawa M, Turner ML, Wood GS; International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma. Defining early mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 1053–1063
Smoller BR. Mycosis fungoides: what do/do not we know? J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35: suppl 2: 35–39.
Sezary syndrome
Kim EJ, Lin J, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Vittorio CC, Rook AH. Mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome: an update. Curr Oncol Rep 2006; 8: 376–386.
Klemke CD, Brade J, Weckesser S, Sachse MM, Booken N, Neumaier M, Goerdt S, Nebe TC. The diagnosis of Sezary syndrome on peripheral blood by flow cytometry requires the use of multiple markers. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 871–880.
Mycosis fungoides variants
Boone SL, Guitart J, Gerami P. Follicular mycosis fungoides: a histopathologic, immunohistochemical and genotypic review. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2008; 143: 409–414.
Gerami P, Guitart J. The spectrum of histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in folliculotropic mycosis fungoides. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 1430–1438.
Kempf W, et al. Granulomatous mycosis fungoides and granulomatous slack skin: a multicenter study of the Cutaneous Lymphoma Histopathology Task Force Group of the European Organization For Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Arch Dermatol. 2008 Dec;144(12):1609–17
Lee J, Viakhireva N, Cesca C, Lee P, Kohler S, Hoppe RT, Kim YH. Clinicopathologic features and treatment outcomes in Woringer-Kolopp disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 706–712.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Guitart J, Querfeld C. Cutaneous CD30 lymphoproliferative disorders and similar conditions: a clinical and pathologic prospective on a complex issue. Semin Diagn Pathol 2009; 26: 131–140.
Kadin ME. Pathobiology of CD30+ cutaneous T cell lymphomas. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33 suppl. 1: 10–17.
Kempf W. CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders: histopathology, differential diagnosis, new variants and simulators. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33 (suppl 1): 58–70.
Lymphomatoid papulosis
De Souza A, Camilleri MH, Wada DA, Appert DL, Gibson LE, el-Azhary RA. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunophenotypic features of lymphomatoid papulosis with CD8 predominance in 14 pediatric patients. J Am Acad Demratol 2009; 61: 993–1000.
El Shabraw-Caelen L, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Lymphomatoid papulosis: reappraisal of Clinicopathologic presentation and classification into subtypes A, B and C. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 441–447.
Guitart J, Querfeld C. Cutaneous CD30 lymphoproliferative disorders and similar conditions: a clinical and pathologic prospective on a complex issue. Semin Diagn Pathol 2009; 26: 131–140.
Kunishige JH, McDonald H, Alvarez G, Johnson M, Prieto V, Duciv M. Lymphomatoid papulosis and associated lymphomas: a retrospective case series of 84 patientss. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34: 576–581.
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma
Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009; 523–531.
Lozzi GP, Massone C, Citarella L, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Rimming of adipocytes by neoplastic lymphocytes: a histopathologic feature not restricted to subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2006; 28: 9–12.
Willemze R, Jansen PM, Cerroni L, Berti E, Santucci M, Assaf C, Canninga-can Dijk MR, Carlotti A, Geerts ML, Hahtola S, Hummel M, Jeskanen L, Kempf W, Massone C, Ortiz-Romero PL, Paulli M, Petrella T, Ranki A, Peralto JL, Robson A, Senff NJ, Vermeer MH, Wechsler J, Whittaker S, Meijer CJ: EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Group. Blood 2008: 111: 838–845.
NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type
Schwartz EJ, Molina-Kirsch H, Zhao S, Marinelli RJ, Warnke RA, Natkunam Y. Immunohistochemical characterization of nasal-type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma using a tissue microarray: an analysis of 84 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 130: 343–351.
Hematodermic neoplasm
Herling M, Jones D. CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic tumor: the features of an evolving entity and its relationship to dendritic cells. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127: 687–700.
Martin JM, Nicolau MJ, Galan A, Fernanxez-Izquierdo A, Ferrer AM, Jorda E. CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm: a precursor haematological neoplasm that frequently first presents in the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20: 1129–1132.
Marginal zone lymphoma
Ferenczi K. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphomas: are they different from other extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas? J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 715–717.
Gerami P, Wickless SC, Querfeld C, Rosen ST, Kuzel TM, Guitart J. Cutaneous involvement with marginal zone lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63: 142–145.
Takino H, Li C, Hu S, Huo TT, Geissinger E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Kim B, Swerdlow SH, Inagaki H. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: a molecular and clinicopathological study of cases from Asia, Germany and the United States. Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 1517–1526.
Follicular lymphoma
Bogle MA, Riddle CC, Triana EM, Jones D, Duvic M. Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 479–484.
Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009; 523–531.
Kerl H, Cerroni L. Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: then and now. J Cutan Pathol 2006: 33 (suppl 1): 1–5.
Primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma, leg type
Senff NJ, Willemze R. The applicability and prognostic value of the new TMN classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: results on a large cohort of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and comparison with the system used by the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: 1205–1211.
Wiesner T, Obenauf AC, Geigl JB, Vallant EM, Speicher MR, Fink-Puches R, Kerl H, Cerroni L. 9p21 deletion in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, may escape detection by standard FISH assays. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129: 1149–1155.
Intravascular B-cell lymphoma
Eros N, Karolyi Z, Kovacs A, Takacs I, Radvanyi G, Kelenyi G. Intravacular B-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47 (5 suppl): S260-262.
Kong YY, Dai B, Sheng WQ, Yang WT, Wang CF, Kong JC, Shi DR. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma with cutaneous manifestations: a Clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic and molecular study of three cases. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 865–870.
Chapter 2
Port wine stain
North PE, Mihm MC Jr. Histopathological diagnosis of infantile hemangioma and vascular malformations. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Amer 2001; 9: 505–524.
Smoller BR, Rosen S. Port-wine stains. A disease of altered neural modulation of blood vessels? Arch Dermatol 1986; 122: 177–179.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Braverman IM. Ultrastructure and organization of the cutaneous microvaculature in normal and pathologic states. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93 (2 suppl): 2S-9S.
Angiokeratoma
Hunt SJ, Santa Cruz DJ. Vascular tumors of the skin: a selective review. Semin Diagn Pathol 2004; 32: 506–511.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferations. Part III. Malignant neoplasms, other cutaneous neoplasms with significant vascular component, and disorders erroneously considered as vascular neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: 143–175.
Venous lake
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular anomalies. Part I. Hamartomas, malformations and dilation of preexisting vessels. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 523–549.
Capillary hemangioma
Kalof AN, Cooper K. D2-40 immunohistocyemistry –so far! Adv Anat Pathol 2009; 16: 62–64.
North PE, Waner M, Buckmiller L, James CA, Mihm MC Jr. Vascular tumors of infancy and childhood: beyond capillary hemangioma. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15: 303–317.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Infantile hemangioma
North PE, Mihm MC Jr. Histopathological diagnosis of infantile hemangioma and vascular malformations. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Amer 2001; 9: 505–524.
North PE, Waner M, Buckmiller L, James CA, Mihm MC Jr. Vascular tumors of infancy and childhood: beyond capillary hemangioma. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15: 303–317.
Cavernous hemangioma
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Tsang WY, Chan JK, Fletcher CD. Recently characterized vascular tumours of skin and soft tissues. Histopathology 1991; 19: 489–501.
Verrucous hemangioma
Tennant LB, Mulliken JB, Perez-Atayde AR, Kozakewich HP. Verrucous hemangioma revisited. Pediatr Dermatol 2006; 23: 208–215.
Lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma)
Demir Y, Demir S, Aktepe F. Cutaneous lobular capillary hemangioma induced by pregnancy. J Cutan Pathol 2004; 31: 77–80.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Arteriovenous hemangioma
Enjoiras O. Classification and management of the various superficial vascular anomalies: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. J Dermatol 1997; 24: 701–710.
Garzon MC, Huang JT, Enjoiras O, Frieden IJ. Vascular malformations: Part 1. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 353–370.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Acquired tufted hemangioma
Prieto VG, Shea CR. Selected cutaneous vacular neoplasms. A review. Dermatol Clin 1999; 17: 507–520.
Tsang WY, Chan JK, Fletcher CD. Recently characterized vascular tumours of skin and soft tissues. Histopathology 1991; 19: 489–501.
Targetoid hemangioma (hobnail hemangioma)
Prieto VG, Shea CR. Selected cutaneous vacular neoplasms. A review. Dermatol Clin 1999; 17: 507–520.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Vion B, Frenk E. Targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma. Dermatology 1992; 184: 300–302.
Lymphangioma circumscriptum
Bauer BS, Kernahan DA, Hugo NE. Lymphangioma circumscriptum—a clinicopathological review. Ann Plast Surg 1981; 7: 318–326.
Heller M, Mengden S. Lymphangioma circumscriptum. Dermatol Online J 2008; 15: 27.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia
Garzon MC, Huang JT, Enjoiras O, Frieden IJ. Vascular malformations: Part 1. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 353–370.
Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Tsang WY, Chan JK, Fletcher CD. Recently characterized vascular tumours of skin and soft tissues. Histopathology 1991; 19: 489–501.
Glomus tumor/glomangioma
Mentzel T, Hugel H, Kutzner H. CD34-positive glomus tumor: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of six cases with myxoid Stromal changes. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29: 421–425.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Hemangiopericytoma
Fletcher CD, McKee PH. Sarcomas—a clinicopathological guide with particular reference to cutaneous manifestation. III. Angiosarcoma, malignant hemangiopericytoma, fibrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985; 10: 332–349.
Hardisson D, Cuevas-Santos J, Contreras F. Solitary fibrous tumor of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46 (supple case reports): S37-40.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 887–919.
Angiosarcoma
Abrahamson TG, Stone MS, Piette WW. Cutaneous angiosarcoma. Adv Dermatol 2001; 17: 279–299.
Fletcher CD, McKee PH. Sarcomas—a clinicopathological guide with particular reference to cutaneous manifestation. III. Angiosarcoma, malignant hemangiopericytoma, fibrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985; 10: 332–349.
Hunt SJ, Santa Cruz DJ. Vascular tumors of the skin: a selective review. Semin Diagn Pathol 2004; 21: 166–218.
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Goh SG, Calonje E. Cutaneous vascular tumours: an update. Histopathology 2008; 52: 661–673.
Hunt SJ, Santa Cruz DJ. Vascular tumors of the skin: a selective review. Semin Diagn Pathol 2004; 21: 166–218.
Wilkins K, Turner R, Dolev JC, LeBoit PE, Berger TG, Maurer TA. Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54: 189–206.
Chapter 3
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Hussein MR. Skin-limited Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in children. Cancer Invest 2009; 27: 504–511.
Singh A, Prieto VG, Czelusta A, McClain KL, Duvic M. Adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis limited to the skin. Dermatology 2003; 207: 157–161.
Stefanato CM, Andersen WK, Calonje E, Swain FA, Borghi S, Massone L, Kowalski JV, Bhawan J. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the elderly: a report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 375–378.
Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis
Kanitakis J, Zambruno G, Schmitt D, Cambazard F, Jacquemier D, Thivolet J. Congenital self-healing histiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker). An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Cancer 1988; 61: 508–516.
Ricart J, Jimenez A, Marquina A, Villanueva A. Congenital self-healing reticulohistocytosis: report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 426–429.
Indeterminate Cell Proliferative Disorder
Manente L, Cotellessa C, Schmitt I, Peris K, Torlone G, Muda AO, Romano MC, Chementi S. Indeterminate cell histiocytosis: a rare histiocytic disorder. Am J Dermatopathol 1997; 19: 276–283.
Rosenberg AS, Morgan MB. Cutaneous indeterminate cell histiocytosis: a new spindle cell variant resembling dendritic cell sarcoma. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28: 531–537.
Reticulohistiocytosis (multicentric)
Lutz FB, Gaspar TAP, Kalil-Gaspar N, Ramos-e-Slilva M. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001; 15: 524–531.
Lutz FM, Kurizky PS, Ramos-e-Silva M. Retculohistiocytosis. Dermatol Clin 2007; 25: 625–632.
Tajirian AL, Malik MK, Robinson-Boston L, Lally EV. Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis. Clin Dermatol 2006; 24: 486–492.
Xanthoma disseminatum
Favara BE, Feller AC, Pauli M, Jaffe ES, Weiss LM, Arico M, Bucsky P, Egeler RM, Elinder G, Gadner H, Gresik M, Henter HI, Imashuki S, Janka-Schaub G, Jaffe R, Ladisch S, Nezelof C, Pritchard H. Contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. The WHO Committee on Histiocytic/Reticulum cell proliferations. Reclassification Working Group of the HIstiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997; 29: 157–166.
Newman B, Hu W, Nigro K, Gilliam AC. Aggressive histiocytic disorders that can involve the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 302–316.
Benign cephalic histiocytosis
Jih DM, Salcedo SL, Jaworsky C. Benign cephalic histiocytosis: a case report and review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 906–913.
Zelger BW, Sidorof A, Orchard G, Cerio R. Non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. A new unifying concept. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18: 490–504.
Verruciform Xanthoma
Nowparast B, Howell FV, Rick GM. Verruciform Xanthoma. A Clinicopathologic review and report of fifty-four cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981; 51: 619–625.
Philipsen HP, Reichart PA, Takata T, Ogawa I. Verruciform xanthoma—biological profile of 282 lesions based on a literature survey with nine new cases from Japan. Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 325–326.
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease)
Foucar E, Rosai J, Dorfman R. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): review of the entity. Semin Diagn Pathol 1990; 7: 19–73.
Histiocytic cytophagic panniculitis
Craig AJ, Cualing H, Thomas G, Lamerson C, Smith R. Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis—a syndrome associated with benign and malignant pannicultiis: case comparison and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 721–736.
Chapter 4
Hypertrophic scar
Liu B, Connolly MK. The pathogenesis of cutaneous fibrosis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1998; 17: 3–11.
Sahl WJ Jr, Clever H. Cutaneous scars: Part I. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 681–691.
Sahl WJ Jr, Clever H. Cutaneous scars: Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 33: 763–769.
Keloid
Bran GM, Goessler UR, Hormann K, Riedel F, Sadick H. Keloids: current concepts of pathogenesis (review). Int J Mol Med 2009; 24: 283–293.
Murray JC. Scars and keloids. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11: 697–708.
Fibrous papule
Bansal C, Stewart D, Li A, Cockerell CJ. Histologic variants of fibrous papule. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32: 424–428.
Jacyk WK, Rutten A, Requena L. Fibrous papule of the face with granular cells. Dermatology 2008; 216: 56–59.
Kucher C, McNiff JM. Epithelioid fibrous papule – a new variant. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34: 571–575.
Angiofibroma
Fletcher CD. Distinctive soft tissue tumors of the head and neck. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 324–330.
Zelger B. Connective tissue tumors. Recents Results Cancer Res 2002; 160: 343–350.
Pearly penile papule
Agrawal SK, Bhattacharya SN, Singh N. Pearly penile papules: a review. Inti J Demratol 2004; 43: 199–201.
Ferenczy A, Richart RM, Wright TC. Pearly penile papules: absence of human papilloma virus DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 118–122.
Fibrous hamartoma of infancy
Carettto E, Dall’lgna P, Alaggio R, Siracusa F, Granata C, Ferrari A, Cecchetto G. Fibrous hamartoma of infancy: an Italian multi-institutional experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54: 800–803.
Grynspan D, Meir K, Senger C, Ball NJ. Cutaneous changes in fibrous hamartoma of infancy. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34: 39–43.
Acquired digital fibrokeratoma
Kint A, Baran R. Histopathologic study of Koenen tumors. Are they different from acquired digital fibrokeratoma: J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18: 369–372.
Kint A, Baran A, De Keyser H. Acquired (digital) fibrokeratoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 12: 816–821.
Recurrent infantile digital fibroma
Grenier N, Liang C, Capaldi L, Ney A, Lapidus C, Schappell D, Katarincic J, Robinson-Bostom L. A range of histologic findings in infantile digital fibromatosis. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25: 72–75.
Laskin WB, Miettinen M, Fetsch JF. Infantile digital fibroma/fibromatosis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 69 tumors from 57 patients with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33: 1–13.
Myofibromatosis
Larralde M, Hoffner MV, Boggio P, Abad ME, Luna PC, Correa N. Infantile myofibromatosis: report of nine patients. Pediatr Dermatol 2010; 27: 29–33.
Matthews MR, Cockerell CH. An historic perspective of infantile myofibromatosis. Adv Dermatol 2006; 22: 279–305.
Nodular fasciitis
Krasovec M, Burg G. Nodular fasciitis (pseudotumor of the skin). Dermatology 1999; 198: 431–433.
Nishi SP, Brey NV, Sanchez RL. Dermal nodular fasciitis: three case reports of the head and neck and literature review. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33: 378–382.
Dermatofibroma
Yamamoto T. Dermatofibroma: a possible model of local fibrosis with epithelial/mesenchymal cell interaction. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 371–375.
Zelger B, Zelger BG, Burgdorf WH. Dermatofibroma- critical evaluation. Int J Surg Pathol 2004; 12: 333–344.
Sclerotic fibroma
Gonzalez-Vela MC, Val-Bernal JF, Martino M, Gonzalez-Lopez MA, Garcia-Alberdi E, Hermana S. Sclerotic fibroma-like dermatofibroma: an uncommon distinctive variant of dermatofibroma. Histol Histopathol 2005; 20: 801–806.
Lo WL, Wong CK. Soitary sclerotic fibroma. J Cutan Pathol 1990; 269–273.
Requena L, Gutierrez J, Sanchez Yus E. Multiple sclerotic fibromas of the skin. A cutaneous marker of Cowden’s disease. J Cutan Pathol 1992; 19: 346–351.
Fibrous histiocytoma
Billings SD, Folpe AL. Cutaneous and subcutaneous Fibrohistiocytic tumors of intermediate malignancy: an update. Am J Demratopathol 2004; 26: 141–155.
Luzar B, Calonje E. Cutaneous Fibrohistiocytic tumours—an update. Histopathology 2010; 56: 148–165.
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma
Billings SD, Folpe AL. Cutaneous and subcutaneous Fibrohistiocytic tumors of intermediate malignancy: an update. Am J Demratopathol 2004; 26: 141–155.
Juvenile xanthogranuloma
Dehner LP. Juvenile xanthogranulomas in the first two decades of life: a Clinicopathologic study of 174 cases with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 579–593.
Hernandez-Martin A, Baselga E, Drolet BA, Esterly NB. Juvenile xanthogranuloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36: 355–367.
Moschella SL. An update of the benign proliferative monocyte-macrophage and dendritic cell disorders. J Dermatol 1996; 23: 805–815.
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath (GCTTS)
Ciattaglia G, Filossa G, Bugatti L. Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 728–729.
Rustin MH, Robinson TW. Giant-cell tumor of the tendon sheath—an uncommon tumour presenting to dermatologists. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14: 466–468.
Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX)
Gleason BC, Calder KM, Cibull TL, Thomas AB, Billings SD, Morgan MB, Hiatt KM, Smoller BR. Utility of p63 in the differential diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma and spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 543–547.
Luzar B, Calonje E. Cutaneous Fibrohistiocytic tumours—an update. Histopathology 2010; 56: 148–165.
Luzar B, Calonje E. Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of atypical fibroxanthoma with a special emphasis on potential diagnostic pitfalls: a review. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37: 301–309.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Mendehnhall WM, Ziotecki RA, Scarborough MT. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cancer 2004; 101: 2503–2508.
Sundram UN. Review: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: histologic approach and updated treatment recommendations. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2009; 7: 406–408.
Tardio JC. CD-34 reactive tumors of the skin. An updated review of an ever-growing list of lesions. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 89–102.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)
Billings SD, Folpe AL. Cutaneous and subcutaneous Fibrohistiocytic tumors of intermediate malignancy: an update. Am J Demratopathol 2004; 26: 141–155.
Kamino H, Salcedo E. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical diagnosis of benign and malignant fibrous and Fibrohistiocytic tumors of the skin. Dermatol Clin 1999; 17: 487–505.
Chapter 5
Lipoma
Challis D. Atypical subcutaneous fatty tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2000; 7: 94–99.
Mentzel T. Cutaneous lipomatous neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2001; 18: 250–257.
Angiolipoma
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferations. Part III. Malignant neopalms, other cutaneous neoplasms with significant vascular component, and disorders erroneously considered as vascular neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: 143–175.
Spindle cell lipoma
Billings SD, Folpe AL. Diagnosticlaly challenging spindle cell lipomas: a report of 34 “low fat” and “fat-free” variants. Am J Dermatopathol 2007; 29: 437–442.
Duve S, Muller-Hocker J, Worret WI. Spindle-cell lipoma of the skin. Am J Dermatopathol 1995; 17: 529–533.
Pleomorphic lipoma
Mentzel T. Cutaneous lipomatous neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2001; 18: 250–257.
Liposarcoma
Dei Tos AP. Liposarcoma: new entities and evolving concepts. Ann Diagn Pathol 2000; 4: 252–262.
Val-Bernal JF, Gonzalez-Vela MC, Cuevas J. Primary purely intradermal pleomorphic liposarcoma. J Cutan Pathol 2003; 30: 516–520.
Traumatic neuroma
Argenyi ZB, Santa Cruz D, Bromley C. Comparative light-microscopic and immunohistochemical study of traumatic and palisaded encapsulated neuromas of the skin. Am J Dermatopathol 1992; 14: 504–510.
Kossard S, Kumar A, Wilkinson B. Neural spectrum: palisaded encapsulated neuroma and verocay body poor dermal schwannoma. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26: 31–36.
Neurofibroma
Barbagallo JS, Kolodzieh MS, Silverberg NB, Weinberg JM. Neurocutaneous disorders. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20: 547–560.
Requena L, Sangueza OP. Benign neoplasms with neural differentiation: a review. Am J Demratopathol 1995; 17: 75–96.
Roos KL, Muckaway M. Neurofibromatosis. Dermatol Clin 1995; 13: 105–111.
Schwannoma (neurilemmoma)
Reith JD, Goldblum JR. Multiple cutaneous plexiform schwannomas. Report of a case and review of the literature with particular reference to the association with types 1 and 2 neurofibromatosis and swchannomatosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120: 399–401.
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Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN)
Argenyi ZB, Santa Cruz D, Bromley C. Comparative light-microscopic and immunohistochemical study of traumatic and palisaded encapsulated neuromas of the skin. Am J Dermatopathol 1992; 14: 504–510.
Dover JS, From L, Lewis A. Palisaded encapsulated neuromas. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125: 386–389.
Kossard S, Kumar A, Wilkinson B. Neural spectrum: palisaded encapsulated neuroma and verocay body poor dermal schwannoma. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26: 31–36.
Neurothekeoma
Fetsch JF, Laskin WB, Hallman JR, Lupton GP, Mettinen M. Neurothekeoma: an analysis of 178 tumors with detailed immunohistochemical data and long-term patient follow-up information. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 1103–1114.
Hornick JL, Fletcher CD. Cellular neurothekeoma: detailed characterization in a series of 133 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 329–340.
Granular cell tumor
Rejgi B, Jambhekar NA. Morphologic spectrum, immunoshistochemical analysis, and clinical features of a series of granular cell tumors of soft tissues: a study from a tertiary referral cancer center. Ann Diagn Pathol 2010; 14: 162–167.
Suster S. Tumors of the skin composed of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Semin Diagn Pathol 1999; 16: 162–177.
Meningioma
Hussein MR, Abdelwahed AR. Primary cutaneous meningioma of the scalp: a case report and review of literature. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34: suppl 1: 26–28.
Smooth muscle hamartoma
Holst VA, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Elenitsas R. Cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms: clinical features, histologic findings, and treatment options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 477–490.
Leiomyoma
Holst VA, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Elenitsas R. Cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms: clinical features, histologic findings, and treatment options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 477–490.
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Leiomyosarcoma
Holst VA, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Elenitsas R. Cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms: clinical features, histologic findings, and treatment options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 477–490.
Hornick JL, Fletcher CD. Crieteria for malignancy in nonvisceral smooth muscle tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2003; 7: 60–66.
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Chapter 6
Cutaneous metastases
Hussein MR. Skin metastasis. A pathologist’s perspective. J Cutan Pathol 2010: 37: e1-20.
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Pipkin CA, Lio PA. Cutaneous manifestations of internal malignancies: an overview. Dermatol Clin 2008; 26: 1–15.
Sariya D, Ruth K, Adams-McDonnell R, Cusack C, Xu X, Elenitsas R, Seykora J, Pasha T, Zhang P, Baldassano M, Lessin SR, Wu H. Clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous metastases: experience from a cancer center. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 613–620.
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Smoller, B.R., Hiatt, K.M. (2011). Further Reading. In: Dermal Tumors: The Basics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19085-8_7
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