Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fractures of the Ring of Axis (Hangman Type Fractures)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reconstruction of Upper Cervical Spine and Craniovertebral Junction

Abstract

Hangman type fractures represent a frequent cause of mortality during motor vehicle accidents (MVA); however, survivors of the initial impact usually do not have any neurologic deficit. A comprehensive radiographic evaluation is necessary to identify and classify these fractures appropriately. The majority of stable fractures can be treated conservatively in a hard collar. Unstable and dislocated fractures should be treated surgically. A fusion in malalignment achieved through conservative means can negatively influence the long-term outcome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alker Jr., G.J., Oh, Y.S., Leslie, E.V.: High cervical spine and craniocervical junction injuries in fatal traffic accidents: a radiological study. Orthop Clin North Am 9, 1003–1010 (1978)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Andrews, R.J.: Hangman’s fractures involving the body of C2. Neurosurgery 27, 845–846 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arand, M., Hartwig, E., Kinzl, L., et al.: Spinal navigation in cervical fractures–a preliminary clinical study on Judet-osteosynthesis of the axis. Comput Aided Surg 6, 170–175 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baumgarten, M., Mouradian, W., Boger, D., et al.: Computed axial tomography in C1-C2 trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 10, 187–192 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Benzel, E.C.: Anatomic consideration of C2 pedicle screw placement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21, 2301–2302 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Borne, G.M., Bedou, G.L., Pinaudeau, M.: Treatment of pedicular fractures of the axis. A clinical study and screw fixation technique. J Neurosurg 60, 88–93 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Brashear Jr., R., Venters, G., Preston, E.T.: Fractures of the neural arch of the axis. A report of twenty-nine cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57, 879–887 (1975)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bridwell, K.H.: Treatment of a markedly displaced hangman’s fracture with a luque rectangle and a posterior fusion in a 71-year-old man. Case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 11, 49–52 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bucholz, R.W.: Unstable hangman’s fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 154, 119–124 (1981)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bucholz, R.D., Cheung, K.C.: Halo vest versus spinal fusion for cervical injury: evidence from an outcome study. J Neurosurg 70, 884–892 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Burke, J.T., Harris Jr., J.H.: Acute injuries of the axis vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 18, 335–346 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen, X.S., Jia, L.S., Cao, S.F., et al.: Diagnosis and surgical management of Hangman’s fracture combined with intervertebral disc injury. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 42, 712–715 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chittiboina, P., Wylen, E., Ogden, A., et al.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis: a biomechanical comparison of clinically relevant anterior and posterior fusion techniques. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 379–387 (2009)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Clarke, A.P.: Fracture of the cervical vertebrae. JAMA 3, 390–391 (1884)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Colangelo, E.J.: Cervicocranium and the aviator’s protective helmet. Aviat Space Environ Med 46, 1263–1264 (1975)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cooper, P.R., Maravilla, K.R., Sklar, F.H., et al.: Halo immobilization of cervical spine fractures. Indications and results. J Neurosurg 50, 603–610 (1979)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Coric, D., Wilson, J.A., Kelly Jr., D.L.: Treatment of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis with nonrigid immobilization: a review of 64 cases. J Neurosurg 85, 550–554 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cornish, B.L.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 50, 31–43 (1968)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Crook, G.T.: The complete newgate calendar, vol. 2, p. 181. Navarre Society, London (1926)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Crutchfield, W.G.: Skeletal traction in treatment of injuries to the cervical spine. JAMA 155, 29–32 (1954)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Davis, D., Bohlman, H., Walker, A.E., et al.: The pathological findings in fatal craniospinal injuries. J Neurosurg 34, 603–613 (1971)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Decoulx, P., Decoulx, J., Duquennoy, A., et al.: Fractures and luxations of the cervical spine. Indications and technic of anterior arthrodesis (especially C.2-C.3)]. J Chir (Paris) 96, 423–437 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. DeLorme, T.L.: Axis-pedicle fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 49, 1472 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Duggal, N., Chamberlain, R.H., Perez-Garza, L.E., et al.: Hangman’s fracture: a biomechanical comparison of stabilization techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32, 182–187 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dussault, R.G., Effendi, B., Roy, D., et al.: Locked facets with fracture of the neural arch of the axis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 8, 365–367 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Edgar, M.A., Fisher, T.R., McSweeney, T., et al.: Tetraplegia from hangman’s fracture: report of a case with recovery. Injury 3, 199–202 (1972)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Effendi, B., Roy, D., Cornish, B., et al.: Fractures of the ring of the axis. A classification based on the analysis of 131 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 63-B, 319–327 (1981)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ehni, G., Benner, B.: Occipital neuralgia and the C1-2 arthrosis syndrome. J Neurosurg 61, 961–965 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Elliott Jr., J.M., Rogers, L.F., Wissinger, J.P., et al.: The hangman’s fracture. Fractures of the neural arch of the axis. Radiology 104, 303–307 (1972)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fielding, J.W., Francis, W.R., Hawkins, R.J., et al.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 239, 48–52 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Finn, M., Fassett, D.R., Apfelbaum, R.I.: Surgical treatment of nonrheumatoid atlantoaxial degenerative arthritis producing pain and myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32, 3067–3073 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Finnegan, M.A., McDonald, H.: Hangman’s fracture in an infant. Can Med Assoc J 127, 1001–1002 (1982)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Francis, W.R., Fielding, J.W., Hawkins, R.J., et al.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 63-B, 313–318 (1981)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fuentes, S., Metellus, P., Dufour, H., et al.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis: arguments in favor of surgical management after analysis of 8 patients. Neurochirurgie 49, 25–30 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Garber, J.N.: Abnormalities of the Atlas and Axis Vertebrae–Congenital and Traumatic. J Bone Joint Surg Am 46, 1782–1791 (1964)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Garfin, S.R., Botte, M.J., Waters, R.L., et al.: Complications in the use of the halo fixation device. J Bone Joint Surg Am 68, 320–325 (1986)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gerlock Jr., A.J., Mirfakhraee, M.: Computed tomography and hangman’s fractures. South Med J 76, 727–728 (1983)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Greene, K.A., Dickman, C.A., Marciano, F.F., et al.: Acute axis fractures. Analysis of management and outcome in 340 consecutive cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 22, 1843–1852 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Grogono, B.J.S.: Injuries of the atlas and axis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 36-B, 397–410 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Guiot, B., Fessler, R.G.: Complex atlantoaxial fractures. J Neurosurg Spine 91, 139–143 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hadley, M.N., Browner, C., Sonntag, V.K.: Axis fractures: a comprehensive review of management and treatment in 107 cases. Neurosurgery 17, 281–290 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Haughton, S.: On hanging, considered from a mechanical and physiological point of view. Philos Mag J Sci 32, 23–34 (1866)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ivancic, P.C., Beauchman, N.N., Tweardy, L.: Effect of halo-vest components on stabilizing the injured cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34, 167–175 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  44. James, R., Nasmyth-Jones, R.: The occurrence of cervical fractures in victims of judicial hanging. Forensic Sci Int 54, 81–91 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jarolimek, A.M., Coffey, C.C., Sandler, C.M., et al.: Imaging of upper cervical spine injuries – part III: C2 bellow the dens. Appl Radiol 33, 9–21 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jeanneret, B., Magerl, F., Ward, J.C.: Overdistraction: a hazard of skull traction in the management of acute injuries of the cervical spine. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 110, 242–245 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jeffreys, E.: Disorders of the cervical spine, p. 60. Butterworths, London (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Junge, A., El-Sheik, M., Celik, I., et al.: Pathomorphology, diagnosis and treatment of “hangman’s fractures”. Unfallchirurg 105, 775–782 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kocis, J., Wendsche, P., Visna, P., et al.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 70, 214–218 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Koller, H.: The unstable traumatic spondylolisthesis C2/3. Akt Traumatol 35, 183–202 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Koller, H., Acosta, F., Forstner, R., et al.: C2-fractures: part II. A morphometrical analysis of computerized atlantoaxial motion, anatomical alignment and related clinical outcomes. Eur Spine J 18, 1135–1153 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Koller, H., Kathrein, A.: Letter to the editor concerning: a systematic review of the management of hangman’s fractures by Xin-Feng Li et al. Eur Spine J 15, 257–269 (2006). Eur Spine J 15:1415–1418; author reply 1419–1421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Laurence, J.: A history of capital punishment, p. 42. Sampson, London (1926)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Leconte, P.: Fracture et luxation des deux premieres vertebres cervicales. In: Judet, R. (ed.) Luxation Congenitale de la Hanche. Fractures du Cou-de-pied Rachis Cervical. Actualites de Chirurgie Orthopedique de l’Hospital Raymond-Poincare, vol. 3, pp. 147–166. Masson et Cie, Paris (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lesoin, F., Thomas, C.E., Lozes, G., et al.: Has the safety-belt replaced the hangman’s noose? Lancet 1, 1341 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Levine, A.M., Edwards, C.C.: The management of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67, 217–226 (1985)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Li, X.F., Dai, L.Y., Lu, H., et al.: A systematic review of the management of hangman’s fractures. Eur Spine J 15, 257–269 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lohnert, J., Latal, J.: Fracture of the axis–surgical treatment. II. Axial isthmus. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 60, 47–50 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Maiman, D.J., Larson, S.J.: Management of odontoid fractures. Neurosurgery 11, 471–476 (1982)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Marar, B.C.: Fracture of the axis arch. “Hangman’s fracture” of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 106, 155–165 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Marotta, T.R., White, L., TerBrugge, K.G., et al.: An unusual type of hangman’s fracture. Neurosurgery 26, 848–850 (1990). discussion 850–841

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marshal, J.J.: Judicial executions. Brit Med J 2, 779–782 (1888)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. McCall, I., el Masri, W., Jaffray, D.: Hangman’s fracture in ankylosing spondylitis. Injury 16, 483–484 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mirvis, S.E., Young, J.W., Lim, C., et al.: Hangman’s fracture: radiologic assessment in 27 cases. Radiology 163, 713–717 (1987)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mollan, R.A., Watt, P.C.: Hangman’s fracture. Injury 14, 265–267 (1982)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Moon, M.S., Moon, J.L., Moon, Y.W., et al.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis: 42 cases. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 60, 61–66 (2001)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Muller, E.J., Wick, M., Muhr, G.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis: treatment rationale based on the stability of the different fracture types. Eur Spine J 9, 123–128 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nordstrom, R.E., Lahdenranta, T.V., Kaitila, I.I., et al.: Familial spondylolisthesis of the axis vertebra. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68, 704–706 (1986)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Norrell, H., Wilson, C.B.: Early anterior fusion for injuries of the cervical portion of the spine. JAMA 214, 525–530 (1970)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Norton, W.L.: Fractures and Dislocations of the Cervical Spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 44, 115–139 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Okuchi, K., Fujioka, M., Konobu, T., et al.: A case of Hangman’s fracture associated with vertebral arteriovenous fistula treated with trapping. No Shinkei Geka 22, 55–59 (1994)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pepin, J.W., Hawkins, R.J.: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis: Hangman’s fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res 157, 133–138 (1981)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pinczewski, L., Taylor, T.K., Ryan, M.D.: Hangman’s fracture: nonoperative management with the halocast. Aust N Z J Surg 53, 71–76 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ramadier, J.O., Bombart, M.: Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine without spinal cord lesion. I. Generalities. Lesions of the 21st vertebrae. 52 cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 49, 741–764 (1963)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Reynier, Y., Lena, G., Diaz-Vazquez, P., et al.: Evaluation of 138 fractures of the cervical spine during a recent 5-year period (1979 to 1983). Therapeutic approaches. Neurochirurgie 31, 153–160 (1985)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Roda, J.M., Castro, A., Blazquez, M.G.: Hangman’s fracture with complete dislocation of C-2 on C-3. Case report. J Neurosurg 60, 633–635 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rogers, W.A.: Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine; an end-result study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 39-A, 341–376 (1957)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Roy-Camille, R., de la Caffiniére, J.H., Saillant, G.: Les traumatismes du rachis cervical superieur C1-C2. Masson et Cie, Paris (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Roy-Camille, R., Saillant, G.: Surgery of the cervical spine. 4. Osteosynthesis of the upper cervical spine. Nouv Presse Med 1, 2847–2849 (1972)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Roy-Camille, R., Saillant, G.: Spinal injuries without neurologic complications. Int Orthop 8, 155–162 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Saldeen, T.: Fatal neck injuries caused by use of diagonal safety belts. J Trauma 7, 856–862 (1967)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Samaha, C., Lazennec, J.Y., Laporte, C., et al.: Hangman’s fracture: the relationship between asymmetry and instability. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82, 1046–1052 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schneider, R.C., Livingston, K.E., Cave, A.J., et al.: “Hangman’s fracture” of the cervical spine. J Neurosurg 22, 141–154 (1965)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Seljeskog, E.L., Chou, S.N.: Spectrum of the hangman’s fracture. J Neurosurg 45, 3–8 (1976)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Sherk, H.H., Howard, T.: Clinical and pathologic correlations in traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 174, 122–126 (1983)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Smith, J.T., Skinner, S.R., Shonnard, N.H.: Persistent synchondrosis of the second cervical vertebra simulating a hangman’s fracture in a child. Report of a case. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75, 1228–1230 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Starr, J.K., Eismont, F.J.: Atypical hangman’s fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 18, 1954–1957 (1993)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Suchomel, P., Hradil, J., Barsa, P., et al.: Surgical treatment of fracture of the ring of axis – “hangman’s fracture”. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 73, 321–328 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Taller, S., Suchomel, P., Lukas, R., et al.: CT-guided internal fixation of a hangman’s fracture. Eur Spine J 9, 393–397 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Teo, E.C., Paul, J.P., Evans, J.H., et al.: Experimental investigation of failure load and fracture patterns of C2 (axis). J Biomech 34, 1005–1010 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tuite, G.F., Papadopoulos, S.M., Sonntag, V.K.: Caspar plate fixation for the treatment of complex hangman’s fractures. Neurosurgery 30, 761–764 (1992). discussion 764–765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Umebese, P.F., Orhewere, F.A.: Hangman’s fracture in head injury. East Afr Med J 66, 611–614 (1989)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Vaccaro, A.R., Madigan, L., Bauerle, W.B., et al.: Early halo immobilization of displaced traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27, 2229–2233 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Verheggen, R., Jansen, J.: Hangman’s fracture: arguments in favor of surgical therapy for type II and III according to Edwards and Levine. Surg Neurol 49, 253–261 (1998). discussion 261–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Vichard, P., Mirbey, J., Pinon, P.: Value of anterior arthrodesis in the treatment of fractures of the pedicles of the axis (author’s transl). J Chir (Paris) 118, 565–572 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Vieweg, U., Schultheiss, R.: A review of halo vest treatment of upper cervical spine injuries. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 121, 50–55 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Vlach, O., Leznar, M., Bayer, M.: Diagnosis, classification and treatment of so-called hangman’s fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 55, 456–466 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. White 3rd, A.A., Johnson, R.M., Panjabi, M.M., et al.: Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 109, 85–96 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. White 3rd, A.A., Moss, H.L.: Hangman’s fracture with non-union and late cord compression. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 60, 839–840 (1978)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wilson, A.J., Marshall, R.W., Ewart, M.: Transoral fusion with internal fixation in a displaced hangman’s fracture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24, 295–298 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Wood-Jones, F.: The ideal lesion produced by judicial hanging. Lancet 181, 53 (1913)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Yarbrough, B.E., Hendey, G.W.: Hangman’s fracture resulting from improper seat belt use. South Med J 83, 843–845 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Zapletal, J., de Valois, J.C.: Radiologic prevalence of advanced lateral C1-C2 osteoarthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 22, 2511–2513 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Zavanone, M., Guerra, P., Rampini, P., et al.: Traumatic fractures of the craniovertebral junction. Management of 23 cases. J Neurosurg Sci 35, 17–22 (1991)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, Regional Hospital Liberec, Husova st. 10, 46063, Liberec, Czech Republic

    P. Suchomel & J. Hradil

Authors
  1. P. Suchomel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Hradil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suchomel, P., Hradil, J. (2011). Fractures of the Ring of Axis (Hangman Type Fractures). In: Reconstruction of Upper Cervical Spine and Craniovertebral Junction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13158-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13158-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-13157-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-13158-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation