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Human Rights in UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Framework for Humanitarian Obligations?

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International Law and Humanitarian Assistance

Abstract

Humanitarian aid, i.e. material or logistical assistance in the form of food, water, shelter, medicine, etc., is typically provided as an immediate response to natural disasters or complex emergencies caused by armed conflicts. But when the immediate emergency is over, the need for basic goods usually does not cease. However, with weakening urgency (and diminishing media coverage), these situations often vanish from the focus of attention – not only of the international public, but also of international organisations. The countries concerned then often face the decrease of engagement by humanitarian organisations or sometimes even a complete withdrawal, either because of lacking resources or because of change in priorities or both. Another reason for the decrease of engagement or withdrawal of humanitarian organisations is the security situation on the ground. Even after the end of formal hostilities, renewed violence, sometimes combined with the deliberate and systematic attack on humanitarian workers, can force humanitarian organisations to withdraw their personnel since they can no longer guarantee their safety.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See, for instance, United Nations Secretary-General, Seventeenth progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 15 August 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/55315, para. 24.

  2. 2.

    Stoddard and Harmer (2005), p. 14.

  3. 3.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad, 4 December 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/760, para. 79.

  4. 4.

    Miall et al. (1999), p. 71.

  5. 5.

    UN General Assembly and UN Economic and Social Council, Strengthening the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General, 3 June 2003, UN Doc. A/58/89–E/2003/85, para. 33.

  6. 6.

    Pictet (1979).

  7. 7.

    See, as but one example, Weir (2006), pp. 20–25.

  8. 8.

    de Torrente (2004), p. 5.

  9. 9.

    de Torrente (2004), p. 5.

  10. 10.

    Weiss (1999), p. 12.

  11. 11.

    Weiss (1999), p. 21.

  12. 12.

    Verdirame (2002), p. 275. For a Typology of Humanitarian Actors see Donini et al. (2008), p. 11.

  13. 13.

    Verdirame (2002), p. 271.

  14. 14.

    Verdirame (2001), p. 741. See also in detail Shue (1996).

  15. 15.

    Nockerts (2008).

  16. 16.

    On the importance of a human rights-based approach also in humanitarian operations see generally O’Flaherty (2003).

  17. 17.

    Slim (2000), p. 287–291.

  18. 18.

    Slim (2000), p. 289.

  19. 19.

    Chandler (2001), p. 693.

  20. 20.

    UN Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary-General, 17 June 1992, UN Doc. A/47/277–S/24111.

  21. 21.

    UN Secretary-General, An Agenda for Development, Report of the Secretary-General, 6 May 1994, UN Doc. A/48/935.

  22. 22.

    UN Secretary-General, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. Millennium Report of the Secretary-General, 27 March 2000, UN Doc. A/54/2000.

  23. 23.

    Eide et al. (2005), p. 3.

  24. 24.

    United Nations Secretary-General, Note of Guidance on Integrated Missions, 17 January 2006, cited in O’Flaherty (2007), p. 9.

  25. 25.

    See, among many, Adinolfi et al. (2005), pp. 50–51; Development Assistance Committee, Guidance on Evaluating Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities. Working Draft for Application Period, Paris 2008, p. 44.

  26. 26.

    Weir (2006), p. 35.

  27. 27.

    Weir (2006), p. 44. See also outspokenly for the example of Afghanistan, Donini (2009), p. 2.

  28. 28.

    Pförtner (2005), p. 186.

  29. 29.

    Nickel (1993), p. 79.

  30. 30.

    For example McCorquodale (2003), pp. 308–309.

  31. 31.

    International Court of Justice, Reparation for Injuries suffered in the Services of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1949, pp. 178–179.

  32. 32.

    Amerasinghe (2005), p. 399.

  33. 33.

    International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of International Organisations, adopted by the ILC in its 58th session, in: Report of the International Law Commission, GA Official Records, 61st session, 2006, Supplement No. 10, UN Doc. A/61/10.

  34. 34.

    Irmscher (2001), p. 355.

  35. 35.

    Schermers and Blokker (1995), p. 824; Conforti (2000), p. 289; White (2005a), pp. 24–25.

  36. 36.

    International Court of Justice, Reparation for Injuries suffered in the Services of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, op. cit., p. 180.

  37. 37.

    Verdirame (2005), p. 92.

  38. 38.

    White (2005b), p. 464; Kondoch (2005), p. 36.

  39. 39.

    International Court of Justice, Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951 between the WHO and Egypt, 20 December 1980, in: ICJ Reports 1980, pp. 89–90.

  40. 40.

    Simma and Alston (1988), p. 102.

  41. 41.

    Schermers and Blokker (1995), p. 986.

  42. 42.

    See, for instance, Clapham (2006), p. 65.

  43. 43.

    Irmscher (2001), p. 369; Quigley (1992), p. 297; and Meron (1989), p. 99.

  44. 44.

    See United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Training Unit, United Nations Training Assistance Teams (UNTAT), Advisor’s Guidebook, 1996, p. 54; id., We Are United Nations Peacekeepers. Code of Personal Conduct for Blue Helmets – expanded version, p. 1.

  45. 45.

    United Nations Secretary-General, Note of Guidance on Integrated Missions, 17 January 2006, para. 4, cited in O’Flaherty (2007), p. 9.

  46. 46.

    Clapham (2006), p. 137.

  47. 47.

    Kondoch (2005), p. 40.

  48. 48.

    Pförtner (2005), p. 186.

  49. 49.

    Nickel (1993), p. 86.

  50. 50.

    See, for instance, Clapham (2006); Kelly (2005).

  51. 51.

    International Court of Justice, Reparation for Injuries suffered in the Services of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, op. cit., p. 179.

  52. 52.

    International Court of Justice, Legality of the Threat and Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, ICJ Reports 1996 p. 79.

  53. 53.

    World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 48th Session, 22nd plenary meeting, part I, 8, 14–25 June 1993, UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23, para. 4.

  54. 54.

    See, for instance, United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2006. General Comment No. 17 (2005): The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author (Article 15, para. 1 (c), of the Covenant), 12 January 2006, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/17, para. 55.

  55. 55.

    Security Council Resolution 693, 20 May 1991, UN Doc. S/RES/693.

  56. 56.

    Security Council Resolution 1542, 20 April 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1542, para. 7 (a) (emphasis added).

  57. 57.

    Security Council Resolution 1704, 25 August 2006, UN Doc. S/RES/1704, para. 4 (g).

  58. 58.

    Security Council Resolution 1778, 25 September 2007, UN Doc. S/RES/1778, para. 6 (e). This mandate was confirmed Security Council Resolution 1861, 14 January 2009, UN Doc. S/RES/1861, para.6 (f).

  59. 59.

    Security Council Resolution 1528, 27 February 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1528, para. 6 (n); confirmed in Security Council Resolution 1739, 10 January 2007, UN Doc. S/RES/1739 para. 2 (k).

  60. 60.

    Security Council Resolution 1509, 19 September 2003, UN Doc. S/RES/1509; Security Council Resolution 1590, 24 March 2005, UN Doc. S/RES/1590.

  61. 61.

    Security Council Resolution 1509, 19 September 2003, UN Doc. S/RES/1509, para. 3 (l); Security Council Resolution 1590, 24 March 2005, UN Doc. S/RES/1590, para. 4 (d).

  62. 62.

    Kondoch (2005), p. 32.

  63. 63.

    White and Odello (2007), p. 65.

  64. 64.

    UN Secretary-General, Fourth special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 21 November 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/728, paras 31–39; see also United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Human Rights, <http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=761&menuOpened=Activities> (accessed 31 January 2010).

  65. 65.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 26 March 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/202, paras. 41–48.

  66. 66.

    Security Council Resolution 1840, 14 October 2008, UN Doc. S/RES/1840, para. 20.

  67. 67.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 26 March 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/202, paras. 45–46.

  68. 68.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 21 August 2007 to 7 January 2008), 17 January 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/26, para. 40.

  69. 69.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad, 4 December 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/760, paras. 29–31.

  70. 70.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan, 23 June 2005, UN Doc. S/2005/411, para. 45.

  71. 71.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan, 31 January 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/64, paras. 46–47; see also United Nations Mission in the Sudan, “Role of UNMIS Human Rights, <http://www.unmis.org/english/humanrights.htm> (accessed 31 January 2010).

  72. 72.

    United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, Situation des droits de l’homme en Côte d’Ivoire, Rapport No. 7, 2006, ONUCI/DDH/2007/07, para. 2.2.

  73. 73.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan, 23 June 2005, UN Doc. S/2005/411, para. 45.

  74. 74.

    United Nations Mission in Liberia, Human Rights and Protection Section, <http://www.unmil.org/1content.asp?ccat=humanrights&zdoc=1> (accessed 31 January 2010).

  75. 75.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo, 12 July 1999, UN Doc. S/1999/779, para. 87.

  76. 76.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo, 12 July 1999, UN Doc. S/1999/779, paras. 64–88; UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo, 16 September 1999, UN Doc. S/1999/987, para. 37.

  77. 77.

    Regulation No. 2006/6, 16 February 2006, UNMIK/REG/2006/6.

  78. 78.

    Regulation No. 2006/12, 5 April 2006, UNMIK/REG/2006/12. However, it has to be added that these institutions have been criticised for being too little too late. See as but one example among many, Knoll and Uhl (2007). Regarding the ombudsperson institution see Marshall and Inglis (2003).

  79. 79.

    Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan, 31 January 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/64, paras. 46–47; United Nations Mission in the Sudan, Role of UNMIS Human Rights, <http://www.unmis.org/english/humanrights.htm> (accessed 31 January 2010).

  80. 80.

    UN Secretary-General, Second Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 22 March 2004, UN Doc. S/2004/229; United Nations Mission in Liberia, “Human Rights and Protection Section”, <http://www.unmil.org/1content.asp?ccat=humanrights&zdoc=1> (accessed 31 January 2010).

  81. 81.

    E.g. UNMIS, Security Council Resolution 1590, 24 March 2005, UN Doc. S/RES/1590, para. 4 (b); UNOCI, Security Council Resolution 1528, 27 February 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1528, para. 6 (k); MONUC, Security Council Resolution 1565, 1 October 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1565, para. 5 (b).

  82. 82.

    Security Council Resolution 1861, 14 January 2009, UN Doc. S/RES/1861, para. 7 (a) (ii).

  83. 83.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad, 4 December 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/760, para. 79.

  84. 84.

    Security Council Resolution 1861, 14 January 2009, UN Doc. S/RES/1861, para. 6 (d).

  85. 85.

    MONUC, Security Council Resolution 1565, 1 October 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1565, para. 4 (b); UNAMID, Security Council Resolution 1769, 31 July 2007, UN Doc. S/RES/1769, para. 15 (a) (ii): “Authorized to take necessary action to ensure the security and freedom of movement of its own personnel and humanitarian workers”. In fact, “protection of civilians” in general has become a major task of UN peacekeeping operations, see the latest study on the topic by Holt and Taylor (2009).

  86. 86.

    UN Secretary-General, Fourth special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 21 November 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/728, para. 48.

  87. 87.

    UN Secretary-General, Fourth special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 21 November 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/728, para. 84.

  88. 88.

    UNMIL, Security Council Resolution 1509, 19 September 2003, UN Doc. S/RES/1509, para. 3 (k).

  89. 89.

    UN Secretary-General, First progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 15 December 2003, UN Doc. S/2003/1175, para. 47.

  90. 90.

    UN Secretary-General, Second Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 22 March 2004, UN Doc. S/2004/229, para. 43.

  91. 91.

    UN Secretary-General, Tenth progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 14 March 2006, UN Doc. S/2006/159, para. 34.

  92. 92.

    Security Council Resolution 1244, 10 June 1999, UN Doc. S/RES/1244, para. 11 (h).

  93. 93.

    Security Council Resolution 1542, 20 April 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1542, para. 9.

  94. 94.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 18 November 2004, UN Doc. S/2004/908, para. 35.

  95. 95.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 26 March 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/202, para. 59.

  96. 96.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 27 August 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/586. para. 57.

  97. 97.

    UN Secretary-General Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, 23 December 1999, UN Doc. S/1999/1250, paras. 30–31.

  98. 98.

    Security Council Resolution 1701, 11 August 2006, UN Doc. S/RES/1701, para. 11 (d).

  99. 99.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), 28 February 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/135, para. 33.

  100. 100.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 18 November 2004, UN Doc. S/2004/908, para. 54.

  101. 101.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), 28 February 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/135, para. 33.

  102. 102.

    UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 26 March 2008, UN Doc. S/2008/202, para. 57.

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  1. Researcher at the Chair of International Law, European Union Law and International Relations, Faculty of Law, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 53, 01062, Dresden, Germany

    Sylvia Maus

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    Hans-Joachim Heintze

  2. , Department of International Relations, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700, Netherlands

    Andrej Zwitter

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Maus, S. (2011). Human Rights in UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Framework for Humanitarian Obligations?. In: Heintze, HJ., Zwitter, A. (eds) International Law and Humanitarian Assistance. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16455-2_7

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