Abstract
In this chapter we emphasize the most crucial developments in the design of artificial creatures starting with the seminal work of Karl Sims presented at the SIGGRAPH’94 conference and ending with the latest research in virtual beings based on cell development.
Nowadays much research relies on the same principles in order to generate more and more complex artificial beings but also to advance evolutionary robotics with prototypes capable of self-modeling, self-reproduction and self-assembly. Inspired by biology, this research moves closer to nature paradigms, considering the creature as the result of a developmental process of a single element: a cell. This logic, presented here, as the bio-logic of artificial creature, needs not only newsimulators such as chemical or hydrodynamic environments but also new mechanisms such as an artificial regulatory network to control the development process. Although these new beings are endowed with a very simple metabolism, they are still capable of transforming their local environment in order to grow and to piece together “logical organs”.
Keywords
- Cellular Automaton
- Gene Regulatory Network
- None None
- Artificial Life
- Evolutionary Robotic
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D.: The Direction of Synthetic Actors in the Film Rendez-vous à Montréal. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 7(12), 9–19 (1987)
Laird, J.E., Lent, M.V.: Human-level AI’s killer application: Interactive computer games. In: Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Twelfth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1171–1178. AAAI Press / The MIT Press (2000)
Sims, K.: Evolving Virtual Creatures. In: SIGGRAPH 1994, pp. 15–22 (1994)
Fukunaga, A., Marks, J., Ngo, J.T.: Automatic control of physically realistic animated figures using evolutionary programming. In: Proc. of the Third Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, pp. 76–83 (1994)
Terzopoulos, D., Tu, X., Grzeszczuk, R.: Artificial fishes: Autonomous locomotion, perception, behavior, and learning in a simulated physical world. Artificial Life 1(4), 327–351 (1994)
Cliff, D., Miller, G.F.: Co-evolution of pursuit and evasion II: Simulation methods and results. In: Maes, P., Mataric, M.J., Meyer, J.-A., Pollack, J.B., Wilson, S.W. (eds.) From animals to animats, pp. 506–515, p. 20. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
Komosinski, M.: The world of framsticks: Simulation, evolution, interaction. In: Heudin, J.-C. (ed.) VW 2000. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1834, p. 214. Springer, Heidelberg (2000) (pp. 15, 16, 17, 42, 45, 64, 89)
Lassabe, N., Luga, H., Duthen, Y.: A new step for evolving creatures. In: IEEE-ALife 2007, pp. 243–251 (2007)
Bornhofen, S., Lattaud, C.: Life History of Virtual Plants: Trading Off Between Growth and Reproduction. In: Runarsson, T.P., Beyer, H.-G., Burke, E.K., Merelo-Guervós, J.J., Whitley, L.D., Yao, X. (eds.) PPSN 2006. LNCS, vol. 4193, pp. 808–817. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Joachimczak, M., Wrobel, B.: Evolution of the morphology and patterning of artificial embryos: scaling the tricolour problem to the third dimension. In: 10th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL 2009). Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Eggenberger Hotz, P.: Combining developmental processes and their physics in an artificial evolutionary systems to evolve shapes. On Growth, Forms and Computers, 302 (2003)
Cussat-Blanc, S., Luga, H., Duthen, Y.: From Single Cell to Simple Creature Morphology and Metabolism. Artificial Life. ACM, Winchester (2008)
Banzhaf, W.: Artificial regulatory networks and genetic programming. Genetic Programming Theory and Practice, 43–62 (2003)
Pfeifer, R., Bongard, J.: ow the body shapes the way we think. MIT Press, Cambridge (2006) ISBN:0262162393
Darwin, C.: The origin of species (1859)
Taylor, T., Massey, C.: Recent developments in the evolution of morphologies and controllers for physically simulated creatures. Artificial Life 7(1), 77–87 (2000)
Bongard, J., Lipson, H.: Automated robot function recovery after unan-ticipated failure or environmental change using a minimum of hardware trials. In: Procs. of the NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware, Seattle, WA (2004)
Lipson, H.: Evolutionary robotics and open-ended design automation. In: Cohen, B. (ed.) Biomimetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005)
Paul, C., Lipson, H., Valero Cuevas, F.J.: Evolutionary form finding of tensegrity structures. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Washington D.C., USA (June 2005)
Dittrich, P., Ziegler, J., Banzhaf, W.: Artificial chemistries - a review. Artificial Life 7(3), 225–275 (2001)
Ono, N., Ikegami, T.: Model of Self-Replicating Cell Capable of Self-Maintenance. In: Floreano, D., Mondada, F. (eds.) ECAL 1999. LNCS, vol. 1674, p. 399. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Rasmussen, S., Chen, L., Nilsson, M., Abe, S.: Bridging nonliving and living matter. Artificial Life 9(3), 269–316 (2003)
Turing, A.: The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 237(641), 37–72 (1952)
Cussat-Blanc, S., Pascalie, J., Luga, H., Duthen, Y.: Morphogen Positioning thanks to a hydrodynamic engine Artificial Life XII (2010)
Arthur, W.B.: On Designing Economic Agents that Behave Like Human Agents. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 3, 1–22 (1993)
Deneubourg, J.L., Goss, S., Franks, N., Sendova-Franks, A., Detrain, C., Chrétien, L.: The dynamics of collective sorting robot-like ants and ant-like robots. In: Meyer, J.-A., Wilson, S. (eds.) From Animals to Animats, pp. 356–365. MIT Press, Cambridge (1991)
Sims, K.: Evolving 3D Morphology and Behavior by Competition. In: Artificial Life IV Proceedings, pp. 28–39. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)
Meyer, J.A., Husbands, P., Harvey, I.: Evolutionary robotics: A survey of applications and problems. In: Husbands, P., Meyer, J.-A. (eds.) EvoROB/EvoRobot 1998. LNCS, vol. 1468, pp. 1–21. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Miconi, T., Channon, A.: An Improved System for Artificial Creatures Evolution. In: Rocha, L.M., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 10th conference on the simulation and synthesis of living systems (ALIFE X), Bloomington, Indiana, USA, MIT Press, Cambridge (2006)
Pollack, J.B., Lipson, H., Hornby, G., Funes, P.: Three generations of automatically designed robots. Artificial Life 7(3), 215–223 (Summer 2001)
Komosinski, M.: The Framsticks system versatile simulator of 3D agents and their evolution. Kybernetes: The International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics 32, 156–173 (2003)
Komosinski, M., Polak, J.: Evolving free-form stick ski jumpers and their neural control systems. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Evolutionary Computation and Global Optimization, Poland, pp. 103–110 (2009)
de Margerie, E., Mouret, J.B., Doncieux, S., Meyer, J.A., Ravasi, T., Martinelli, P., Grand, C.: Flapping-wing flight in bird-sized UAVs for the ROBUR project: from an evolutionary optimization to a real flapping-wing mechanism. In: 7th European Micro Air Vehicle Conference (MAV 2007), Toulouse (2007)
Lipson, H., Pollack, J.B.: Automatic design and manufacture of artificial lifeforms. Nature 406, 974–978 (2000)
Bongard, J., Pfeifer, R.: Evolving complete agents using artificial ontogeny. In: Morpho-functional machines: The new species (designing embodied intelligence), pp. 237–258 (2003)
Miconi, T.: Evosphere: evolutionary dynamics in a population of fighting virtual creatures. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2008), Hong Kong (2008)
Shim, Y.-S., Kim, C.-H.: Generating flying creatures using body-brain co-evolution. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, San Diego, California, July 26-27 (2003)
Komosinski, M., Ulatowski, S.: Framsticks: Towards a simulation of a nature-like world, creatures and evolution. In: Floreano, D., Mondada, F. (eds.) ECAL 1999. LNCS, vol. 1674, pp. 261–265. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Chaumont, N., Egli, R., Adami, C.: Evolving Virtual Creatures and Catapults. Artificial Life 13(2), 139–157 (Spring 2007)
Hornby, G.S., Lipson, H., Pollack, J.B.: Evolution of generative design systems for modular physical robots. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2001), vol. 4, pp. 4146–4151 (2001)
Bongard, J., Zykov, V., Lipson, H.: Resillient Machines Through Continuous Self Modeling. Science 314(5802), 1118–1121 (2006)
Zykov, V., Mytilinaios, E., Adams, B., Lipson, H.: Self–reproducing Machines. Nature 435(7038), 163–164 (2005)
Yim, M., Zhang, Y., Roufas, K., Duff, D., Eldershaw, C.: Connecting and disconnecting for chain self-reconfiguration with PolyBot. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron, 7, 4, 442–451 (2002)
Bornhofen, S., Lattaud, C.: Competition and evolution in virtual plant communities: a new modeling approach. Natural Computing 8(2), 349–385 (2009)
Prusinkiewicz, P., Lindenmayer, A.: The algorithmic beauty of plants. Lavoisier (1990)
Rieffel, J., Pollack, J.: Automated assembly as situated development: using artificial ontogenies to evolve buildable 3-d objects. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 99–106 (2005)
Lobo, D., Hjelle, D.A., Lipson, H.: Reconfiguration algorithms for robotically manipulatable structures. In: Proceedings of ASME/IFToMM International Conference on Reconfigurable Mechanisms And Robots, ReMAR 2009 (June 2009)
Østergaard, E.H., Kassow, K., Beck, R., Lund, H.H.: Design of the ATRON lattice-based self-reconfigurable robot. Autonomous Robots 21(2), 165–183 (2006)
Murata, S., Kurokawa, H.: Self-Reconfigurable Robot: Shape-Changing Cellular Robots Can Exceed Conventional Robot Flexibility. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine (March 2007)
Mytilinaios, E., Marcus, D., Desnoyer, M., Lipson, H.: Designed and Evolved Blueprints For Physical Self-Replicating Machines. In: Ninth International Conference on Artificial Life (ALIFE IX), pp. 15–20 (2004)
Zykov, V., Williams, P., Lassabe, N., Lipson, H.: Molecubes Extended: Diversifying Capabilities of Open-Source Modular Robotics. In: International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Self-reconfigurable Robots Workshop, IROS (2008)
Hjelle, D.A., Lipson, H.: A robotically reconfigurable truss. In: Proceedings of ASME/IFToMM International Conference on Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots, REMAR 2009 (June 2009)
Stanley, K., Miikkulainen, R.: A taxonomy for artificial embryogeny. Artificial Life 9(2), 93–130 (2003)
Kauffman, S.A.: Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets. Journal of Theorical Biology 22, 437–467 (1969)
Dellaert, F., Beer, R.: Toward an evolvable model of development for autonomous agent synthesis. In: Artificial Life IV. MIT press, Cambridge (1994)
Reil, T.: Dynamics of gene expression in an artificial genome implications for biological and artificial ontogeny. LNCS, pp. 457–466 (1999)
Gardner, M.: The fantastic combinations of John Conway’s new solitaire game life. Scientific American 223, 120–123 (1970)
de Garis, H.: Artificial embryology and cellular differentiation. In: Peter, E., Bentley, J. (eds.) Evolutionary Design by Computers, pp. 281–295 (1999)
Chavoya, A., Duthen, Y.: A cell pattern generation model based on an extended artificial regulatory network. BioSystems 94(1-2), 95–101 (2008)
Wolpert, L.: The French flag problem: A contribution to the discussion on pattern development and regulation. Towards a theoretical biology 1, 125–133 (1968)
Knabe, J., Schilstra, M., Nehaniv, C.: Evolution and morphogenesis of differentiated multicellular organisms: autonomously generated diffusion gradients for positional information. Artificial Life XI (2008)
Doursat, R.: Organically grown architectures: Creating decentralized, autonomous systems by embryomorphic engineering. Organic Computing, 167–200 (2008)
Stewart, F., Taylor, T., Konidaris, G.: Metamorph: Experimenting with genetic regulatory networks for artificial development. In: Capcarrère, M.S., Freitas, A.A., Bentley, P.J., Johnson, C.G., Timmis, J. (eds.) ECAL 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3630, pp. 108–117. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Cussat-Blanc, S., Pascalie, J., Luga, H., Duthen, Y.: Three simulators for growing artificial creatures. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE CEC 2010 (2010)
Cussat-Blanc, S., Luga, H., Duthen, Y.: Cell2Organ: Self-Repairing Artificial Creatures thanks to a Healthy Metabolism. In: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2009), Trondheim (2009)
Zykov, V., Phelps, W., Lassabe, N., Lipson, H.: Molecubes Extended: Diversifying Capabilities of Open-Source Modular Robotics. In: Self-Reconfigurable Robots Workshop, IROS 2008 (2008)
Mange, D.: Bio-Inspired Computing Machines. In: Mange, D., Tomassini, M, eds. (1998) ISBN 978-2-88074-371-0
Von Neumann, J.: The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata. In: Burks, A. (ed.). Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana (1966)
Ray, T.S.: Population dynamics of digital organisms. In: Langton, C.G. (ed.) Artificial Life II Video Proceedings. Addison Wesley, Redwood City (1991)
Ray, T.S.: Evolution and optimization of digital organisms. In: Billingsley, K.R., et al. (eds.) Scientific Excellence in Supercomputing: The IBM 1990 Contest Prize Papers, Athens, GA, 30602, December 1991, pp. 489–531. The Baldwin Press, The University of Georgia (1991)
Ventrella, J.: Gene Pool: Exploring the Interaction Between Natural Selection and Sexual Selection. In: Adamatzky, A., Komosinski, M. (eds.) Artificial Life Models in Software. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Bongard, J., Paul, C.: Investigating morphological symmetry and locomo- tive efficiency using virtual embodied evolution. In: Meyer, J.-A., et al. (eds.) From Animals to Animats: The Sixth International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Duthen, Y., Luga, H., Lassabe, N., Cussat-Blanc, S., Breton, T., Pascalie, J. (2010). An Introduction to the Bio-logic of Artificial Creatures . In: Plemenos, D., Miaoulis, G. (eds) Intelligent Computer Graphics 2010. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 321. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15690-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15690-8_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-15689-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-15690-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)