Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation pp 219–229Cite as

Botulinum Toxin for Facial Rejuvenation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The use of botulinum neurotoxin is the most common noninvasive cosmetic procedure in the USA with five million treatments performed in 2008. The authors discuss the history of botulinum toxin, chemical overview, specific mechanism of action, onset and duration of paralysis, preparation of Botox® Cosmetic and Dysport®, comparing Botox® Cosmetic and Dysport®, botulinum toxin Type A injection and follow-up care, locations of treatment, new frontiers for botulinum toxin in facial rejuvenation, contraindications, avoidance of potential pitfalls, and long-term safety of botulinum toxin Type A.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. ASPS 2008 statistics on cosmetic minimally-invasive procedures. Available at http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Media/stats/2008-US-­cosmetic-reconstructive-plastic-surgery-minimally-­invasive-statistics.pdf. Accessed on 13 Jul 2009.

  2. Scott AB. Development of botulinum toxin therapy. Dermatol Clin. 2004;22(2):131–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Scott AB, Rosenbaum A, Collins C. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973;12(12): 924–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adelson RT. Botulinum neurotoxins: fundamentals for the facial plastic surgeon. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28(4):260–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carruthers A, Carruthers J. History of the cosmetic use of ­botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24(11):1168–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. FDA approves Dysport® for therapeutic and aesthetic uses [press release]. Available at http://www.dysport.com/inthenews.html. Accessed 29 Jun 2009.

  7. Lacy DB, Tepp W, Cohen AC, DasGupta BR, Stevens RC. Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nat Struct Biol. 1998;5(10):898–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Thakker MM, Rubin PA. Pharmacology and clinical applications of botulinum toxins A and B. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2004;44(3):147–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hauser RA, Wahba M. Botox® Injections. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1271380-overview. Accessed 26 Jun 2009.

  10. Rohrich RJ. Advances in facial rejuvenation: botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies–consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121 Suppl 5:5S–30S.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Aoki KR, Guyer B. Botulinum toxin type A and other botulinum toxin serotypes: a comparative review of biochemical and pharmacological actions. Eur J Neurol. 2001;8 Suppl 5:21–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Das Gupta BR, Sugiyama H. Role of protease in natural activation of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Infect Immun. 1972;6(4):587–90.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dolly JO, Black J, Williams RS, Melling J. Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalization. Nature. 1984;307:457–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pellizzari R, Rossetto O, Schiavo G, Montecucco C. Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic uses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999; 354:259–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Stecher B, Weller U, Habermann E, Gratzl M, Ahnert-Hilger G. The light chain but not the heavy chain of botulinum type A toxin inhibits exocytosis from permeabilised adrenal chromaffin cells. FEBS Lett. 1989;255:318–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Matarasso A, Deva AK. Botulinum toxin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109:1191–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Das Gupta BR, Sugiyama H. Molecular forms of neurotoxins in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B cultures. Infect Immun. 1976;14(3):680–6.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Allergan, Inc. Botox® Cosmetic [botulinum toxin type A) purified neurotoxin complex (Package Insert). Irvine: Allergan; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Carruthers J, Faigen S, Matarrasso SL. Consensus recommendations of the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(Suppl):1S–22S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hexsel DM, de Almeida AT, Rutowitsch M, et al. Multicenter, double-blind study of the efficacy of injections with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted up to six consecutive weeks before application. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(5):523–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Markey AC. Dysport®. Dermatol Clin. 2004;22(2):213–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dysport® [package insert]. Scottsdale: Medicis Aesthetics; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mclellan K, Das RE, Ekong TA, Sesardic D. Therapeutic botulinum type A toxin: factors affecting potency. Toxicon. 1996;34(9):975–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Critchfield J. Considering the immune response to ­botulinum toxin. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(Suppl):S133–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nussgens Z, Roggenkamper P. Comparison of two botulinum-toxin preparations in the treatment of essential blepharospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997;235:197–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Odergren T, Hjaltason H, Kaakkola S, et al. A double blind, randomised, parallel group study to investigate the dose equivalence of Dysport® and Botox® in the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(1):6–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sampaio C, Costa J, Ferreira JJ. Clinical comparability of marketed formulations of botulinum toxin. Mov Disord. 2004;19 Suppl 8:S129–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lowe P et al. Comparison of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines: a double-blind, randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(6):975–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sarifakioglu N, Sarifakioglu E. Evaluating the effects of ice application on the pain felt during botulinum toxin type-A injections; a prospective, randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Ann Plast Surg. 2004;53(6):543–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Frankel AS, Markairian A. Cosmetic treatments and strategies for the upper face. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2007;15(1):31–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ferreira MC, Salles AG, Gimenez R, et al. Complications with the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial rejuvenation; report of 8 cases. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2004;28(6): 441–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cote TR, Mohan AK, Polder JA, et al. Botulinum toxin type A injections: adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(3):407–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bennett JD, Miller TA, Richards RS. The use of Botox® in interventional radiology. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;9(1): 36–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Complications of botulinum toxin type A. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2007;15(1):51–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Niamtu J. Complications in fillers and Botox®. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21(1):13–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Klein AW, Carruther A, Fagien S, Lowe NJ. Comparisons among botulinum toxins: an evidence-based review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(6):413–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bitar Cosmetic Surgery Institute, 3023 Hamaker Ct, #109, Fairfax, VA, 22031, USA

    George J. Bitar (Assistant Clinical Professor, George Washington University, Medical Director)

  2. Bitar Cosmetic Surgery Institute, Northern Virginia, 8501 Arlington Blvd. Suite 500, Fairfax, VA, 22031, USA

    Daisi J. Choi & Florencia Segura

Authors
  1. George J. Bitar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daisi J. Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Florencia Segura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to George J. Bitar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pear Tree Cottage, Cambridge Road, Wimpole 43, Cambridge, SG8 5QD, United Kingdom

    Anthony Erian

  2. Chatham Drive 17501, Tustin, 92780-2302, California, USA

    Melvin A. Shiffman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bitar, G.J., Choi, D.J., Segura, F. (2012). Botulinum Toxin for Facial Rejuvenation. In: Erian, A., Shiffman, M. (eds) Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-17837-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-17838-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation