Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Rare and Uncommon Gynecological Cancers

Abstract

Sex cord-stromal tumors are rare neoplasms which most commonly occur in the ovary. Granulosa cell tumors are the most common histologic subtype. Presenting symptoms and signs may be specific to this group of tumors, and treatment is determined by many factors, including age and histologic subtype. Appropriate therapy usually includes surgery, and chemotherapy often plays a role. Much progress has recently been made in the field of sex cord-stromal tumors, with regard to fertility-sparing surgery, surgical staging, less toxic chemotherapy, useful biologic agents, and the genetic etiology of granulosa cell tumors. These advances and the management of patients with sex cord-stromal tumors are comprehensively reviewed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abu-Rustum NR, Restivo A, Ivy J, et al. Retroperitoneal nodal metastasis in primary and recurrent granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:31–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alam K, Maheshwari V, Rashid S. Bilateral Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary: a rare case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2009;52:97–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson MC, Rees DA. Gynandroblastoma of the ovary. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975;82:68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bazot M, Ghossain MA, Buy JN, et al. Fibrothecomas of the ovary: CT and US findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1993;17:754.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bittinger S, Alexiadis M, Fuller PJ. Expression status and mutational analysis of the PTEN and PI3K subunit genes in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19:339–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bjorkholm E. Granulosa cell tumors: a comparison of survival in patients and matched controls. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;138:329.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bjorkholm E, Silfversward C. Granulosa and theca cell tumors: incidence and occurrence of second primary tumors. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1980;19:161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bjorkholm E, Silfverswand C. Theca cell tumors: clinical features and prognosis. Acta Radiol. 1980;19:241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bjorkholm E, Silfversward C. Prognostic factors in granulosa-cell tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1981;11:261–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Boggess JF, Soules MR, Goff BA, et al. Serum inhibin and disease status in women with ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;64:64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bonnevalle M, Mazingue F, Nelken B, et al. Precocious pseudopuberty in granulosa cell tumor in children less than 1 year old [2 cases]. Chir Pédiatr. 1990;31:32–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Brown J. Female genital tract cancer. In: Bleyer A, O’Leary M, Barr R, Ries LAG, editors. Cancer epidemiology in older adolescents and young adults 15-29 years of age, including SEER incidence and survival: 1975-2000. NIH Pub No. 06-5767. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brown J, Gershenson DM. Treatment for rare ovarian malignancies. In: Eifel PJ, Gershenson DM, Kavanagh JJ, Silva EG, editors. M.D. Anderson Cancer Care Series Gynecologic Cancer. New York: Springer; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brown J, Shvartsman HS, Deavers MT, et al. The activity of taxanes in the treatment of sex cord-stromal ovarian tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3517–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brown J, Shvartsman HS, Deavers MT, et al. The activity of taxanes compared with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin in the treatment of sex cord-stromal ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97:489–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Brown J, Jhingran A, Deavers M, et al. Stromal tumors of the ovary. In: Raghaven D, Brecher ML, Johnson DH, Meropol NJ, Moots PL, Rose PG, Mayer IA, editors. Textbook of uncommon cancer. West Sussex: Wiley; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Brown J, Sood AK, Deavers MT, et al. Patterns of metastasis in sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary: can routine staging lymphadenectomy be omitted? Gynecol Oncol. 2009;113:86–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Calaminus G, Wessalowski R, Harms D, et al. Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in children and adolescents: results from 33 patients registered in a prospective cooperative study. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;65:447–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cameron FJ, Scheimberg I, Stanhope R. Precocious pseudopuberty due to a granulosa cell tumour in a seven-month-old female. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:1016–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Camlibel FT, Caputo TA. Chemotherapy of granulosa cell tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;145:763–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Canis M, Mage G, et al. A 12 year experience with long term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:707–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Capito C, Flechtner I, Thibaud E, et al. Neonatal bilateral ovarian sex cord stromal tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52:401–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chalvardigjian A, Derzko C. Gynandroblastoma: its ultrastructure. Cancer. 1982;50:710.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chang W, Oiseth SJ, Orentlicher R, et al. Bilateral sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovaries in a premenarchal girl. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;101:342–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Choi K, Lee HJ, Pae JC, et al. Ovarian granulosa cell tumor presenting as Meigs’ syndrome with elevated CA125. Korean J Intern Med. 2005;20:105–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Choi YL, Kim HS, Ahn G. Immunoexpression of inhibin alpha subunit, inhibin/activin beta subunit, and CD99 in ovarian tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:563–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Clement PB, Scully RE. Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex-cord tumors. A clinicopathologic analysis of fourteen cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976;66:512–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Colombo N, Sessa C, Landoni F, et al. Cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in metastatic granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;37:265–8.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Costa MJ, Walls J, Ames P, et al. Transformation in recurrent ovarian granulosa cell tumors: Ki67 (MIB-1) and p53 immunohistochemistry demonstrates a possible molecular basis for the poor histologic prediction of clinical behavior. Hum Pathol. 1996;27:274–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Czernobilinsky B. Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors: an update. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008;27:229–35.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dempster J, Geirsson RT, Duncan ID. Survival after ovarian granulosa and theca cell tumors. Scot Med J. 1987;32:38–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dhillon VS, Aslam M, Husain SA. The contribution of genetic and epigenetic changes in granulosa cell tumors of ovarian origin. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5537–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dockherty MB, Masson JC. Ovarian fibromas: a clinical and pathologic study of two hundred and eighty three cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1944;47:741.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dunnihoo DR, Grieme DL, Woolf RB. Hilar cell tumors of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol. 1966;27:713.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Echt GR, Hadd HE. Androgen excretion patterns in a patient with a metastatic hilus tumor of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968;100:1055.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Emig OR, Hertis AT, Rowe FJ. Gynandroblastoma of the ovary. Am J Pathol. 1943;19:633.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Emig OR, Hertig AT, Rowe FJ. Gynandroblastoma of the ovary. Review and report of a case. Obstet Gynecol. 1959;13:135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Emons G, Schally AV. The use of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists and antagonists in gynaecological cancers. Hum Reprod. 1994;9:1364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Evans AT, Gaffey TA, Malkasian GD, et al. Clinicopathological review of 118 granulosa and 82 thecal cell tumors. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;55:231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Evans MP, Webb MJ, Gaffery TA, et al. DNA ploidy of ovarian granulosa cell tumors: lack of correlation between DNA index or proliferative index and outcome in 40 patients. Cancer. 1995;75:2295–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fishman A, Kudelka AP, Tresukosol D, et al. Leuprolide acetate for treating refractory or persistent ovarian granulosa cell tumor. J Reprod Med. 1996;41:393–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fletcher JA, Gibas Z, Donovan K, et al. Ovarian granulosa-stromal cell tumors are characterized by trisomy 12. Am J Pathol. 1991;138:515–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fox H, Agrawal K, Langley FA. A clinicopathologic study of 92 cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary with special reference to the factors influencing prognosis. Cancer. 1975;35:231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gershenson DM. Management of early ovarian cancer: germ cell and sex cord stromal tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;55(3 Pt 2):S62–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gershenson DM. Fertility-sparing surgery for malignancies in women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2005;34:43–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gershenson DM, Copeland LJ, Kavanagh JJ, et al. Treatment of metastatic stromal tumors of the ovary with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:765–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gershenson DM, Morris M, Burke TW, et al. Treatment of poor-prognosis sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary with the combination of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:527–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gershenson DM, Hartmann LC, Young RH. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. In: Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC, editors. Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Gordon MD, Ireland K. New developments in sex cord-stromal and germ cell tumors of the ovary. Clin Lab Med. 1995;15:595.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gribbon M, Ein SH, Mancer K. Pediatric malignant ovarian tumors: a 43-year review. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27:480.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gusberg SB, Kardon P. Proliferative endometrial response to theca-granulosa cell tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;111:633.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hardy RD, Bell JG, Nicely CJ, et al. Hormonal treatment of a recurrent granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96:865–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hauptmann S, Nadjari B, Kraus J, et al. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex-cord tumor – a case report and review of the literature. Virchows Arch. 2001;439:97–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hayes MC, Scully RE. Stromal luteoma of the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 25 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1987;6:313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hayes MC, Scully RE. Ovarian steroid-cell tumors (not otherwise specified): a clinicopathological analysis of 63 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11:835.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Herbst AL. Neoplastic diseases of the ovary. In: Mishell DR, Stenchever MA, Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, editors. Comprehensive gynecology. 3rd ed. New York: Mosby; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hillard JB, Malpica A, Ramirez PT. Conservative management of a uterine tumor resembling an ovarian sex cord-stromal tumor. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:347–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hirakawa M, Nagai Y, Yagi C, et al. Recurrent juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary managed by palliative radiotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008;18:913–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Homesley HD, Bundy BN, Hurteau JA, et al. Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin combination chemotherapy of ovarian granulosa cell tumors and other stromal malignancies: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;72:131–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. World Health Organization (1973) International histologic classification of tumors. No. 9. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  61. Izutsu T, Kudo T, Miura F, et al. Numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities in an ovarian fibrothecoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1995;83:84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Jacobs AJ, Deppe G, Cohen CJ. Combination chemotherapy of ovarian granulosa cell tumor with cis-platinum and doxorubicin. Gynecol Oncol. 1982;14:294–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Jobling T, Memers P, Healy DL, et al. A prospective study of inhibin in granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;55:285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Jung SE, Rha SE, Lee JM, et al. CT and MRI findings of sex cord-stromal tumor of the ovary. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:207–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kaye SB, Davies E. Cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cisplatinum for the treatment of advanced granulosa cell tumors, using serum estradiol as a tumor marker. Gynecol Oncol. 1986;24:261–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kesterson JP, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Lele S, et al. The use of bevacizumab in refractory ovarian granulosa-cell carcinoma with symptomatic relief of ascites: a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;111:527–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Khoo SK, Buntine D. Malignant stromal tumor of the ovary with virilizing effects in an XXX female with streak ovaries. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1980;20:123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. King LA, Okagaki T, Gallup DG, et al. Mitotic count, nuclear atypia, and immunohistochemical determination of Ki-67, c-myc, p21-ras, c-erbB2, and p53 expression in granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: mitotic count and Ki-67 are indicators of poor prognosis. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61:227–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Koonings PP, Campbell K, Mishell Jr DR, et al. Relative frequency of primary ovarian neoplasms: a 10-year review. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74:921–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Korach J, Perri T, Beinar M, et al. Promising effect of aromatase inhibitors on recurrent granulosa cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19:830–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Laatikainen T, Pelkonen R, Vihko R. Plasma steroids in two subjects with ovarian androgen producing tumors, arrhenoblastoma, gynandroblastoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972;34:580.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lack EE, Perez-Atayde AR, Murthy ASK, et al. Granulosa theca cell tumors in premenarchal girls: a clinical and pathological study of ten cases. Cancer. 1981;48:1846.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lappohn RE, Burger HG, Bouma J, et al. Inhibin as a marker for granulosa cell tumors. New Engl J Med. 1989;321:790.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee IW, Levin W, Chapman W, et al. Radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic granulosa cell tumor in the mediastinum: a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;73:455–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lin YS, Eng HL, Jan YJ, et al. Molecular cytogenetics of ovarian granulosa cell tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97:68–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lindgren V, Waggoner S, Rotmensch J. Monosomy 22 in two ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1996;89:93–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Liu FS, Ho ES, Lai CR, et al. Overexpression of p53 is not a feature of ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61:50–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Luca V, Halalau F, Obresui I, et al. Gynandroblastoma of the ovary. Morphol Embryol. 1983;29:117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Malmstrom H, Hogberg T, Risberg B, et al. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary; prognostic factors and outcome. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;52:50–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Martikainen H, Penttinen J, Huhtaniemi I, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist analog therapy effective in ovarian granulosa cell malignancy. Gynecol Oncol. 1989;35:406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. McCluggage WG, Maxwell P, Sloan JM. Immunohistochemical staining of ovarian granulosa cell tumors with monoclonal antibody against inhibin. Hum Pathol. 1997;28:1034–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Meigs JV. Fibroma of the ovary with ascites and hydrothorax – Meigs syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1954;67:962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mettler L, Semm K, Shive K. Endoscopic management of adnexal masses. JSLS. 1997;2:103–12.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Meyer R. Pathology of some special ovarian tumors and their relation to sex characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1931;22:697.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Miller BE, Barron BA, Wan JY, et al. Prognostic factors in adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer. 1997;79:1951–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mom CH, Engelen MJA, Willemse PHB, et al. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: the clinical value of serum inhibin A and B levels in a large single center cohort. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;105:365–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Montag TW, Murphy RE, Belinson JL. Virilizing malignant lipoid cell tumor producing erythropoietin. Gynecol Oncol. 1984;19:98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Morris JM, Scully RE. Endocrine pathology of the ovary. St. Louis: Mosby; 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Nakashima N, Young RH, Scully RE. Androgenic granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108:786.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Neubecker RD, Breen JL. Gynandroblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1962;38:60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Neville AJ, Gilchrist KW, Davis TE. The chemotherapy of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: experience of the Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1984;12:397–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Norris HJ, Taylor HB. Prognosis of granulosa-theca cell tumors of the ovary. Cancer. 1968;21:255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Nosov V, Park S, Rao J, et al. Non-Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: a case report. Fertil Steril. 2009;92:1497.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Novak ER. Gynandroblastoma of the ovary: review of 8 cases from the Ovarian Tumor Registry. Obstet Gynecol. 1967;30:709.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ohel G, Kaneti H, Schenker JG. Granulosa cell tumors in Israel: a study of 172 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 1983;15:278.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. O’Hern TM, Neubecker RD. Arrhenoblastoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1962;19:758.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Pang LC. Endometrial stromal sarcoma with sex cord-like differentiation associated with tamoxifen therapy. South Med J. 1998;91:592–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Pankratz E, Buyes DA, White GW, et al. Granulosa cell tumors: a clinical review of 61 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;52:718.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Paraskevas M, Scully RE. Hilus cell tumor of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1989;8:299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Pelkey TJ, Frierson Jr HF, Mills SE, et al. The diagnostic utility of inhibin staining in ovarian neoplasms. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:97–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Peng-Hui W, Hsiang-Tai C, Wen-Ling L. Use of a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for treatment of steroid cell tumors of the ovary. Fertil Steril. 1998;69:353.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Persons DL, Hartmann LC, Herath JF, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of trisomy 12 in ovarian tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102:775–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Portugal R, Oliva E. Calretinin: diagnostic utility in the female genital tract. Adv Anat Pathol. 2009;16:118–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Powell JL, Dulaney DP, Shiro BC. Androgen-secreting steroid cell tumor of the ovary. South Med J. 2000;93:1201–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Powell JL, Connor GP, Henderson GS. Management of recurrent juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;81:113–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Prat J, Scully RE. Cellular fibromas and fibrosarcomas of the ovary. Cancer. 1981;47:2663.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Puls LE, Hamous J, Morrow MS, et al. Recurrent ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: tumor marker and chemotherapy experience. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;54:396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Pysher TJ, Hitch DC, Krous HF. Bilateral juvenile granulosa cell tumors in a 4-month-old dysmorphic infant. A clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1981;5:789–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rishi M, Howard LN, Brathauer GL, et al. Use of monoclonal antibody against human inhibin as a marker for sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:583–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Robertson DM, McNeilage J. Inhibins as biomarkers for reproductive cancers. Semin Reprod Med. 2004;22:219–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Rodriguez E, Rao P, Reuter V. Cytogenetic analysis of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1992;61:207.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Roth LM, Sternberg WH. Ovarian stromal tumors containing Leydig-cells. II. Pure Leydig-cell tumor, non-hilar type. Cancer. 1973;32:952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Roth LM, Anderson MC, Govan DT, et al. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 34 cases. Cancer. 1981;48:187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Roush GR, El-Naggar AK, Abdul-Karim FW. Granulosa cell tumor of ovary: a clinicopathologic and flow cytometric DNA analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;56:430–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Salani R, Goodrich K, Song C, et al. Three case reports of laparoscopic management of granulosa cell tumor with intraoperative rupture and subsequent upstaging. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2008;15:511–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Savage P, Constenla D, Fisher C, et al. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: demographics, survival, and the management of advanced disease. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998;10:242–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Schmidt M, Kammerer U, Segerer S, et al. Glucose metabolism and angiogenesis in granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: activation of Akt, expression of M2PK, TKTL1 and VEGF. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;139:72–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Schneider DR, Calaminus G, Harms D, et al. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors in children and adolescents. J Reprod Med. 2005;50:439–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Schoefield DE, Fletcher JA. Trisomy 12 in pediatric granulosa-stromal cell tumors. Am J Pathol. 1992;141:1265.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Schultz KA, Sencer SF, Messinger Y, et al. Pediatric ovarian tumors: a review of 67 cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;44:167–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schumer ST, Cannistra SA. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1180–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Scully RE. Sex cord tumor with annular tubules: a distinctive ovarian tumor of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cancer. 1970;25:1107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Schwartz PE, Smith JP. Treatment of ovarian stromal tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;125:402–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Seki H, Takagi A, Takada S, et al. A case of recurrent intramural uterine stromal tumor with epithelial differentiation effectively treated with oral low-dose administration of etoposide. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;20:59–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Shah SP, Kobel M, Senz J, et al. Mutation of FOXL2 in granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2719–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Slayton RE. Management of germ cell and stromal tumors of the ovary. Semin Oncol. 1984;11:299–313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Soules MR, Abraham GE, Bossen EH. The steroid profile of a virilizing ovarian tumor. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;52:73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Srivasta PJ, Keeney GL, Podratz KC. Disseminated cervical adenoma malignum and bilateral ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;53:256.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Staats PN, Garcia JJ, Dias-Santagata D. Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCT) lack the JAZF1-JJAZ1 translocation frequently seen in endometrial stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:1206–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Stage AH, Grafton WD. Thecomas and granulosa-theca cell tumors of the ovary: an analysis of 51 tumors. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;50:21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Stenwig JT, Hazekamp JT, Beecham JB. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study in 118 cases with long term follow-up. Gynecol Oncol. 1979;7:136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Stevens TA, Brown J, Zander DS, et al. Adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in two first-degree relatives. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;98:502–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Stewart CJR, Brennan BA, Crook ML, et al. Comparison of proliferation indices in primary adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary and their corresponding metastases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2009;28:423–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Tanyi J, Rigo Jr J, Csapo Z, et al. Trisomy 12 in juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary during pregnancy. A report of 2 cases. J Reprod Med. 1999;44:826–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Tao X, Sood AK, Deavers MT, et al. Anti-angiogenesis therapy with bevacizumab for patients with ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;114:431–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Teyssier JR, Adnet JJ, Pigeon F, et al. Chromosomal changes in an ovarian granulosa cell tumor: similarity with carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1985;14:147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Tresukosol D, Kudelka AP, Edwards CL, et al. Recurrent ovarian granulosa cell tumor: a case report of a dramatic response to Taxol. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1995;5:156–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Tsuji T, Kawauchi S, Utsunomiya T, et al. Fibrosarcoma versus cellular fibroma of the ovary: a comparative study of their proliferative activity and chromosome aberrations using MIB-1 immunostaining, NDA flow cytometry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Unkila-Kallio L, Tiitinen A, Wahlstrom T, et al. Reproductive features in women developing ovarian granulosa cell tumour at a fertile age. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:589–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Vallar L. Oncogenic role of heterotrimeric G proteins. Cancer Surv. 1996;27:325–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Vang R, Herrmann M, Tavassoli FA. Comparative immunohistochemical analysis of granulosa and sertoli components in ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors with mixed differentiation: potential implications for derivation of Sertoli differentiation in ovarian tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2004;23:151–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Van Holsbeke C, Domali E, Holland TK. Imaging of gynecological disease: clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31:450–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Vassal G, Flamant F, Caillaud JM, et al. Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in children: a clinical study of 15 cases. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6:990–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Waxman M, Vultein JC, Urcuyo R, et al. Ovarian low grade stromal sarcoma with thecomatous features. Cancer. 1979;44:2206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Wessalowski R, Spaar HJ, Pape H, et al. Successful liver treatment of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a 4-year-old child by regional deep hyperthermia, systemic chemotherapy, and irradiation. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;57:417–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Wolf JK, Mullen J, Eifel PJ, et al. Radiation treatment of advanced or recurrent granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;73:35–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Yaghoobian J, Pinck RL. Ultrasound findings in thecoma of the ovary. J Clin Ultrasound. 1983;11:91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Young RH, Scully RE. Endocrine tumors of the ovary. Curr Top Pathol. 1992;85:113–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Young RH, Dickersin GR, Scully RE. Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8:575.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Young RH, Dudley AG, Scully RE. Granulosa cell, Sertoli-Leydig cell, and unclassified sex cord stromal tumors associated with pregnancy: a clinicopathologic analysis of thirty six cases. Gynecol Oncol. 1984;18:181.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Young RH, Path FRC, Scully RE. Sex cord-stromal, steroid cell, and other ovarian tumors with endocrine, paraendocrine, and paraneoplastic manifestations. In: Kurman RJ, editor. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. New York: Springer; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Zaloudek C, Norris HJ. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in children: a clinical and pathologic study of 32 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1982;6:503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Zaloudek C, Norris HJ. Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study of 64 intermediate and poorly differentiated neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8:405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Zhang J, Young RH, Arseneau J, et al. Ovarian stromal tumors containing lutein or Leydig cells – a clinicopathologic analysis of fifty cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1982;1:270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Zhao C, Barner R, Vinh TN, et al. SF-1 is a diagnostically useful immunohistochemical marker and comparable to other sex cord-stromal tumor markers for the differential diagnosis of ovarian sertoli cell tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008;27:507–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Drive, Unit 1362, Houston, TX, 77230-1439, USA

    Jubilee Brown & David M. Gershenson

Authors
  1. Jubilee Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David M. Gershenson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jubilee Brown .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Beatson Oncology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Great Western Road 1053, Glasgow, G12 0YN, United Kingdom

    Nicholas Reed

  2. Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology, University of Liverpool, Clatterbridge Road, Wirral, Merseyside, L63 4JY, United Kingdom

    John Alan Green

  3. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dept. Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas, Holcombe Blvd . 1515, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA

    David M. Gershenson

  4. Stobhill Hospital, North Glasgow University Hospitals NHS T, Baornock Road 133, Glasgow, G61 1Ql, United Kingdom

    Nadeem Siddiqui

  5. , Department of Radiology, Victoria Infirmary, Langside Road, Glasgow, G42 9TY, United Kingdom

    Rachel Connor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brown, J., Gershenson, D.M. (2011). Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors. In: Reed, N., Green, J., Gershenson, D., Siddiqui, N., Connor, R. (eds) Rare and Uncommon Gynecological Cancers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13492-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13492-0_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-13491-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-13492-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation