Abstract
It is relatively easy to think of a city as the product of multiple interactions, between the agents involved (local authorities, companies, social groups, inhabitants), their material or symbolic artefacts (housing, infrastructure, institutions, representations), and events or episodes marked by political interventions, economic circumstances, technological innovations, etc. The recent history of writing about the city is punctuated by conceptual formalisations of the production of the urban space [41], models of urban dynamics à la Forrester [28], or models of self-organisation inspired by synergetics [51,77] and dissipative structures [1]. Game theory has inspired a city-building simulation game, SimCity, and its many sequels.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen P. (1997) Cities and regions as self-organizing systems: models of complexity, Gordon & Breach (Amsterdam).
Allen P. and Sanglier M. (1979) A dynamic model of growth in a central place system, Geog. Anal. 11, 256–272.
Alonso W. (1964) Location and land use, Harvard University Press (Cambridge MA).
Amson, J.C. (1975) Catastrophe theory: a contribution to the study of urban systems, Environ. Plann. 2, 175–221.
Anderson C., Hellervik A., Hagson A., and Tornberg J. (2003) The urban economy as a scale-free network, Phys. Rev. E 68, 036124.
Auerbach F. (1913) Das Gesetz der Bevölkerungskonzentration, Petermans Mitteilungen 1, 74–76, in German.
Bairoch P., Batou J., and Chèvre P. (1988) La population des villes européennes. Banque de données et analyse sommaire des résultats: 800–1850, Centre d’Histoire Économique International de l’Université de Genève, in French.
Batty M. and Longley P. (1994) Fractal cities, Academic Press (London).
Batty M. and Xie Y. (1996) Preliminary evidence for a theory of the fractal city, Environ. Plann. A 28, 1745–1762.
Berry B.J.L. (1964) Cities as systems within systems of cities, Papers of the Regional Science Association 13, 147–163.
Bretagnolle A. (1999) Espace-temps et système de villes: effets de l’augmentation de la vitesse de circulation sur l’espacement et l’étalement des villes, Université Paris I, thèse de doctorat, in French.
Bretagnolle A. (2003) Vitesse des transports et sélection hiérarchique entre les villes françaises, in Données Urbaines, edited by D. Pumain and M.-F. Mattei, vol. 4, pp. 309–322, in French.
Bretagnolle A. and Pumain D. (2005) Artificial intelligence and collective agents: a generic multi-agent model for simulating the evolution of urban systems (Simpop2), poster presented at the European Conference in Complex System (ECCS’05), Paris.
Bretagnolle A., Mathian H., Pumain D. and Rozenblat C. (2000) Long-term dynamics of European towns and cities: towards a spatial model of urban growth, Cybergeo 131 (http://www.cybergeo.presse.fr)
Bretagnolle A., Paulus F., and Pumain D. (2002) Time and space scales for measuring urban growth, Cybergeo 219 (http://www.cybergeo.presse.fr)
Brunet R. (1980) La composition des modèles dans l’analyse spatiale, L’Espace Géographique 4, 253–264, in French.
Bura S., Guérin-Pace F., Mathian H., Pumain D., and Sanders L. (1996) Multi-agent systems and the dynamics of a settlement system, Geographical Analysis 2, 161–178.
Cattan N., Pumain D., Rozenblat C., and Saint-Julien T. (1999) Le système des villes européennes, 2nd edition, Anthropos (Paris), in French.
Claval P. (1982) La logique des villes, LITEC (Paris), in French.
Chorley R. and Haggett P. (1967) Models in geography, Methuen (London).
Christaller W. (1933) Die Zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland, Fischer (Iena), in German.
Cordoba J.C. (2003) On the Distribution of City Sizes, J. of Urban Econ. 63, 177–197.
Couclelis, H. (1985) Cellular worlds: a framework for modeling micro-macro dynamics, Environ. Plann. A17, 585–596.
Dendrinos, D.S. and Haag G. (1984) Toward a stochastic dynamical theory of location: empirical evidence, Geog. Anal. 16, 287–300.
Dendrinos D. and Mullaly H. (1985) Urban evolution, Oxford University Press (Oxford).
Engelen G. (1988) The theory of self-organisation and modelling complex urban system, Eur. J. Oper. Res. 37, 42–57.
Fletscher R. (1986) Settlement in Archaeology: world-wide comparison, World Archaeology 18, 59–83.
Forrester J. (1964) Urban dynamics, MIT Press (Cambridge MA).
Frankhauser P. (1993) La fractalité des structures urbaines, Anthropos (Paris), in French.
Fujita M., Krugman P., and Venables A. (1999) The spatial economy: cities, regions and the international trade, MIT Press (Cambridge MA).
Gabaix X. and Ioannides Y.M. (2004) The evolution of city size distributions, in Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, edited by V. Henderson and J-F. Thisse, vol. 4, chap 53, North-Holland (Amsterdam), pp. 2341–2378.
Gibrat R. (1931) Les inégalités économiques, Sirey (Paris), in French.
Goodrich E.P. (1926) The statistical relationship between population and the city plan, in The urban community, edited by E.N. Burgess, University of Chicago Press (Chicago), pp. 144–150.
Guérin-Pace F. (1993) Deux siècles de croissance urbaine 4, Anthropos (Paris), pp. 411–425.
Guérois M. (2003) Les villes d’Europe vues du ciel, in Données urbaines, edited by D. Pumain and M.-F. Mattei, vol. 4, Anthropos (Paris), pp. 411–425, in French.
Haag G., M’’unz M., Pumain D., Sanders L., and Saint-Julien T. (1992) Inter-urban Migration and the Dynamics of a system of cities. Part I: the Stochastic framework with an application to the French urban system, Environ. Plann. 24, 181–188.
Janelle D.G. (1969) Spatial reorganisation, a model and concept, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59, 348–364.
Kohl J.G. (1841) Der Verkehr und die Ansiedlungen der Menschen in ihrer Abhängigkeit des Gestaltung der Erdoberfläsche, Arnold (Leipzig), in German.
Lalanne L. (1863) Essai d’une théorie des réseaux de chemins de fer, fondée sur l’observation des faits et sur les lois primordiales qui président au groupement des populations, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Sciences 57, 2e semestre, 206–210, in French.
Lalanne L. (1875) Note sur les faits d’alignements naturels dans leurs relations avec les lois qui président à la répartition des centres de population à la surface du globe, Comptes rendus du 2 e Congrès International de Géographie, Martinet (Paris), vol. 2, pp. 45–55. Reprinted in Deux siècles de géographie française, edited by P. Pinchemel, M.-C. Robic, and J.-L. Tissier CTHS (Paris), Mémoire de la section de géographie, vol. 13, pp. 57–64 (1984), in French.
Lefebvre H. (1974) La production de l’espace, Anthropos (Paris), in French.
Lotka A.J. (1924) Elements of physical biology, Williams & Wilkins (Baltimore).
Lotka A.J. (1941) The law of urban concentration, Science 94, 164.
Marchetti C. (1991) Voyager dans le temps, Futuribles 156, 19–29, in French.
Moriconi-Ebrard F. (1993) L’urbanisation du Monde depuis 1950, Anthropos (Paris), in French.
Moser C.A. and Scott W. (1961) British towns. A statistical study of their social and economic differences, Oliver and Boyd (Edinburgh).
Paulus F. (2004) Coévolution dans les systèmes de villes: croissance et spécialisation des aires urbaines françaises de 1950 à 2000, Université Paris 1, thèse de doctorat, in French.
Paulus F. and Pumain D. (2000) Trajectoires de villes dans le système urbain, in Données urbaines, edited by M.-F. Mattei and D. Pumain, vol. 3, pp. 363–372.
Pinchemel P. and Carrière F. (1964) Le fait urbain en France, A. Colin (Paris), in French.
Pinchemel P. and Pinchemel G. (1988) La face de la terre, A. Colin (Paris), in French.
Portugali J. (2000) Self-organisation and the city, Springer (Berlin).
Pred A. (1977) City systems in advanced economies, Hutchinson (London).
Pumain D. (1982) La dynamique des villes, Économica (Paris), in French.
Pumain D. (1993) L’espace, le temps et la matérialité des villes, in Temporalités urbaines, edited by B. Lepetit and D. Pumain, Anthropos (Paris), 133–157, in French.
Pumain D. (1997) Vers une théorie évolutive des villes, L’Espace Géographique 2, 119–134, in French.
Pumain D. (1998) Urban research and complexity, in The City and Its Sciences, edited by C.S. Bertuglia, G. Bianchi, and A. Mela, Physica Verlag (Heidelberg), pp. 323–361.
Pumain D. (2001) Villes, agents et acteurs en géographie, Revue européenne des sciences sociales 121, 81–93, in French.
Pumain D. (ed.) (2006) Hierarchy in natural and social sciences, Methodos Series vol. 3, Springer (Berlin).
Pumain D. and Saint-Julien T. (1978) Les dimensions du changement urbain, Mémoires et Documents du CNRS (Paris), in French.
Pumain D. and Saint-Julien T. (eds.) (1995) L’espace des villes, La Documentation française RECLUS, Atlas de France, tome 12, in French.
Pumain D., Bretagnolle A., and Degorge-Lavagne M. (1999) La ville et la croissance urbaine dans l’espace-temps, Mappemonde 3, 38–42, in French.
Pumain D., Bretagnolle A., and Rozenblat C. (1999) Croissance et sélection dans le système des villes européennes (1600–2000). Travaux de l’Institut de Géographie de Reims 26, 105–135, in French.
Pumain D., Paquot T., and Kleinschmager R. (2006) Dictionnaire La ville et l’urbain, Anthropos (Paris), in French.
Reclus É. (1895) The evolution of cities, The Contemporary Review 67, 246–264.
Reymond H. (1981) Une problématique théorique, in Problématiques de la géographie, edited by H. Isnard, J.-B. Racine, and H. Reymond, PUF (Paris), in French.
Reynaud J. (1841) “Villes”, Encyclopédie Nouvelle, tome VIII, Gosselin (Paris), pp. 670–687, in French.
Robic M.-C. (1982) Cent ans avant Christaller, une théorie des lieux centraux, L’Espace Géographique 1, 5–12, in French.
Robson B.T. (1973) Urban growth, an approach, Methuen (London).
Sanders L. (1992) Système de villes et synergétique, Anthropos (Paris), in French.
Simon H. (1955) On a class of skew distributions, Biometrika 42, 425–440.
Singer H.W. (1936) The “courbe des populations”: a parallel to Pareto’s law, Economical Journal 46, 254–263.
Van Der Leeuw S. and Fiches J.L. (eds.) (1990) Archéologie et Espaces, Éditions APCDA (Antibes), in French.
Varela F. (1983) L’auto-organisation, de l’apparence au mécanisme, in L’auto-organisation, de la physique au politique, edited by P. Dumouchel and J.P. Dupuy, Seuil (Paris), pp. 147–165, in French.
Veltz P. (1996) Mondialisation, villes et territoires, PUF (Paris), in French.
de Vries J. (1984) European urbanisation: 1500-1800, Methuen (London).
Watts D.J. and Strogatz S.H. (1998) Collective dynamics of small world networks, Nature 393, 4.
Weidlich W. (2000) Sociodynamics, Taylor & Francis (London).
Willis J. and Yule G. (1922) Some statistics of evolution and geographical distribution in plants and animals, and their significance, Nature 109, 177–179.
Wilson A. (1981) Catastrophe theory and bifurcation, Croom Helm (London).
Zhang W.B. (1990) Stability versus instability in urban pattern formation, Socio-spatial dynamics 1, 41–56.
Zipf G.K. (1941) National Unity and Disunity, Principia Press (Bloomington Indiana).
Zipf G.K. (1949) Human Behaviour and the Principle of least effort, Addison-Wesley (Reading MA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pumain, D. (2011). Systems of Cities and Levels of Organisation. In: Bourgine, P., Lesne, A. (eds) Morphogenesis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13174-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13174-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-13173-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-13174-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)