Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

  • Chapter
Tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis is older than recorded history. Typical lesions of spinal tuberculosis were noted in Neolithic human remains and paintings. Pre-Islam Arab poetry had described the disease and its association with a non-cure. The writings of Moslem physicians indicate that the disease was well known along with its risk factors, Symptoms and complications. Some of the factors in this part of the world were encouraging the introduction of the organism on a continuous basis through commerce; as the peninsula was involved in commerce roads, and pilgrims were Coming from all corners.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdullah A et al (1991) Tuberculosis epidemiology survey: Mantoux test results from Central region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 12:107–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Amoud M (1993) The history of tuberculosis. Saudi Med J 14:515–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Dabbagh A, El-Deeb H, Al-Baghdadi T (1991) The radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis observed for the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 11: 194–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hajjaj M (2000) The outcome of tuberculosis treatment after implementation of the national tuberculosis control program in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 20:125–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hajjaj M et al (1991) Pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study of 1566 patients. Ann Saudi Med 11: 443–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Homrany M (1997) Successful therapy of tuberculosis in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 17:32–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jama A, Borgio F, Al-Qatari K (1999) Patterns of resistance to antituberculous drugs in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 20:927–930

    Google Scholar 

  • Aljurf M et al (1999) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 24:551–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Kassimi F (1994) Review of tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 15:192–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Kassimi F et al (1991) Mantoux Reaction Survey conducted in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 11:315–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Kassimi F et al (1993) Nationwide Community survey of tuberculosis epidemiology in Saudi Arabia. Tubercle Lung Dis 74:254–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khader A et al (1990) Prevalence of tuberculosis in the dialysis population in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Kidney Dis Transplant Bull 1:155–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Orainey I (1986) Resistance to Standard antituberculous drugs in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 7:363–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Orainey I et al (1989) Resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tubercle 70:207–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alrajhi AA, et al (2002) Risk factors for drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2002; 23:305–310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Shohaib S (2000) Tuberculosis in chronic renal failure in Jeddah. J Infect 40:150–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Wabel A et al (1995) Spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 16:105–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Wabel A et al (1997) Symptomatology and ehest roentgenographic changes of pulmonary tuberculosis among diabetics. East Afr Med J 74:62–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alzeer A et al (1998) Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of pneumonia requiring hospitalization during Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah). J Infect 36:303–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber T, Sugar MA (1994) Mycobacteriossis and nocardiosis in the immunocompromised host. In: Robin RH, Young LS (eds) Clinical approach to infection in the compromised host. Plenum, New York, pp 251–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Bener A (1990) Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in ABHA and BAHA. Eur J Epidemiol 6:376–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bener A, Abdullah A (1993) Reaction to tuberculin testing in Saudi Arabia. Indian J Publ Health 37:105–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucot K, Cooper D, Dillon E et al (1952) Tuberculosis among diabetics: the Philadelphia survey. Rev Tuberculosis 65:127

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun M et al (1991) A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV infection in Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:501–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie L, Qadri SM (1990) Isolation of mycobacteria other than that of tuberculosis at a major tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Med Sei Res 18:257–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Cengiz K (1996) Increased ineidence of tuberculosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Nephron 73:421–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury M, Kambai A (1992) Mycobacterial resistance in a general hospital in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Med Sei Res 20: 21–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahmash N, Chowdhury M (1994) Re-evaluation of pneumonia requiring admission to an intensive care unit: a prospective study. Thorax 49:71–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahmash N et al (1994) Infections in eritieally ill patients: experience in MICU at a major teaching hospital. Infection 22:264–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahmash N et al (1995) Diagnostic challenge of tuberculosis of the elderly in hospital: experience at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Infect 31:93–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Kassimi F (1994) The annual risk of tuberculosis infection used as predictor of the future ineidence of smear-positive cases. Respir Med 88:589–592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Kassimi F et al (1991) Tuberculin survey in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Respir Med 85:111–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis M et al (1996) High proportion of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Scand J Infect Dis 28:591–595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sheikh S et al (1998) Bacteria and viruses that cause respiratory tract infections during the pilgrimage Haj season in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Int Health 3:205–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farag M et al (1995) National immunization coverage survey Saudi Arabia, 1991. J Trop Pediatr 41:S59–S67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Froude J, Kingston M (1982) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia, a review of 162 cases. King Faisal Special Hosp Med J 2:85–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammam H, Kamel L, Hidayat N (1979) Third Saudi Medical Conference, Dammam

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussein M, Bakir N, Roujouleh H (1990) Tuberculosis in patients undergoing maintainence dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 5:584–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein M et al (1994) Observations in a Saudi-Arabian dialysis population over a 13-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:1072–1076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein M, Mooij J, Roujouleh H (1996) Tuberculosis in hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant 7:6–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarallah J et al (1992) High rate of rifampicin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Taif region of Saudi Arabia. Tubercle Lung Dis 73:113–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jondeby M et al (2001) Caring for hemodialysis patients in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 22:199–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan M et al (2001) Increasing resistance of M. tuberculosis to anti-TB drugs in Saudi Arabia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 17:415–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay A, Cole R (1984) The problem of tuberculosis in the elderly. Quart J Med 212:497–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaat W et al (1994) Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 15:133–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health (1979) Tuberculosis. First Annual Health Report, 1979. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, pp 199–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health (1991) Tuberculosis. Annual Health Report, 1991. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, pp 252–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health (1996) Tuberculosis. Annual Health Report, 1996. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, pp 35–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health (1997) Tuberculosis. Annual Health Report, 1997. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, pp 46–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitwalli A (1991) Tuberculosis in patients on maintenance dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 18:579–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed A, Evans D (1987) The spectrum of pneumonia in 1983 at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital. J Infect 14:31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokhtar A, Salman K (1983) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Saudi Med J 4:317–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy B, Pereira B (1997) A 1990 s perspective of hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, and tuberculosis infections in dialysis patients. Semin Nephrol 17:346–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narain J, Raviglione M, Kochi A (1992) HIV-associated tuber culosis in developing countries: epidemiology and startegies for prevention. Tubercle Lung Dis 73:311–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neamatallah A, Alrajhi N, Alrajhi A (2000) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during lymphoma chemotherapy. 10th European congress of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases, Stockholm, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya L et al (1990) Lower-lung-field tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 10:374–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya L et al (1991) Pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic patients. Ann Saudi Med 11:293–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan R et al (1974) Tuberculosis in dialyzed patients. JAMA 229:798–800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qunibi W et al (1990) Mycobacterial infection after renal transplantation — report of 14 cases and review of the literature. Quart J Med 77:1039–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schein M, Huebner R (1995) Tuberculin skin testing. McGrrawHill, New York, pp 73–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiott C et al (1985) Incidence of drug resistance amongst isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovered in the Gizan area, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 6:375–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn P et al (1989) A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 320:545–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanks N, Khalifa I, Al Kalai D (1983) Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 4:151–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Shohaib S, Scrimgeour E, Shaerya F (1999) Tuberculosis in active dialysis patients in Jeddah. Am J Nephrol 19:34–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Styblo K (1980) Recent advances in epidemiological research in tuberculosis. Adv Tuberculosis Res 20:1–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson N et al (1979) The booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:587–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1964) WHO technical report series no 290. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1997) Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. The WHO/IUATLD global project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance 1994–1997. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson W, Kirkpatrick C, Talmage D (1965) Suppression of immunologic responsiveness in uremia. Ann Intern Med 62:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank W (1993) World development report 1993: investing in health. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman R (1991a) Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: epidemiology and incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacterial species. Tubercle 72:43–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman R (1991b) Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: initial and secondary drug resistance among indigenous and nonindigenous populations. Tubercle 72:51–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine (MBC #46), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulrahman A. Alrajhi (Consultant and Head, Section of Infectious Diseases, Chairman)

  2. Department of Medicine, Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 7897, Riyadh, 11159, Saudi Arabia

    Ali M. Al-Barrak (Consultant Infectious Diseases Unit)

Authors
  1. Abdulrahman A. Alrajhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ali M. Al-Barrak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, 11159, Saudi Arabia

    M. Monir Madkour

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alrajhi, A.A., Al-Barrak, A.M. (2004). Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. In: Madkour, M.M. (eds) Tuberculosis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62365-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18937-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation