Abstract
It is clear that SPET and PET scanning methods have been of key importance in furthering the understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The unique ability to image receptor flux in living subjects is vital to understanding this condition, in which the locus of disease is likely to be at the molecular, or neurotransmitter level. Work so far has concentrated mainly on the involvement of dopamine in schizophrenia, but this is not likely to be the whole story. As new ligands are developed, further insights will be gained in the underlying pathology in schizophrenia. New techniques combining functional imaging with genetic studies are likely to be of increasing importance in the coming years, and interest in neural plasticity will mean that future work will not simply be static analysis of receptor populations but will concentrate more on long-term dynamic changes induced by the illness and its treatments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abi-Dargham A, Kegeles L, Zea-Ponce Y, Printz D, Gil R, Rodenhiser J, Gorman J, Mann J, Van Heertum R, Lamelle M (1999) Imaging resting phasic dopamine synaptic activity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 36:239
Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, Gil R, Martinez D, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Keilp J, Kochan L, Van Heertum R, Gorman JM, Laruelle M (2002) Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 22:3708–3719
Bigliani V, Mulligan RS, Acton PD, Visvikis D, Ell PJ, Stephenson C, Kerwin RW, Pilowsky LS (1999) In vivo occupancy of striatal and temporal cortical D2/D3 dopamine receptors by typical antipsychotic drugs. [123I]epidepride single photon emission tomography (SPET) study. Br J Psychiatry 175:231–238
Bigliani V, Mulligan RS, Acton PD, Ohlsen RI, Pike VW, Ell PJ, Gacinovic S, Kerwin RW, Pilowsky LS (2000) Striatal and temporal cortical D2/D3 receptor occupancy by olanzapine and sertindole in vivo: a [123I]epidepride single photon emission tomography (SPET) study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 150:132–140
Bressan RA, Pilowsky LS (2000) Imaging the glutamatergic system in vivo — relevance to schizophrenia. Eur J Nucl Med 27:1723–1731
Bressan RA, Erlandsson K, Jones HM, Mulligan RS, Ell PJ, Pilowsky LS (2003) Optimizing limbic selective D2/D3 receptor occupancy by risperidone: a [123I]-epidepride SPET study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:5–14
Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH (1976) Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science 192:481–483
Farde L, Wiesel FA, Halldin C, Sedvall G (1988) Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:71–76
Farde L, Wiesel FA, Stone-Elander S, Halldin C, Nordstrom AL, Hall H, Sedvall G (1990) D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. A positron emission tomography study with [11C]raclopride. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:213–219
Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Wiesel FA, Pauli S, Halldin C, Sedvall G (1992) Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:538–544
Gefvert O, Bergstrom M, Langstrom B, Lundberg T, Lindstrom L, Yates R (1998) Time course of central nervous dopamine-D2 and 5-HT2 receptor blockade and plasma drug concentrations after discontinuation of quetiapine (Seroquel) in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 135:119–126
Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Carney MW, Price JS (1978) Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet 1:848–851
Karlsson P, Farde L, Halldin C, Sedvall G (2002) PET study of D(1) dopamine receptor binding in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 159:761–767
Kapur S, Seeman P (2001) Does fast dissociation from the dopamine D(2) receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics? A new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 158:360–369
Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G (1999) Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 156:286–293
Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, Remington G, Houle S (2000a) Relationship between dopamine D(2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157:514–520
Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, Shammi CS, Remington G, Seeman P (2000b) A positron emission tomography study of quetiapine in schizophrenia: a preliminary finding of an antipsychotic effect with only transiently high dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:553–559
Kessler RM, Ansari MS, Lui R, Dawant B, Meltzer HY (2003) Occupancy of cortical and substantia nigra DA D2 receptors by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 60:242
Lamelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Van Dyck CH, Gil R, D’Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS (1996) Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 93:9235–9240
Lewis R, Kapur S, Jones C, DaSilva J, Brown GM, Wilson AA, Houle S, Zipursky RB (1999) Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in schizophrenia: a PET study using [18F]setoperone in neuroleptic-naive patients and normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry 156:72–78
Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS (1997) Differential regulation of D2 and D4 dopamine receptor mRNAs in the primate cerebral cortex vs. neostriatum: effects of chronic treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:939–946
Mackay AVP, Bird ED, Spokes EG (1980) Dopamine receptors and schizophrenia: drug effect or illness? Lancet 2:915–916
Martinot JL, Paillere-Martinot ML, Loc’h C, Hardy P, Poirier MF, Mazoyer B, Beaufils B, Maziere B, Allilaire JF, Syrota A (1991) The estimated density of D2 striatal receptors in schizophrenia. A study with positron emission tomography and 76Br-bromolisuride. Br J Psychiatry 158:346–350
Meltzer HY, Matsubara S (1989) The ratios of serotonin and dopamine2 affinities differentiate atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacol Bull 25:390–397
Moore H, West AR, Grace AA (1999) The regulation of forebrain dopamine transmission: relevance to the pathophysiology and psychopathology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46:40–55
Morisette M, Goulet M, Grondin R, Blanchet P, Bedard PJ, Di Paolo T, Levesque D (1998) Associative and limbic regions of monkey striatum express high levels of dopamine D3 receptors: effects of MPTP and dopamine agonist replacement therapies. Eur J Neurosci 10:2565–2573
Ngan ET, Yatham LN, Ruth TJ, Liddle PF (2000) Decreased serotonin 2A receptor densities in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia: A PET study using [(18)F]setoperone. Am J Psychiatry 157:1016–1018
Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Wiesel FA, Forslund K, Pauli S, Halldin C, Uppfeldt G (1993a) Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in relation to antipsychotic drug effects: a double-blind PET study of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 33:227–235
Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Halldin C (1993b) High 5HT2 receptor occupancy in clozapine treated patients demonstrated by PET. Psychopharmacology 110:365–367
Nyberg S, Farde L, Eriksson L, Halldin C, Eriksson B (1993) 5HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in the living human brain of risperidone. Psychopharmacology 110:265–272
Okubo Y, Suhara T, Sudo Y, Toru M (1997) Possible role of dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2:291–292
Owen F, Crow TJ, Poulter M (1978) Increased dopamine receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet 2:223–225
Peroutka SJ, Synder SH (1980) Relationship of neuroleptic drug effects at brain dopamine, serotonin, alpha-adrenergic, and histamine receptors to clinical potency. Am J Psychiatry 137: 1518–1522
Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Murray RM, Verhoeff NP, Kerwin RW (1992) Clozapine, single photon emission tomography, and the D2 dopamine receptor blockade hypothesis of schizophrenia. Lancet 340:199–202
Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Murray RM, Verhoeff NP, Kerwin RW (1993) Antipsychotic medication, D2 dopamine receptor blockade and clinical response: a 123I IBZM SPET (single photon emission tomography) study. Psychol Med 23:791–797
Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Verhoeff NP, Murray RM, Kerwin RW (1994) D2 dopamine receptor binding in the basal ganglia of antipsychotic-free schizophrenic patients. An 123I-IBZM single photon emission computerised tomography study. Br J Psychiatry 164:16–26
Pilowsky LS, Mulligan RS, Acton PD, Ell PJ, Costa DC, Kerwin RW (1997) Limbic selectivity of clozapine. Lancet 350:490–491
Plum F (1972) Prospects for research on schizophrenia. 3. Neurophysiology. Neuropathological findings. Neurosci Res Progr Bull 10:384–388
Seeman P, Ulpian C, Bergeron C, Riederer P, Jellinger K, Gabriel E, Reynolds GP, Tourtellotte WW (1984) Bimodal distribution of dopamine receptor densities in brains of schizophrenics. Science 225:728–731
Stephenson CM, Bigliani V, Jones HM, Mulligan RS, Acton PD, Visvikis D, Ell PJ, Kerwin RW, Pilowsky LS (2000) Striatal and extra-striatal D(2)/D(3) dopamine receptor occupancy by quetiapine in vivo. [(123)I]-epidepride single photon emission tomography (SPET) study. Br J Psychiatry 177:408–415
Stone JM, Bressan RA, Erlandsson K, Davies G, Ell PJ, Pilowsky LS (2003) Intrastriatal selectivity of atypical antipsychotics: a voxel based analysis. J Psychopharmacol 17[Suppl 3]:A49
Strange PG (2001) Antipsychotic drugs: importance of dopamine receptors for mechanisms of therapeutic actions and side effects. Pharmacol Rev 53:119–133
Tauscher J, Kapur S, Verhoeff NP, Hussey DF, Daskalakis ZJ, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Wilson AA, Houle S, Kasper S, Zipursky RB (2002) Brain serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor binding in schizophrenia measured by positron emission tomography and [11C] WAY-100635. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:514–520
Travis MJ, Busatto GF, Pilowsky LS et al (1997) Serotonin 5-HT2a occupancy in vivo and response to the new antipsychotics olanzapine and sertindole (letter). Br J Psychiat 171:290–291
Trichard C, Paillere-Martinot ML, Attar-Levy D, Recassens C, Monnet F, Martinot JL (1998) Binding of antipsychotic drugs to cortical 5-HT2A receptors: a PET study of chlorpromazine, clozapine, and amisulpride in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 155:505–508
Verhoeff NP, Hussey D, Lee M, Tauscher J, Papatheodorou G, Wilson AA, Houle S, Kapur S (2002) Dopamine depletion results in increased neostriatal D(2), but not D(1), receptor binding in humans. Mol Psychiatry 7:233,322–328
Wolkin A, Barouche F, Wolf AP, Rotrosen J, Fowler JS, Shiue CY, Cooper TB, Brodie JD (1989) Dopamine blockade and clinical response: evidence for two biological subgroups of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 146:905–908
Wong DF, Wagner HN Jr, Tune LE, Dannals RF, Pearlson GD, Links JM, Tamminga CA, Broussolle EP, Ravert HT, Wilson AA et al (1986) Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naïve schizophrenics. Science 234:1558–1563
Xiberas X, Martinot JL, Mallet L, Artiges E, Canal M, Loc’h C, Maziere B, Paillere-Martinot ML (2001) In vivo extrastriatal and striatal D2 dopamine receptor blockade by amisulpride in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21:207–214
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stone, J., Pilowsky, L.S. (2004). Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorder. In: Otte, A., Audenaert, K., Peremans, K., van Heeringen, K., Dierckx, R.A. (eds) Nuclear Medicine in Psychiatry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18773-5_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18773-5_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62287-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18773-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive