Abstract
Whereas the resolution in optical investigations of free atoms is limited by different broadening mechanisms in the light source and the spectral equipment, resonance methods yield a linewidth which is limited essentially only by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. For investigations of ground- and meta-stable states two methods, Optical Pumping (OP) and Atomic-Beam Magnetic Resonance (ABMR) can be utilized. In the second method, a spatial deflection of free atoms is used, while the first method is an optical resonance method. For studies of short-lived excited states two additional optical precision methods are available: Optical Double Resonance (ODR) and Level Crossing (LC) Spectroscopy. Resonance techniques can also be used for investigating liquids and solids. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) will be discussed. As the radio-frequency techniques make use of magnetic resonance, a general description of this phenomenon will be given.
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Svanberg, S. (2004). Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy. In: Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. Advanced Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18520-5_7
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