Skip to main content

The impact of disasters: long term effects on health

  • Chapter

Abstract

Disasters occur more often since the world gets overpopulated, air traffic is busier, terrorists are operating worldwide and therefore, risks are increasing. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency major disasters in the USA have been increasing in frequency, from fewer than 25 per year in the 1980s to more than 40 per year in the 90s (Washington, 1998).

Keywords

  • Traumatic Event
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
  • Traumatic Stress
  • Call Centre
  • Functional Somatic Syndrome

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18826-8_28
  • Chapter length: 25 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-642-18826-8
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Barsky AJ, Bonis JF (1999) Functional somatic syndromes. Ann Int Med, 130:910–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartone PT, Ursano RJ, Wright KM, Ingraham LH (1989). The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 317–328.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, A. & Fleming, I. (1993). Implications of psychological research on stress and technological accidents. American Psychologist, 48, 665–672.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck U (1992) Risk Society, Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications, 1992 [originally publ. 1986].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertazzi PA (1989) Industrial disasters and epidemiology. A review of recent experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 15, 85–100.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bland SH, O’Leary ES, Farinaro E, Jossa F, Trevisan M (1996) Long-term psychological effects of natural disasters. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 18–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler RM, Mergler D, Huel G, Cone JE (1994) Psychological, psychosocial, and psychophysiological sequelae in a community affected by a railroad chemical disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 601–624.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P et al. (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:216–222.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin TB (1994) Chernobyl and the media. BMJ 309:208.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bromet E, Dew MA (1995) Review of psychiatric epidemiologic research on disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 17, 113–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks N, Mc Kinlay W (1992) Mental health consequences of the Lockerbie disaster. J Traum Stress, 5:527–543.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bruggen M. van Janssen PC, Kliest JM, Meulenbelt JJG, Smetsers J, UitdeHaag RCGM, DeMik PAM, Elzinga G (1998) Health risks fire El Al-Boeing (in Dutch). Bilthoven: RIVM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlier I’VE, Gersons BPR (1997) Stress reactions in disaster victims following the Bijlmermeer Plane Crash. J Traum Stress, 10:329–335.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleary PD, Houts PS (1984) The psychological impact of the Three Mile Incident. Journal of Human Stress, 10, 28–34.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dew MA, Bromet EJ (1993) Predictors of temporal patterns of psychiatric distress during 10 years following the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 49–55.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donker GA, Yzermans CJ, Spreeuwenberg P, Zee J van der. (2002) Symptom attribution after a plane crash: comparison between self-reported symptoms and GP records. Brit J Gen Pract, 52, 917–922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley E, Gunn J (1995) The psychological effects of a disaster at sea. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 233–237.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert WG (1990) The Lockerbie disaster and other aircraft breakups in midair. American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, 11, 93–101.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elie I. (1992) Medische berichtgeving in de media en consultatiegedrag bij huisartsen. Afstudeerscriptie. Nijmegen, Katholieke Universiteit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmerik AAP van, Kamphuis JH, Hulsbosch AM, Emmelkamp PMG. 2002 Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis. The Lancet, 360, 766–771.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Entman RM (1993) Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43:51–58.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ersland S, Sund LW (1989) The stress upon rescuers involved in an oil rig disaster. “Alexander L Kielland” 1980. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 38–49.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Figley CR, Kleber RJ (1995) Beyond the “Victim”: Secondary Traumatic Stress. In Kleber RJ, Figley CR, Gersons BPR (Eds) Beyond Trauma: cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 75–98). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foets M, Velden J van der, van der Zee J (1986) Morbidity and intervention in general practice. A cross-national survey in The Netherlands. Utrecht: NIVEL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foets M, Velden J van der, Bakker D de (1992) Dutch National Survey of general practice. A summary of the survey design. Utrecht, NIVEL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foets M, Elie I, Rijt G van der (1993) Medische berichtgeving in de media. De invloed op het consultatiegedrag bij huisartsen. Medisch Contact, 48, 617–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furedi F. Culture of fear. Risk-taking and the morality of low expectation. London: Continuum, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerson A (1986) Tragedy can continue in human effects of chemical disaster. Occupational Health and Safety, 55, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersons BPR, Carlier I’VE (1993) Plane crash crisis intervention: a preliminary report from the Bijlmermeer, Amsterdam. Crisis, 14:109–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs MS (1989) Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: a review. Journal of traumatic stress, 2, 489–513.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GC, Kaiser KS, Hawksworth AW, Watson HL (1999) No serologic evidence of an association found between Gulf War and mycoplasma fermentas infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 60, 752–757.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green BL (1994) Psychological research in traumatic stress: an update. Journal of traumatic stress, 7, 341–362.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green BL, Lindy JD, Grace MC, Gleser GC, Leonard BA, Korol M, Winget C (1990) Buffalo Creek survivors in the second decade: stability of stress symptoms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 43–54.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagström R (1995) The acute psychological impact on survivors following a train accident. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 391–402.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haley RW (1997) Is Gulf War syndrome due to stress? American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 695–703.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haley RW, Kurt TL (1997) Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War. JAMA, 277, 231–237.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haley RW, Kurt TL, Horn J (1997) Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms. JAMA, 277, 215–222.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WT, Hall GH, Round AP (2001) Frequency of attendance in general practice and symptoms before development of chronic fatigue syndrome: a case control study. Br J Gen Pract, 51:553–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havenaar JM., VandenBrink W (1997) Psychological factors affecting health after toxicological disasters. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 359–374.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havenaar JM, Rumyantzeva GM, VandenBrink W, Poelijoe NW, VandenBout J, VanEngeland H, Koeter MWJ (1997) Long-term mental health effects of the Chernobyl disaster: An epidemiologic survey in two former Soviet regions. American. Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1605–1607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havenaar JM, VandenBrink W, VandenBout J, Kasyanenko AP, Poelijoe NW, Wohlfarth T, Meijler-Iljina LI (1996) Mental health problems in the Gomel region (Belarus): an analysis of risk factors in an area affected by the Chernobyl disaster. Psychological Medicine, 26, 845–855.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemert AM van, Hengeveld MW, Bolk JH, Rooijmans HGM, VandenBroucke JP (1993) Psychiatric disorders in relation to medical illness among patients of a general medical outpatient clinic. Psychological Medicine, 23, 167–176.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemert AM van, Huijsman-Rubingh RRR, Smeets EC (2002) Rampen en gezondheidsklachten. Essentieel is een goede relatie met de patient. Medisch Contact, 57:141–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes DT, Tariot PN, Cox C (1998) Prelimanary evidence of psychological distress among reservists in the Persian Gulf war. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 166–173.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyams KC (1998) Lessons derived from evaluating Gulf War syndrome: suggested guidelines for investigating possible outbreaks of new diseases.[editorial comment]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 137–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyams KC, Wignall FS, Roswell R (1996) War syndroms and their evaluation: from the US Civil War to the Persian Gulf War. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125, 398–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hytten K, Hasle A (1989) Fire fighters: a study of stress and coping. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 50–55.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Inquiry-commission plane crash Bijlmermeer (1999) Final report Bijlmer inquiry (in Dutch). ’s-Gravenhage: Sdu Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismail K, Everitt B, Blatchley N, Hull L, Unwin C, David A, Wessely S (1999) Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Lancet, 353, 179–182.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamal GA (1998) Gulf War syndrome: a model for the complexity of biological and environmental interaction with human health. Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews, 17, 1–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones E, Hodgins-Vermaas R, McCartney H, Everitt B, Beech C, Poynter D, Palmer I, Hyams K, Wessely S (2002) Post-combat syndromes from the Boer war to the Gulf war: a cluster analysis of their nature and attribution. BMJ, 324:321–324.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph S, Williams R, Yule W (1998) Understanding posttraumatic stress. A psycho social perspective on PTSD and treatment. Chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph S, Yule W, Williams R (1993) Post-traumatic stress: attributional aspects. J of Traumatic Stress, 6:501–513.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kasperson RE, Renn O, Slovic P et al. (1988) Social amplification of risk: a conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 8, 177–187.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kellner R (1987) Hypochondrias and somatization. JAMA, 258, 2718–2722.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kepplinger HM, Habermeier J (1995) The Impact of Key Events on the Representation of Reality. European Journal of Communication 10, no. 3:271–390.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler D, Lloyd K, Lewis G, Gray DP (1999) Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. BMJ, 318:436–440.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger J, Reilly J (1997) The Rise and Fall of Risk Reporting: Media Coverage of Human Genetics Research, False Memory Syndrome, and Mad Cow Disease. The European Journal of Communication, Vol 12, NO 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleber RJ, Figley CR, Gersons BPR (1995) Beyond Trauma: cultural and societal dynamics. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke K, Mangelsdorff D (1989) Common symptoms in ambulatory care: Incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome. American Journal of Medicine, 86, 262–266.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamberts H, Woods M (1987) International Classification of Primary Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston HM, Livingston MG, Brooks DN, Mc Kinlay WW (1992) Elderly survivors of the Lockerbie air disaster. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 7:725–729.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lundin TL (1995) Transportation disasters: a review. Journal of traumatic stress, 8, 381–389.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane AC, Atchison M, Rafalowicz E, Papay E (1994) Physical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 715–726.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, Delucchi KL, Best S, Wentworth KA (1999) Longitudinal course and predictors of continuing distress following critical incident exposure in emergency services personnel. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 15–22.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer JS (1992) Een jaar na de vliegramp in de Bijlmermeer; posttraumatische reacties in een huisartspraktijk. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 136:2553–2558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AC, Fuciarelli AF, Jackson WE, Ejnik EJ, Emond C, Strocko S, Hogan J, Page N, Pellmar T (1998) Urinary and serum mutagenicity studies with rats implanted with depleted uranium or tantalum pellets. Mutagenesis, 13, 643–648.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder YM, Reijneveld SA (1999) Health study Unprofor. A study among veterans who served in Lukavac, Santici and Busovaca (Bosnië-Herzegovina) in the period 1994–1995 (in Dutch). Leiden: TNO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mumford DB, Devereux TA, Maddy PJ, Johnston JV (1991) Factors leading to the reporting of ‚functional’ somatic symptoms by general practice attenders. Br J Gen Pract, 41:454–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima T, Ohta S, Morita H, Midorikawa Y, Mimura S, Yanagisawa N (1998) Epidemiological study of sarin poisoning in Matsumoto City, Japan. Journal of Epidemiology, 8, 33–41.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL (1998) Gulf War illnesses: complex medical, scientific and political paradox. Medicine, Conflict & Survival, 14, 156–165.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noij EK (1997) The public health consequences of disasters. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norusis MJ (1990) SPSS/PC+ V2.0 Base Manual. Gorinchem: SPSS International BV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palinkas LA, Petterson JS, Russell J et al. (1993) Community patterns of psychiatric disorders after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Am J Psychiatry, 150:1517–1523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peveler R, Kilkenny L, Kinmonth AL (1997) Medically unexplained physical symptoms in primary care: a comparison of self-report screening questionnaires and clinical opinion. J Psychosomatic Research 1997, 42:245–252.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince-Embury S, Rooney JF (1989) Psychological symptoms of residents in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island nuclear accident and restart. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 779–790.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Reijneveld SA (1994) The impact of the Amsterdam aircraft disaster on reported annoyance by noise and on psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 333–340.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins JM, Kirmayer LJ, Hemami S (1997) Latent variable models of functional somatic distress. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 606–615.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roca RR, Spence RJ, Munster AM (1992) Posttraumatic adaptation and distress among adult burn survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1234–1238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rook GAW, Zumla A (1997) Gulf War syndrome: is it due to a systematic shift in cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile? Lancet, 349, 1831–1833.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubonis AV, Bickman L. (1991) Psychological impairment in the wake of disaster: the disaster-psychopathology relationship. Psychol Bull, 109:384–399.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster MA, Stein BD, Jaycox LH, Collins RL, Marshall GN, Elliott MN, Zhou AJ, Kanousse DE, Morrison JL, Berry SH (2001) A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. N Engl J Med, 345(20):1507–1512.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe M, Peveller R, Mayou R (1992) The psychological treatment of patients with functional somatic symptoms: a practical guide. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 515–529.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skodol AE, Schwartz S, Doherenwnd BP, Levav I, Shrout PE, Reiff M (1996) PTSD symptoms and comorbid mental disorders in Israeli war veterans. British J Psychiatry, 169: 717–725.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan P (1988) Post-traumatic stress in survivors of an airplane crash-landing: a clinical and exploratory research intervention. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 211–229.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick SM, Morgan A, Nagy LM, Bremner D, Nicolaou AL, Johnson DR (1993) Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of operation desert storm: a preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1524–1528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick SM, Morgan A, Darnell A, Bremner D, Nicolaou AL, Nagy LM (1995) Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of operation desert storm: a 2-year follow up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1150–1155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speckens AEM, VanHemert AM, Spinhoven P, Hawton KE, Bolk JH, Rooijmans HGM (1995) Cognitive behavioural therapy for medically unexplained physical symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 311, 1328–1332.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speckens AEM, VanHemert AM, Bolk JH, Rooijmans HGM, Hengeveld MW (1996) Unexplained physical symptoms: outcome, utilization of medical care and associates factors. Psychological Medicine, 26, 745–752.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straus SE (1999) Bridging the gulf in war syndromes, [commentary]. Lancet, 353, 162–63.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerfield D (1995) In Kleber RJ, Figley CR, Gersons BPR (Eds) Beyond Trauma: cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 17–30). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unwin C, Blatchley N, Coker W, Ferry S, Hotopf M, Hull L (1999) Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet, 353, 169–178.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verbrugge LM, Ascione FJ (1987) Exploring the iceberg. Common symptoms and how people care for them. Medical Care, 25, 59–69.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Vries M de, Soetekouw PMMB, Bleijenberg G, VanderMeer JWM (1998) The post-Cambodia complaints study, phase I: A study to nature, extent and cause (in Dutch). Nijmegen: St Radboud.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tennen H, Affleck G (1990) Blaming others for threatening events. Psychol Bull, 108:209–232.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. (1997). Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. JAMA, 277, 238–245.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Turnquist DC, Harvey JH, Anderson BL (1988) Attributions and adjustment to life-threatening illness. Br J Clin Psychol, 27:55–65.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velden K van der. (1999) General Practice at work. Thesis. Erasmus University, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegman DH, Woods NF, Bailar JC (1997) Invited commentary: how would we know a Gulf War Syndrome if we saw one? American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 704–710.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner B (1995) Spontaneous causal thinking. Psychol Bull, 97:74–84.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M (1999) Functional somatic syndromes: one or many? Lancet, 354, 936–939.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessely S (2002) Preliminary notes on Nato-Russia advanced research workshop on social and psychological consequences of chemical, biological and radiological terrorism. Nato Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division (internet site).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyerman AG, Norris FH, Hyer LE (1996) Examining comorbidity and posttraumatic stress disorder in a Vietnam veteran population using the MMPI-2. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 353–360.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson CB (1983) Aftermath of a disaster: the collapse of Hyatt Regency Hotel skywalks. American Journal Psychiatry, 140, 1134–1139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winje D (1996) Long-term outcome of trauma in adults: the psychological impact of a fatal bus accident. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1996, 1037–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong PTP, Weiner B (1981) When people ask ”why” questions, and the heuristics of attributional research. J of Personality and Social Psychol, 40:650–663.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wyke S, Hunt K, Ford G (1998) Gender differences in consulting a general practitioner for common symptoms of minor illness. Social Science Medicine, 46, 901–906.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yzermans CJ, Zee J van der, Oosterhek M, Spreeuwenberg P, Kerssens J, Donker G, Schadé E. (1999) Gezondheidsklachten en de vliegramp Bijlmermeer. Een inventariserend onderzoek. Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center/Utrecht, NIVEL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yzermans CJ, Donker GA, Becker HE, Oosterhek M, Schadé E (2003) Psychological symptoms six years after a plane crash. Submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yzermans CJ, Gersons BPR (2002) The chaotic aftermath of an airplane crash in Amsterdam: a second disaster. In: Havenaar JM, Cwikel JG, Bromet EJ (eds) Toxic Turmoil; psychological and societal consequences of ecological disasters. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum publishers, 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yzermans, J., Donker, G., Vasterman, P. (2004). The impact of disasters: long term effects on health. In: Kirch, W. (eds) Public Health in Europe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18826-8_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18826-8_28

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62311-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18826-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive