Abstract
This Chapter is a review of the deeper, plutonic levels of convergent continental margins, the shallow levels of which (volcanics and sediments deposited at the surface or in shallow subsurface) have been covered in the previous Chapter 6 (“Andean-type margins”). The term “Cordilleran Granitoids” is here used in an informal way. Cordilleran granitoids are best developed, you guess it!, in the North American Cordillera, especially in the Canadian and NW USA portion where the mountain system has not been much affected by the post-orogenic extension. The term “Cordilleran” is commonly used in the literature for the North American orogenic system and comparable terrains elsewhere, especially for those with dominantly subduction-related granitoids emplaced into continental crustal basement (Pitcher, 1982, coined the term “andinotype” for this granitoid variety). Here the term serves mainly as a brief chapter heading for the deeper-seated form of magmatism in convergent continental margins.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arehart GB (1996) Characteristics and origin of sedimenthosted disseminated gold deposits: A review. Ore Geol Revs, v 11, pp 383–403
Blanchard R (1968) Interpretation of Leached Outcrops. Nevada Bureau of Mines Bull 66, 196 p
Eastlick JT (1968) Geology of the Christmas Mine and vicinity, Banner Mining District, Arizona, in: JD Ridge, ed, Ore Deposits of the United States 1933–1967. AIME New York, pp 1191–1210
Dagger GW (1972) Genesis of the Mount Pleasant tungstenmolybdenum- bismuth deposit, New Brunswick, Canada. Trans Inst Min Metall, ser B, London, pp 73–102
Hofstra AH and Cline JS (2000) Characteristics and models for Carlin-type gold deposits. Rev Econ Geol, v 13, pp 163–220
Christensen OD (1993) Carlin Trend geologic overview. Soc Econ Geol Guidebook Ser, v 18, pp 3–26
Colley H, Flint DJ (1995) Metallic Mineral Deposits of Fiji. Fiji Miner Res Dept Mem 4, Suva, 195 p
Kurdyukov AA (1980) Lithologic control on mineralization in the Tyrnyauz deposit (Northern Caucasus). Intern Geol Revs, v 22, pp 318–328
Hutchison CS (1996) South-East Asian Oil, Gas, Coal and Mineral Deposits. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Nason PW, Shaw AV, Aveson KD (1982) Geology of the Poston Butte porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona, in: SR Titley, ed, pp 375–386
Burnham CW (1985) Energy release in subvolcanic environments: implications for breccia formation. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 1515–1522
Noble SR, Spooner ETC, Harris FR (1995) Logtung: A porphyry W-Mo deposit in the southern Yukon. CIM Spec Vol 46, pp 732–748
Theodore TG, et al (2003) Applied geochemistry, geology and mineralogy of the northernmost Carlin Trend, Nevada. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 287–316
Gleadow AJW, Brooks CK (1979) Fission track dating, thermal histories and tectonics of igneous intrusions in East Greenland. Contrib Miner Petrol, v 71, pp 45–60
Seedorff E, Barton MD, Stavast WJA, Maher DJ (2008) Root zones of porphyry systems: extending the porphyry model to depth. Econ Geol, v 103, pp 939–956
Wolff F (1978) Philippinen. Rohstoffwirtschaftliche Länderberichte, v XV. Bundesanst f Geowiss, Hannover, 190 p
Münchmeyer C (1996) Exotic deposits-products of lateral migration of supergene solutions from porphyry copper deposits, in: F Camus, RM Sillitoe, R Petersen, eds, Andean Copper Deposits: New Discoveries, Mineralization, Styles and Metallogeny. Soc Econ Geol, Spec Publ 5, pp 43–58
Lamb MA, Cox D (1998) New 40Ar39Ar age data and implications for porphyry copper deposits of Mongolia. Econ Geol, v 93, pp 524–529
Preece RK (1989) Geology and mineralization of the Northwest Extension-Summary of Activities during 1988. Phelps Dodge, Morenci, unpublished, 36 p
Brooks JW, Meinert LD, Kuyper BA, Lane ML (1991) Petrology and geochemistry of the McCoy gold skarn, Lander County, Nevada, in: GL Raines et al, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Great Basin. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, pp 419–442
O’Connor K (1999) Yacimiento polimetálico de Antamina: Historia, exploración y geología, in: Primer Volumen de Monografias de Yacimientos Minerales Peruanos, IIMP, Lima, pp 231–243
Emsbo P, Hofstra AH, Lauha EA, Griffin GL, Hutchinson RW (2003) Origin of high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid compounds and genesis of the Meikle and neighbouring Carlin-type deposits, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 1009–1105
Forster DB, Seccombe PK, Phillips D (2004) Controls on skarn mineralization and alteration at the Cadia deposits, New South Wales, Australia. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 761– 788
Kimura ET, Bysouth GD, Drummond AD (1976) Endako. CIM Spec Vol 15, pp 444–454
Alpers CN, Brimhall GH (1989) Paleohydrologic evolution and geochemical dynamics of cumulative supergene metal enrichment at La Escondida, Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Econ Geol, v 84, pp 229–255
Benavides J, Kyser TK, Clark AH, et al (2007) The Mantoverde iron-oxide-copper-gold district, III Región, Chile: The role of regionally derived nonmagmatic fluids in chalcopyrite mineralization. Econ Geol, v 102, pp 415–440
Morris RC (1987) Iron ores derived by the enrichment of banded iron formation, in: JR Hein, ed, The Genesis of Ores and Petroleum Associated with Siliceous Deposits. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 231–267
Rosenbaum G, Giles D, Saxon M, Betts PG, Weinberg RF, Duboz C (2005) Subduction of the Nazca Ridge and the Inca Plateau: Insights into the formation of ore deposits in Peru. Earth Planet Sci Lett, v 239, pp 18–32
Spilsbury TW (1995) The Schaft Creek coppermolybdenum- gold-silver porphyry deposit, north-western British Columbia. CIM Spec Vol 46, pp 239–246
Panteleyev A (1981) Berg porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines, Petrol Res, Bulletin 66, 158 p
Uchida E, Endo S, Makino M (2007) Relationship between solidification depth of granitic rocks and formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Resour Geol, v 57, pp 47–56
Babcock RC Jr, Ballantyne GH, Phillips H (1995) Summary of the geology of the Bingham District, Utah. Arizona Geol Soc Digest 20, pp 316–325
James LP (1976) Zoned alteration in limestone at porphyry copper deposits, Ely, Nevada. Econ Geol, v 71, pp 488– 512
Love DA, Clark AH, Glover JK (2004) The lithologic, stratigraphic, and structural setting of the giant Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit, Ancash, Peru. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 887–916
Simon G, Kesler SE, Chryssoulis S (1999) Geochemistry and textures of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite, Twin Creeks, Nevada: Implications for deposition of gold in Carlin-type deposits. Econ Geol, v 94, pp 405–422
Atkinson WW Jr, Einaudi MT (1978) Skarn formation and mineralization in the contact aureole at Carr Fork, Bingham, Utah. Econ Geol, v 73, pp 1326–1365
Sillitoe RH (2000) Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Descriptive and genetic models and their role in exploration and discovery. Rev Econ Geol, v 13, pp 315–345
Moolick RT, Durek JJ (1966) The Morenci district, in: SR Titley, CL Hicks, eds, pp 221–231
Warnaars FW, Holmgren CD, Barassi SF (1985) Porphyry copper and tourmaline breccias at Los Bronces-Rio Blanco, Chile. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 1544–1565
Barr DA (1980) Gold in the Canadian Cordillera. CIM Bull, v 73, pp 59–76
Alpers CN, Brimhall GH (1988) Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama desert, northern Chile: Evidence from supergene mineralizations at La Escondida. Geol Soc Amer Bull, v 100, pp 1640–1656
Radtke AS, Rye RO, Dickson FW (1980) Geology and stable isotope studies of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. Econ Geol, v 75, pp 641–672
Einaudi MT (1992) Ore deposits in the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Examples of large-scale water-rock interaction, in: Kharaka and Maest, eds, Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 879– 883
Marinou GP, Petrascheck WE (1956) Laurion. Institute for Geol and Subsurf Research, Athens, v 4, 247 p
Keith JD, Shanks WC III, Archibald DA, Farrar E (1986) Volcanic and intrusive history of the Pine Grove porphyry molybdenum system, Southwestern Utah. Econ Geol, v 81, pp 553–577
Smirnov VI, Gorzhevsky DI (1974) Deposits of lead and zinc, in: VI Smirnov, ed, Ore Deposits of the USSR, v 2. Engl Transl, Pitman, London, pp 182–256
Kuyper BA (1988) Geology of the McCoy gold deposit, Lander County, Nevada, in: RW Schafer, JJ Cooper, PG Vikre, eds, Bulk Mineable Precious Metal Deposits of the Western United States. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, pp 173–186
Bysouth GD, Wong GY (1995) The Endako molybdenum mine, central British Columbia: An update. CIM Spec Volume 46, pp 697–703
Serykh VI (1996) Granitic rocks of Central Kazakhstan, in: V Shatov et al, eds, Granite-Related Ore Deposits of Central Kazakhstan and Adjacent Areas. Glagol, St. Petersburg, pp 55–65
Camus F (1975) Geology of the El Teniente orebody with emphasis on wall-rock alteration. Econ Geol, v 70, pp 1341–1372
Creasey SC (1980) Chronology of intrusion and deposition of porphyry copper ores, Globe-Miami district, Arizona. Econ Geol, v 75, pp 830–844
Heberlein DR (1995) Geology and supergene processes: Berg copper-molybdenum porphyry, West-Central British Columbia. CIM Spec Volume 46, pp 304–312
Huyck HLO (1990) The Lakeshore porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona: Geologic setting and physical controls of mineralization. CIM Bulletin, May 1990, pp 77–88
Young LE, St George P, Bouley BA (1997) Porphyry copper deposits in relation to the magmatic history and palimspastic restoration of Alaska. Econ Geol Monogr 9, pp 306–333
Nie FJ (1994) Rare earth element geochemistry of the molybdenum-bearing granitoids in the Jinduicheng- Huanglongpu district, Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. Mineralium Deposita, v 29, pp 488–489
Herrington RJ, Janković S, Kozelj D (1998) The Bor and Majdanpek copper-gold deposits in the context of the Bor Metallogenic zone (Serbia, Yugoslavia), in: TM Porter, ed, Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits, a Global Perspective. AMF, Adelaide, pp 169– 178
Kesler SE, Sutter JF, Issigonis MJ, Jones LM, Walker RL (1977) Evolution of porphyry copper mineralization in an oceanic island arc: Panama. Econ Geol, v 72, pp 1142–1153
Shaver SA (1986) Elemental dispersion associated with alteration and mineralization at the Hall (Nevada Moly) quartz-monzonite type porphyry molybdenum deposit, with a section on comparison of dispersion patterns with those from Climax-type deposits. Journ Geochem Explor, v 25, pp 81–98
Sillitoe RH (1973) The tops and bottoms of porphyry copper deposits. Econ Geol, v 68, pp 799–815
Einaudi MT, Meinert LD, Newberry RJ (1981) Skarn deposits. Econ Geol 75th Anniv Vol, pp 317–391
Moon KJ (1989) Discovery of source rock of Sangdong tungsten mineralization. 28th Intern Geol Congress, Washington DC, Abstracts, v 2, p 454
Dilles JH (1987) Petrology of the Yerington Batholith, Nevada: Evidence for evolution of porphyry copper ore fluids. Econ Geol, v 82, pp 1750–1789
Rye RO (1985) A model for the formation of carbonatehosted disseminated gold deposits based on geologic, fluid inclusion, geochemical and stable isotope studies of the Carlin and Cortez deposits, Nevada. U.S. Geol Survey Bulletin 1646, pp 35–42
Win UK, Kirwin DJ (1998) Exploration, geology and mineralization of the Monywa copper deposits, central Myanmar, in: TM Porter, ed, Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits: A Global Perspective. Confer Proc, AMF Adelaide, pp 61–74
Westra G, Keith SB (1981) Classification and genesis of stockwork molybdenum deposits. Econ Geol, v 76, pp 844–873
Atkinson D (1995) The Glacier Gulch (Hudson Bay Mountain or Yorke-Hardy) porphyry molybdenumtungsten deposit, west-central British Columbia. CIM Spec Vol no 46, pp 704–707
Loudon AG (1976) Marcopper porphyry copper deposit, Philippines. Econ Geol, v 71, pp 721–732
Williams PJ, Barton MD, Johnson DA, et al (2005) Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: geology, space-time distribution, and possible models of origin. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 371–406
Laznicka P (1989) Breccias and ores, part 1: History, organization and petrography of breccias. Ore Geol Revs, v 4, pp 315–344
Cooper JR (1951) Geology of the tungsten, antimony and gold deposits near Stibnite, Idaho. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 969-F, pp 151–197
Theodore TG, Howe SS, Blake DW (1990) The Tomboy- Minnie gold deposits at Copper Canyon, Lander County, Nevada. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 1857-E, pp E43–E56
Nanna D, Baumann M, Berentsen E, et al (1987) Getchell deposit, in: JL Johnson, ed, Bulk Mineable Precious Metal Deposits of the Western United States, Guidebook for field trips. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, pp 353–356
Porter TM, ed (2002) Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper- Gold and Related Deposits, a Global Perspective, vol 2. PGC Publ, Adelaide, 377 p
Sillitoe RH (2003) Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: An Andean view. Mineralium Deposita, v 38, pp 787–812
White JDL, Smellie JL, Clague DA (2004) Explosive subaqueous volcanism. Amer Geophys Union Monogr 140, 392 p
Mealey GA (1996) Grasberg. Mining the Richest and Most Remote Deposit of Copper and Gold in the World, in the Mountains of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Freeport McMoRan Inc, New Orleans, 384 p
Einaudi MT (1982) Description of skarns associated with porphyry copper plutons, in: SR Titley, ed, Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits. Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 139–183
Elevatorski EA (1996) Gold Resources of Asia. Minobras, Fallbrook, California, 178 p
Meinert LD (1993) Igneous petrogenesis and skarn deposits. Geol Assoc Canada, Spec Paper 40, pp 569–584
Sillitoe RH, Jaramillo L, Damon PE, Shafiqullah M, Escovar R (1982) Setting, characteristics and age of the Andean porphyry copper belt in Colombia. Econ Geol, v 77, pp 1837–1850
Force ER (1998) Laramide alteration of Proterozoic diabase; a likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the Dripping Springs Mountains area, southeastern Arizona. Econ Geol, v 93, pp 171–183
Cline JS, et al (2005) Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada: critical geologic characteristics and viable models. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 451–484
Theodore TG, Orris GJ, Hammarstrom JM, Bliss JD (1991) Gold-bearing skarns. U.S. Geol Surv Bulletin 1930
Reyes M (1991) The Andacollo strata-bound gold deposit, Chile, and its position in a porphyry copper-gold system. Econ Geol, v 86, pp 1301–1316
Bryant DG, Metz HE (1966) Geology and ore deposits of the Warren mining district, in: SR Titley and CL Hicks, eds, Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North America. Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 189–203
Reynolds TJ, Beane RE (1985) Evolution of hydrothermal fluid characteristics at the Santa Rita, New Mexico, porphyry copper deposit. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 1328– 1347
Melchiorre EB, Enders MS (2003) Stable isotope geochemistry of copper carbonates in the NW Extention deposit, Morenci District, Arizona: Implications for conditions of supergene oxidation and related mineralization. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 607–621
Bisso CB, et al (1998) Geology of the Ujina and Rosario copper porphyry deposits, Collahuasi District, Chile, in: TM Porter, ed, Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits: A Global perspective. Conference Proceedings, AMF Adelaide, late addendum
Westra G, Riedell KB (1996) Geology of the Mount Hope stockwork molybdenum deposit, Eureka County, Nevada, in: AR Coyner, PL Fahey, eds, Geology of Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera. Geol Soc Nevada Sympos Proc, Reno, Apr 1995, pp 1639–1666
Kinnison JE (1966) The Mission copper deposit, Arizona, in: SR Titley, CL Hicks, eds, pp 281–287
Lang JR, Baker T (2000) Intrusion-related gold systems: The present level of understanding. Mineralium Deposita, v 36, pp 477–489
Clark AH, Archibald DA, Lee AW, Farrar E, Hodgson CJ (1998) Laser probe 40Ar39Ar ages of early- and late stage alteration assemblages, Rosario porphyry copper molybdenum deposit, Collahuasi district, I Region, Chile. Econ Geol, v 93, pp 326–337
Rubright RD, Hart OJ (1968) Non-porphyry ores of the Bingham district, Utah, in: JD Ridge, ed, Ore Deposits of the United States 1933–1967. AIME, New York, pp 886–907
Daliran F, Walther J, Stuben D (1999) Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization in the North Takob geotermal field, NW Iran, in: CJ Stanley et al, eds, Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Proceedings of the 5th Biennial SGA Meeting, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 837–840
Burchfiel BC, Lipman PW, Zoback ML, eds (1992) The Cordilleran Orogen: Counterminous U.S. The Geology of North America, v G-3, Geol Soc Amer, Boulder, 724 p
Marsh TM, Einaudi MT, McWilliams M (1997) 40Ar39Ar geochronology of Cu-Au and Au-Ag mineralization in the Potrerillos district, Chile. Econ Geol, v 92, pp 784– 806
Sillitoe RH (1993) Giant and bonanza gold deposits in the epithermal environment: Assessment of potential genetic factors. Soc Econ Geol, Spec Publ 2, pp 125–156
Farrar E, Clark AH, Kim OJ (1978) Age of the Sangdong tungsten deposit, Republic of Korea, and its bearing on the metallogeny of the southern Korean Peninsula. Econ Geol, v 73, pp 547–566
Pudack C, Halter WE, Heinrich CA, Pettke T (2009) Evolution of magmatic vapour to gold-rich epithermal liquid: The porphyry to epithermal transition at Nevados de Famatina, Northwest Argentina. Econ Geol, v 104, 449–478
Skewes MA, Stern CR (1996) Late Miocene mineralized breccias in the Andes of Central Chile: Sr- and Nbisotopic evidence for multiple magmatic sources. Soc Econ Geol, Spec Publ 5, pp 33–42
Ruvalcaba-Ruiz DC, Thompson TB (1988) Ore deposits at the Fresnillo Mine, Zacatecas, Mexico. Econ Geol, v 83, pp 1583–1596
Jarrell OW (1944) Oxidation at Chuquicamata, Chile. Econ Geol, v 39, pp 251–286
Emmons SF, Irving JD, Laughlin GF (1927) Geology and ore deposits of the Leadville mining district, Colorado. U.S. Geol Surv Prof Paper 148, 368 p
Sillitoe RH (1985) Ore-related breccias in volcanoplutonic arcs. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 1467–1514
Anderson JA (1982) Characteristics of leached capping and techniques of appraisal, in: SR Titley, ed, Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North America. Univ of Arizona Press, pp 275–295
Cunningham CG, Austin GW, Naeser CW, Rye RO, Ballantyne GH, Stamm RG, Barker CE (2004) Formation of paleothermal anomaly and disseminated gold deposits associated with the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo system, Utah. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 789–806
Guillou-Frottier L, Burov E (2003) The development and fracturing of plutonic apexes: Implication for porphyry ore deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett, v 214, pp 341–356
Sillitoe RH, Jaramillo L, Castro H (1984) Geologic exploration of a molybdenum-rich porphyry copper deposit at Mocoa, Colombia. Econ Geol, v 79, pp 106–123
Lang JR, Stanley CR, Thompson JFH, Dunne KPE (1995) Na-K-Ca magmatic hydrothermal alteration in alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposits, British Columbia, in: JFH Thompson, ed, Magmas, Fluids and Ore Deposits. Miner Assoc Canada Short Course Notes, v 23, pp 339–366
Bamford RW (1972) The Mount Fubilan (Ok Tedi) porphyry copper deposit, Territory of Papua New Guinea. Econ Geol, v 67, pp 1019–1033
Wallace SR (1995) Presidential address: The Climax-type molybdenite deposits: What they are, where they are, and why they are. Econ Geol, v 90, pp 1359–1380
Meinert LD, Dipple GM, Nicolescu S (2005) World skarn deposits. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 299–336
Ressel MW, Henry CD (2006) Igneous geology of the Carlin Trend, Nevada: Development of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits. Econ Geol, v 101, pp 347–383
Jansen LJ (1982) Stratigraphy and structure of the Mission copper deposit, Pima mining district, Pima County, Arizona, in: SR Titley, ed, pp 467–474
Enns S, Thompson FHT, Stanley CR, Yarrow E (1995) The Galore Creek porphyry Cu-Au deposits, northwestern British Columbia. CIM Spec Vol 46
Sisson VB, Roeske SM, Pavlis TL, eds (2003) Geology of a transpressional orogen developed during ridge-trench interaction along the North Pacific margin. Geol Soc Amer, Spec Paper 371, 375 p
Lindgren W (1933) Mineral Deposits, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, New York, 930 p
Ossandón GC, Fréraut RC, Gustafson LB, Lindsay DD, Zentilli M (2001) Geology of the Chuquicamata Mine: A progress report. Econ Geol, v 96, pp 249–270
Stern CR, Funk JA, Skewes MA, Arévalo A (2007) Magmatic anhydrite in plutonic rocks of the El Teniente Cu-Mo deposit, Chile, and the role of sulfur-and copperrich magmas and its formation. Econ Geol, v 102, pp 1335–1344
Morris HT, Lovering TS (1979) General geology and mines of the East Tintic mining district, Utah and Juab Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol Surv Profess Paper 1024, 203 p
Hollister VF, Sirvas B (1974) El pórfido de cobre Michiquillay. Bol de la Soc Geol del Perú, v 44, pp 11– 27
Lukin LI, et al (1968) Osobennosti Struktur Gidrotermal’nykh Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii v Rozlichnykh Strukturnykh Etazhakh i Yarusakh. Nauka, Moscow, 295 p
Stone JG (1959) Ore genesis in the Naica district, Chihuahua, Mexico. Econ Geol, v 54, pp 1002–1034
Teal L, Jackson M (1997) Geological overview of the Carlin Trend gold deposits and descriptions of recent deep discoveries, in: TB Thompson, ed, Carlin-type gold deposits field conference. Econ Geol Guidebook Ser, v 28, pp 3–37
Vargas R, et al (1999) Ore breccias in the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces porphyry copper deposit, Chile. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 7, pp 281–297
Muntean JL, Cline J, Johnston MK, Ressel MW, Seedorff E, Barton MD (2004) Controversies on the origin of world-class gold deposits, Part 1: Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada. Soc Econ Geol Newslett No 59, pp 1, 11–18
Bettles K (2002) Exploration and geology, 1962–2002 at the Goldstrike property, Carlin Trend, Nevada. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 9, pp 275–298
Nishiwaki C, Iwafune T, Shiobara K, Sakuma T, Tono A (1970) Geology and ore deposits of the Kamioka and Hamayokokawa Mines. IMA-IAGOD Meeting, Guidebook 7, 40 p
Fleck RJ, Criss RE, Eaton GF, Cleland RW, Wavra CS, Bond WD (2002) Age and origin of base and precious metal veins of the Coeur d’Alene mining district, Idaho. Econ Geol, v 97, pp 23–42
Titley SR (1993a) Characteristics of porphyry copper occurrences in the American Southwest, in: RV Kirkham et al, eds, Geol Assoc Canada Spec Paper 40, pp 433– 464
Theodore TG, Blake DW, Loucks TA, Johnson CA (1992) Geology of the Buckingham stockwork molybdenum deposit and surrounding area, Lander County, Nevada. U.S. Geol Surv Profes Paper 798-D, D36–D40
Meinert LD (1995) Compositional variation of igneous rocks associated with skarn deposits-chemical evidence for a genetic conversion between petrogenesis and mineralization, in: JFH Thompson, ed, Magmas, Fluids and Ore Deposits. Miner Assoc Canada, Short Course Vol 23, pp 401–418
Creasey SC, Quick GL (1955) Copper deposits of part of the Helvetia mining district, Pima County, Arizona. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 1027F, pp 301–321
Sikka DB, Petruk W, Cherukupalli EN, Zheru Zhang (1991) Geochemistry of secondary copper minerals from Proterozoic porphyry copper deposit, Malanjkhand, India. Ore Geol Revs, v 6, pp 257–290
Paterson IA (1977) The geology and evolution of the Pinchi fault zone at Pinchi Lake, central British Columbia. Canad Journ Earth Sci, v 14, pp 1324–1342
Lowell JD, Guilbert JM (1970) Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in porphyry copper ore deposits. Econ Geol, v 65, pp 373–408
Braxton DP, Cooke DR, Ignacio AM, Rye RO, Waters PJ (2009) Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the Late Pliocene Boyongan and Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, Surigao, Philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry and their implications for geologic, physiographic and tectonic controls. Econ Geol, v 104, pp 333–349
Laznicka P (1988) Breccias and Coarse Fragmentites. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 840 p
Bryant DG (1968) Intrusive breccias associated with ore, Warren (Bisbee) mining district, Arizona. Econ Geol, v 63, pp 1–12
Bryner L (1969) Ore deposits of the Philippines-an introduction to their geology. Econ Geol, v 64, pp 644–666
Gilg HA, Frei R (1994) Chronology of magmatism and mineralization in the Kassandra mining area, Greece: The potentials and limitations of dating hydrothermal illites. Geoch Cosmoch Acta, v 58, pp 2107–2122
Seedorff E, Einaudi MT (2004a) Henderson porphyrymolybdenum system, Colorado: I Sequence and abundance of hydrothermal mineral assemblages, flow paths of evolving fluids, and evolutionary style. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 3–37
Minnitt RCA (1986) Porphyry copper-molybdenum mineralization at Haib River, South West Africa/Namibia, in: CR Anhaeusser, S Maske, eds, pp 1567–1585
Ettlinger AD, Meinert LD, Ray GE (1992) Gold skarn mineralization and fluid evolution in the Nickel Plate deposit, British Columbia. Econ Geol, v 87, pp 1541–1565
Schneiderhöhn H (1941) Lehrbuch der Erzlagerstättenkunde. Fischer-Verlag, Jena, 858 p
Hodgson CJ (1995) Kitsault (Lime Creek) molybdenum mine, northwestern British Columbia. CIM Spec Volume 46, pp 708–711
Mattos R, Valle J (1999) Exploración, geología y desarollo del yacimiento Toquepala, in: Primer Volumen de Monografias de Yacimientos Peruanos. IIMP Lima, pp 101–116
Gilluly J (1946) The Ajo mining district. U.S. Geol Surv Prof Paper 209, 112 p
Sillitoe RH, Perelló J (2005) Andean copper province: tectonomagmatic settings, deposit types, metallogeny, exploration and discovery. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 845–890
Barr DA, Fox PE, Northcote KE, Preto VA (1976) The alkaline suite porphyry deposits-a summary. CIM Spec Volume 15, pp 359–367
Casselman MJ, McMillan WJ, Newman KM (1995) Highland Valley porphyry copper deposits near Kamloops, British Columbia: A review and update with emphasis on the Valley deposit. CIM Spec Volume 46, pp 161–191
Thompson TB (1990) Precious metals in the Leadville mining district, Colorado. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 1857-F, pp F32–F49
Carr JM (1966) Geology of the Bethlehem and Craigmont copper deposits. CIM Special Volume 8, pp 321–328
Singer DA, Berger VI, Menzie WD, Berger BR (2005) Porphyry copper deposit density. Econ Geol, v 100, pp 491–514
Herrington RJ, Zaykov VV, Maslennikov VV, Brown D, Puchkov VN (2005) Mineral deposits of the Urals and links to geodynamic evolution. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 1069–1095
Perelló J, Cox D, Garamjav D, Sanjdorj S, Diakov S, Schissel D, Munkhbat TO, Oyun G (2001) Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia: Siluro-Devonian porphyry Cu,Au-(Mo) and high-sulfidation Cu mineralization with a Cretaceous chalcocite blanket. Econ Geol, v 96, pp 1407–1428
Bookstrom AA (1981) Tectonic setting and generation of Rocky Mountain porphyry molybdenum deposits. Arizona Geol Soc Digest, v 14, Tucson, pp 215–226
Hall RB, Feininger T, Barrero D, Ricoh H, Alvareza A (1970) Recursos minerals de parte de los Departmentos de Antioquía y Caldas. Colombia, Boletin Geológico, v XVIII, 90 p
Garwin S (2002) The geological setting of intrusion-related hydrothermal systems near the Batu Hijau porphyry Cu- Au deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 9, pp 333–366
Cuadra PC (1986) Geocronologia K-Ar del yacimiento El Teniente y areas adyacentes. Revista Geol de Chile, No 27, pp 3–26
Zweng PL, Clark AH (1995) Hypogene evolution of the Toquepala porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, Moquegua, southeastern Peru. Arizona Geol Soc Digest, v 20, pp 566–612
Tooker EW (1990) Gold in porphyry copper systems. Gold in the Bingham district, Utah. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 1857- E, pp E1–E12
Marvin RF, Witkind IJ, Keefer WM, Mehnert HH (1973) Radiometric ages of intrusive rocks in the Little Belt Mountains, Montana. Geol Soc Amer Bull, v 84, pp 1977–1986
Rostad OH (1991) Discovery of the Mount Emmons molybdenite deposit, Gunnison County, Colorado, in: VF Hollister, ed, Case Histories of Mineral Discoveries, v 3. AIME, Littleton, CO, pp 165–168
Valencia VA, Eastoe C, Ruiz J, et al (2008) Hydrothermal evolution of the porphyry copper deposit at La Caridad, Sonora, Mexico and the relationship with a neighbouring high sulfidation epithermal deposit. Econ Geol, v 103, pp 473–491
Thomas JA, Galey JT Jr (1982) Exploration and geology of the Mt Emmons molybdenite deposits, Gunnison County, Colorado. Econ Geol, v 77, pp 1085–1104
West RJ, Aiken DM (1982) Geology of the Sierrita- Esperanza deposit, Pima mining district, Pima County, Arizona, in: SR Titley, ed, pp 433–465
Sotnikov VI, Berzina AP (1968) Nekotorye geneticheskie osobennosti medno-molibdenovoi formatsii v Altae- Sayanskoi geosinklinal’noi oblasti, in: Rudnye Formatsii i Genezis Endogennykh Mestorozhdenii Altai-Sayanskoi Oblasti. Nauka, Moscow, pp 40–47
Ryan PJ, et al (1995) The Candelaria copper-gold deposit, Chile, in: Pierce FW, Bolm JG, eds, Porphyry Copper Deposits of the American Cordillera. Arizona Geol Soc Digest, v 20, pp 625–645
Ashleman JC, Taylor CD, Smith PR (1997) Porphyry molybdenum deposits of Alaska, with emphasis on the geology of the Quartz Hill deposit, Southeastern Alaska. Econ Geol Monogr 9, pp 334–354
White WH, Bookstrom AA, Kamilli RJ, et al (1981) Character and origin of Climax-type molybdenum deposits. Econ Geol 75th Anniv Vol, pp 270–316
Tobey E, Schneider A, Alegria A, et al (1998) Skouries porphyry copper-gold deposit, Chalkidiki, Greece: Setting, mineralization and resources, in: TM Porter, ed, Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits, a Global Perspective. Confer Proc, Perth. Austr Miner Found, Adelaide, pp 159–167
Sarkar SC, Kabiraj S, Bhattacharya S, et al (1996) Nature, origlution of the granitoid-hosted early Proterozoic copper-molybdenum mineralization at Malanjkhand, central India. Mineralium Deposita, v 31, pp 419–431
McCoy D, Newberry RJ, Layer P, DiMarchi JJ, Bakke A, Masterman JS, Minehane DL (1997) Plutonic-related gold deposits of interior Alaska. Econ Geol Monogr 9, pp 191–241
Atkinson D, Baker DJ (1986) Recent developments in the geological understanding of Mactung, in: JA Morin, ed, Mineral Deposits of Northern Cordillera. CIM Spec Vol 37, pp 234–244
Richards JP (2009) Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits: Products of remelting of subduction modified lithosphere. Geology, v 37, pp 247– 258
Rubin JN, Kyle JR (1997) Precious metal mineralogy in porphyry-, skarn-, and replacement-type ore deposits of the Ertsberg (Gunung Bijih) district, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Econ Geol, v 92, pp 535–550
Emmons WH (1913) The Enrichment of Sulphide Ores. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 529, 260 p
Seedorff E, Dilles JH, Proffett JM Jr, Einaudi MT, et al (2005) Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 251– 298
Keith SB, Swan MM (1996) The great Laramide porphyry copper cluster of Arizona, Sonora and New Mexico: The tectonic setting, petrology, and genesis of a world class porphyry metal cluster, in: AR Coyner, PL Fahey, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Proceedings v. III. Geol Soc of Nevada, Reno, pp 1667– 1747
Sillitoe RH (1995a) Exploration of porphyry copper lithocaps. PACRIM ‘95 Proceedings, AusIMM, pp 527–532
Heithersay PS, Walshe JL (1995) Endeavour 26 North, a porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Late Ordovician shoshonitic Goonumbla Volcanic Complex, New South Wales, Australia. Econ Geol, v 90, pp 1506–1532
Masterman GJ, Cooke DR, Berry RF, Clark AH, Archibald DA, Mathur R, Walshe JL, Durán M (2004) 40Ar39Ar and Re-Os geochronology of porphyry coppermolybdenum deposits and related copper-silver veins in the Collahuasi district, northern Chile. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 673–690
Wawra CS, Bond WD, Reid RR (1994) Evidence from the Sunshine Mine for dip-slip movement during Coeur d’Alene district mineralization. Econ Geol, v 89, pp 515–527
Sutherland Brown A (1976) Morphology and classification, in: Porphyry Deposits of the Canadian Cordillera. CIM Spec Vol 15, pp 44–51
Seedorff E (1991) Magmatism, extension, and ore deposits of Eocene to Holocene age in the Great Basin-mutual effects and preliminary proposed genetic relationships, in: GL Raines et al, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Great Basin. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, pp 133–178
Rodriguez RDR (1996) Geology of Mantos Blancos mine, in: SM Green, E Struhsacker, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Field Trip Guidebook. Geol Soc of Nevada, Reno, pp 466–481
Beskin SM, Larin VN, Marin YuB (1996) The greisen Mo- W deposit of A.qshatau, Central Kazakhstan, in: V Shatov et al, eds, Granite-Related Ore Deposits of Central Kazakhstan and Adjacent Areas. Glagol, St. Petersburg, pp 145–154
John EC (1978) Mineral zones in the Utah Copper orebody. Econ Geol, v 73, pp 1250–1259
Brimhall GH Jr (1979) Lithologic determination of mass transfer mechanisms of multiple-stage porphyry copper mineralization at Butte, Montana: Vein formation by hypogene leaching and enrichment of potassium-silicate protore. Econ Geol, v 74, pp 556–589
Olberg D, et al (2006) Sepon Cu-Au mines, Laos. Oxiana Ltd Report (unpublished)
Saegart WE, Sell JD, Kilpatrick BE (1974) Geology and mineralization of La Caridad porphyry copper deposit, Sonora, Mexico. Econ Geol, v 69, pp 1060–1077
Nielsen RL (1976) Recent developments in the study of porphyry copper geology-a review. CIM Spec Vol 15, pp 487–500
Gustafson LB, Hunt JP (1975) The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Econ Geol, v 70, pp 857–912
Kornze LD (1987) Geology of the Mercur gold mine, in: JL Johnson, ed, Bulk mineable precious metal deposits of the western United States, Guidebook for field trips. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, pp 381–389
Lasmanis R (1995) Regional geological and tectonic setting of porphyry deposits in Washington State. CIM Spec Vol 46, pp 77–102
Schwartz MO (1982) The porphyry copper deposit at La Granja, Peru. Econ Geol, v 77, pp 482–488
Velasco JR (1966) Geology of the Cananea district, in: SR Titley, CL Hicks, eds, pp 245–249
Radtke AS (1985) Geology of the Carlin Gold Deposit. U.S. Geol Surv Profess Paper 1267, Nevada, 124 p
Cline JS (2004) Introduction to Carlin-type deposits. Soc Econ Geol Newsletter, Oct 2004, pp 1, 11
Ambrus J (1977) Geology of the El Abra porphyry copper deposit, Chile. Econ Geol, v 72, pp 1062–1085
Fletcher CJN (1984) Strata-bound, vein and breccia-pipe tungsten deposits of South Korea. Trans Inst Min Metall, Sect B, v 93, London, pp B176–B187
Shafiei B, Haschke M, Shahabpour J (2009) Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggeres porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, south-eastern Iran. Mineralium Deposita, v 44, pp 265–284
Keith SB, et al (1991) Magma series and metallogeny, a case study from Nevada and environs. Nevada Geol Soc Guidebook for Field Trips, v 1, pp 404–493
Foo ST, Hays RC Jr, McCormack JK (1996) Geology and mineralization in the Pipeline gold deposit, Lander County, Nevada, in: AR Coyner, PL Fahey, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera. Geol Soc Nevada, Sympos Proc, Reno, pp 95–109
Samonov IZ, Pozharisky IF (1974) Deposits of copper, in: VI Smirnov, ed, Ore Deposits of the USSR, v 2. Engl Transl, Pitman, London, pp 106–181
Perelló J, Carlotto V, Zárate A, et al (2003) Porphyry-style alteration and mineralization of the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt, Cuzco region, Peru. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 1575–1605
Ren Q, Xu Z, Yang R, Qiu J (1995) The ore-forming processes of super-large molybdenum-tungsten deposits at Nannihu-Sandaozhuang in eastern Qinling Mountains, central China. Resour Geol, Spec Issue No 18, Tokyo, pp 179–186
Peterson NP (1962) Geology and ore deposits of the Globe- Miami district, Arizona. U.S. Geol Surv Profes Pap 342, 151 p
Buddington AF (1959) Granite emplacement with special reference to North America. Geol Soc Amer Bull, v 70, pp 671–747
Barton MD, Staude J-M, Snow EA, et al (1991) Aureole Systematics, in: Revs in Mineralogy, v 26, Miner Soc Amer, pp 723–847
Peters SG, et al (2003) Biostratigraphy and structure of Paleozoic host rocks and their relationship to Carlin-type gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon mining district, Nevada. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 317–337
Khashgerel B-E, Rye RO, Hedenquist JW, Kavalieris I (2006) Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia. Econ Geol 101, pp 503–522
Schmidt EA, Broch MJ, Fenne FK (1991) Geology of the Thompson Creek molybdenum deposit, Custer County, Idaho, in: VF Hollister, ed, Case Histories of Mineral Discoveries, v 3, AIME, Littleton, CO, pp 175–182
Caira NM, Findlay A, DeLong C, Rebagliati CM (1995) Fish Lake porphyry copper-gold deposit, central British Columbia. CIM Spec Volume 46, pp 327–342
Sinclair WD (1994) Tungsten-molybdenum and tin deposit at Mount Pleasant, New Brunswick, Canada: Products of ore-fluid evolution in highly fractionated granitic systems, in: R Seltman et al, eds, pp 410–417
Inan EE, Einaudi MT (2002) Nukundamite (Cu3.38 Fe0.62 S4)-bearing copper ore in the Bingham porphyry deposit, Utah: Result of upflow through quartzite. Econ Geol, v 97, pp 499–515
Jones WR, Hernon RM, Moore SL (1967) General geology of Santa Rita quadrangle, Grant County, New Mexico. U.S. Geol Surv Prof Paper 555, 144 p
Meinert LD, Hefton KK, Mayes D, Tasiran I (1997) Geology, zonation, and fluid evolution of the Big Gossan Cu-Au skarn deposit, Ertsberg district, Irian Jaya. Econ Geol, v 92, pp 509–533
Bushnell SE (1988) Mineralization at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, and the paragenesis and zoning of breccia pipes in quartzofeldspathic rock. Econ Geol, v 83, pp 1760– 1781
Macauley TN (1973) Geology of the Ingerbelle and Copper Mt deposits at Princeton, B.C. CIM Bull for April 1973, pp 105–112
Corbett GJ, Leach TM (1994) SW Pacific Rim Au/Cu systems: Structure, alteration and mineralisation. Workshop notes, Townsville, 140 p
Kwak TAP, Tan TH (1981) The geochemistry of zoning in skarn minerals at the King Island (Dolphin) mine. Econ Geol, v 76, pp 439–467
Rusk BG, Reed MH, Dilles JH (2008) Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit at Butte, Montana. Econ Geol, v 103, pp 307–334
Russkikh SS, Shatov VV (1996) The Verkhnee Qairaqty scheelite stockwork deposit in Central Kazakhstan, in: VV Shatov et al, eds, Granite-related ore deposits of Central Kazakhstan and adjacent areas. Glagol, St. Petersburg, pp 167–180
Rozendaal A, Gresse PG, Scheepers R, et al (1994) Structural setting of the Riviera W-Mo deposit, western Cape, South Africa. S Afr Journ Geol, v 97, pp 184–195
Fortuna J, Kesler SE, Stenger DP (2003) Source of iron for sulfidation and gold deposition, Twin Creeks Carlin-type deposit, Nevada. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 1213–1224
Meinert LD (1987) Skarn zonation and fluid evolution in the Groundhog mine, Central mining district, New Mexico. Econ Geol, v 82, pp 523–545
Rota JC (1996) Gold Quarry: A geological update, in: SM Green, E Struhsacker, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Field Trip Guidebook. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, pp 157–166
Garwin S, Hall R, Watanabe Y (2005) Tectonic setting, geology and gold and copper mineralization in Cenozoic magmatic arcs of Southeast Asia and the West Pacific. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 891–930
Alvarez AA (1999) Yacimiento Toromocho, in: Primer Volumen de Monografias de Yacimientos Minerales Peruanos. IIMP, Lima, pp 205–225
Anderson CA, Scholz EA, Strobell JD (1955) Geology and ore deposits of the Bagdad area, Yavapai County, Arizona. U.S. Geol Surv Profess Paper 278, 103 p
Harris RH, Lange IM, Krouse HR (1981) Major element and sulfur isotopic variations in the Lower Chester Vein, Sunshine Mine, Idaho. Econ Geol, v 76, pp 706–715
Sokolov GA, Grigor’ev VM (1974) Deposits of iron, in: VI Smirnov, ed, Ore Deposits of the USSR, v1. Engl transl, Pitman, London, pp 7–113
Drummond AD, Sutherland-Brown A, Young RJ, Tennant SJ (1976) Gibraltar-regional metamorphism, mineralization, hydrothermal alteration and structural development. CIM Spec Volume 15, pp 195–205
Sillitoe RH (1991) Intrusion-related gold deposits, in: Foster RP, ed, Gold Metallogeny and Exploration. Blackie, Glasgow, pp 165–209
Yan MZ, Hu K (1980) Geological characteristics of the Dexing porphyry copper deposits, Jiangxi, China, in: S Ishihara, S Takenouchi, eds, Granitic Magmatism and Related Mineralization. Soc Min Geol Japan, Spec Issue 8
Landtwing MR, Dillenbeck ED, Leake MH, Heinrich CA (2002) Evolution of the breccia-hosted porphyry Cu-Mo- Au deposit at Agua Rica, Argentina: Progressive unroofing of magmatic-hydrothermal system. Econ Geol, v 97, pp 1273–1292
Skewes MA, Holmgren C, Stern CR (2003) The Donoso copper-rich, tourmaline-bearing breccia pipe in central Chile: Petrographic, fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for an origin from magmatic fluids. Mineralium Deposita, v 38, pp 2–21
Lowell JD (1968) Geology of the Kalamazoo orebody, San Manuel district, Arizona. Econ Geol, v 63, pp 645–654
Groff JA, Heizler MT, McIntosh WC, Norman D (1997) 40Ar39Ar dating and mineral paragenesis for Carlin-type gold deposits along the Getchell Trend, Nevada: Evidence for Cretaceous and Tertiary gold mineralization. Econ Geol, v 92, pp 601–622
Scheibner E, Basden H (1998) Geology of New South Wales-Synthesis, vol 2: Geological Evolution. Geol Surv New South Wales, Memoir Geology 13, 666 p
Hofstra AH, Snee LW, Rye RO, et al (1999) Age constraints on Jerritt Canyon and other Carlin-type gold deposits in the western United States-relationship to mid-Tertiary extension and magmatism. Econ Geol, v 94, pp 769–810
Burnham CW (1997) Magmas and hydrothernmal fluids, in: H.L. Barnes, ed, Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York, pp 63–124
Deckart K et al (2005) Magmatic and hydrothermal chronology of the giant Rio Blanco porphyry copper deposit, central Chile: implications of an integrated U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar database. Econ Geol, v 100, pp 905–934
Bower B, Payne J, DeLong W, Rebagliati CM (1995) The oxide-gold, supergene and hypogene zones at the Casino gold-copper-molybdenum deposit, west-central Yukon. CIM Spec Vol 46, pp 352–360
Kwak TAP (1987) W-Sn Skarn Deposits and Related Metamorphic Skarns and Granitoids. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 445 p
Selby D, Nesbitt BE, Muehlenbachs K, Prochaska W (2000) Hydrothermal alteration and fluid chemistry of the Endako porphyry molybdenum deposit, British Columbia. Econ Geol, v 95, pp 183–202
Clark AH, ed (1995) Giant Ore Deposits-II. Queens Univ, Kingston, Ontario, 753 p
Atkinson WW et al (1996) Geology and mineral zoning of the Los Pelambres porphyry copper deposit, Chile. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ no 5, pp 131–156
Leonardson RW, Rahn JE (1996) Geology of the Betze-Post gold deposits, Eureka County, Nevada, in: AR Coyner, PL Fahey, eds, Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera. Geol Soc Nevada, Reno, Sympos Proceedings, pp 61–94
Wallace SR, Muncaster NK, Jonson DC, et al (1968) Multiple intrusion and mineralization at Climax, Colorado, in: JD Ridge, ed, Ore Deposits of the United States 1933–1967. AIME, New York, pp 605–640
Dawson KM, Panteleyev A, Woodsworth GJ, Sutherland Brown A (1992) Regional metallogeny of the Canadian Cordillera, in: H Gabrielse, CJ Yorath, eds, The Cordilleran Orogen. Geol of Canada, v 4, Geol Survey of Canada, pp 707–768
Presnell RD, Parry WT (1996) Geology and geochemistry of the Barneys Canyon gold deposit, Utah. Econ Geol, v 91, pp 273–288
Pinsent RH, Christopher PA (1995) Adanac (Ruby Creek) molybdenum deposit, northwestern British Columbia. CIM Spec Vol 46, pp 712–717
Chaffee MA (1982) A geochemical study of the Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona, in: SR Titley, ed, Advances in Geology of Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North America. Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 211–226
Core DP, Kesler SE, Essene EJ (2006) Unusually Cu-rich magmas associated with giant porphyry copper deposits. Evidence from Bingham, Utah. Geology, v 34, pp 41–44
Audétat A, Pettke T, Heinrich CA, Bodnar RJ (2008) Special paper: The composition of magmatichydrothermal fluids in barren and mineralized intrusions. Econ Geol, v 103, pp 877–908
Abzalov MZ (1999) Gold deposits of the Russian North East: Metallogenic overview, in: PACRIM ‘99 Proceedings, Bali. AusIMM, pp 701–714
Hitzman MW, Oreskes N, Einaudi MT (1992) Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proetrozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits. Precambr Res, v 58, pp 241–287
Concha O, Valle J (1999) Prospección, exploración y desarollo del yacimiento de Cuajone. Primer Volumen de Monografias de Yacimientos Minerales Peruanos. IIMP, Lima, pp 117–143
Milu V, Milési JP, Leroy JL (2004) Rosia Poieni copper deposit, Apuseni Mountains, Romania: Advanced argillic overprint of a porphyry system. Mineralium Deposita, v 39, pp 173–188
Morvai G (1982) Hungary, in: FW Dunning, W Mykura, D Slater, eds, Mineral Deposits of Europe, v 2. IMM/Miner Soc, London, pp 13–53
Laznicka P (1999) Quantitative relationships among giant deposits of metals. Econ Geol, v 94, pp 455–472
Nelson M, Kyser K, Clark AH, Oates C (2007) Carbon isotope evidence for microbial involvement in exotic copper silicate mineralization, Huinquintuipa and Mina Sur, Northern Chile. Econ Geol, v 102, pp 1311–1320
Carten RB, White WH, Stein HJ (1993) High-grade graniterelated molybdenum systems: Classification and origin. Geol Assoc Canada Spec Paper 40, pp 521–554
Skewes MA, Arevalo A, Floody R, Zuniga PH, Stern C (2002) The giant El Teniente breccia deposit; hypogene copper distribution and emplacement. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 9, pp 299–332
Redmond PB, Einaudi MT, Inan EE, Landtwing MR, Heinrich GA (2004) Copper deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: New insights from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit, Utah. Geology, March 2004, pp 217–220
Ishihara I (1981) The granitoid series and mineralization. Econ Geol 75th Anniv Vol, pp 458–484
Phillips CH, Gambell NA, Fountain DS (1974) Hydrothermal alteration, mineralization, and zoning in the Ray deposit. Econ Geol, v 69, pp 1237–1250
Megaw PKM, Ruiz J, Titley SR (1988) High-temperature, carbonate-hosted Ag-Pb-Zn(Cu) deposits of northern Mexico. Econ Geol, v 83, pp 1856–1885
Livingston DL, Mauger RL, Damon PE (1968) Geochronology of the emplacement, enrichment and preservation of Arizona porphyry copper deposits. Econ Geol, v 63, pp 30–36
Leach DL, Hofstra AH, Church SE, et al (1998) Evidence for Proterozoic and late Cretaceous-early Tertiary oreforming event in the Coeur d’Alene district, Idaho and Montana. Econ Geol, v 93, pp 347–359
Bromfield CS (1989) Gold deposits in the Park City mining district, Utah. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 1857-C, pp C14–C26
Rebagliati CM, Bowen BK, Copeland DJ, Niosi DWA (1995) Kemess South and Kemess North porphyry goldcopper deposits, northern British Columbia. CIM Spec Vol 46, pp 377–396
Hollister VF (1978) Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits of the Western Hemisphere. AIME, New York, 219 p
Pidzhyan, GO (1975) Medno-molibdenovaya Formatsiya Rud Armyanskoi SSR. Akad Nauk Arm SSR, Yerevan, 312 p
Serrano L, Vargas R, Stambuk V, Aguilar C, Galeb M, Holmgren C, Contreras A, Godoy S, Vela I, Skewes MA, Stern CR (1996) The late Miocene to early Pliocene Rio Blanco-Los Bronces copper deposit, central Chilean Andes. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 5, pp 119–130
Callahan WH (1977) The history of the discovery of the zinc deposit of Elmwood, Tennessee: Concept and consequences. Econ Geol, v 72, pp 1382–1392
Langton JM, Williams SA (1982) Structural, petrological and mineralogical controls on the Dos Pobres orebody, in: SR Titley, ed, pp 335–352
Wilson AJ, Cooke DR, Stein HJ, Fanning CH, Holliday JR, Tedder IJ (2007) U-Pb and Re-Os geochronologic evidence for two alkali porphyry ore-forming events in the Cadia district, New South Wales, Australia. Econ Geol, v 102, pp 3–26
Sokolov AL (1998) The regional and local controls on gold and copper mineralization, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, in: TM Porter, ed, Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits, a Global Perspective. Austr Miner Found, Adelaide, pp 181–190
Lindsay DD, Zentilli M, Rojas de la Rivera J (1995) Evolution of an active ductile to brittle shear system controlling the mineralization at the Chuquicamata porphyry copper deposit, northern Chile. Intern Geol Rev, v 37, pp 945–958
Sillitoe RH (2008) Major gold deposits and belts of the North and South American Cordillera: Distribution, tectonomagmatic settings and metallogenic considerations. Econ Geol, v 103, pp 663–687
Sillitoe RH (2005) Supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related deposits. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 723–768
Candela PA, Piccoli PM (2005) Magmatic processes in the development of porphyry-type ore systems. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 25–37
De Voto RH (1983) Central Colorado karst-controlled leadzinc- silver deposits (Leadville, Gilman, Aspen, and others), a late Paleozoic Mississsippi Valley-type district, in: The genesis of Rocky Mountain ore deposits, changes with time and tectonics. Denver Region Explor Geol Soc, pp 51–70
Titley SR (1993b) Characteristics of high-temperature carbonate-hosted massive sulfide ores in the United States, Mexico and Peru. Geol Assoc Canada, Spec Paper 40, pp 585–614
Candela PA, Holland HD (1986) A mass transfer model for copper and molybdenum in magmatic hydrothermal systems: The origin of porphyry-type ore deposits. Econ Geol, v 81, pp 1–19
Hendry DAF, Chivas AR, Long JVP, Reed SJB (1985) Chemical differences between minerals from mineralizing and barren intrusions from some North American porphyry copper deposits. Contrib. Miner Petrol, v 89, pp 317–329
Boyle, RW (1965) Geology, geochemistry and origin of the lead-zinc-silver deposits of the Keno Hill-Galena Hill area, Yukon Territory. Geol Surv Canada Bull 111, 302 p
Locke A (1926) Leached Outcrops as Guides to Copper Ores. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 166 p
Pitcher WS (1982) Granite type and tectonic environment, in: K Hsü, ed, Mountain Building Processes. Academic Press, London, pp 19–40
Smith DM Jr (1996) Sedimentary basins and the origin of intrusion-related carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 4, pp 255–263
Richards JP, Kerrich R (2007) Special paper: Adakite-like rocks: Their diverse origins and questionable role in metallogenesis. Econ Geol, v 102, pp 537–576
O’Connor GV, Sunyoto W, Soebari L (1999) The discovery of the Wabu Ridge gold skarn, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Proceedings, PACRIM ‘99 Congress, Bali. AusIMM, pp 549–557
Long KR (1995) Production and reserves of Cordilleran (Alaska to Chile) porphyry copper deposits, in: Wahl PF, Bolm JG, eds, Porphyry Copper Deposits of the American Cordillera. Arizona Geol Soc Digest, v 20, Tucson, AZ, pp 35–68
Heinhorst J, Lehmann B, Seltmann R (1996) New geochemical data on granitic rocks of Central Kazakhstan, in: V Shatov et al, eds, Granite-related deposits of Central Kazakhstan and adjacent areas. Glagol, St. Petersburg, pp 55–65
Panigrahi MK, Mookherjee A (1997) The Malanjkhand copper (+ molybdenum) deposit, India: Mineralization from a low-temperature ore fluid of granitoid affiliation. Mineralium Deposita, v 32, pp 133–148
Baker EM, Kirwin DJ, Taylor RG (1986) Hydrothermal breccia pipes. Contrib of the Econ Geol Res Unit, James Cook Univ, Townsville, No 12, 45 p
Estrada CF (1975) Geología de Quellaveco. Bol de la Soc Geol del Perú, v 46, pp 65–86
Meinert LD, Hedenquist JW, Satoh H, Matsuhisa Y (2003) Formation of anhydrous and hydrous skarn in Cu-Au ore deposits by magmatic fluids. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 147– 156
Metz RA, Rose AW (1966) Geology of the Ray copper deposit, Ray, Arizona, in: SR Titley, CL Hicks, eds, pp 177–188
Brooks CK, Tegner C, Stein H, Thomassen B (2004) Re-Os and 40Ar39Ar ages of porphyry molybdenum deposits in the East Greenland volcanic-rifted margin. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 1215–1222
Frikken PH, et al (2005) Mineralogic and isotopic zonation in the Sur-Sur tourmaline breccias, Rio Blanco-Los Bronces Cu-Mo deposit, Chile: Implications for ore genesis. Econ Geol, v 100, pp 935–961
Hawkes N, Clark AH, Moody TC (2002) Marcona and Pampa de Pongo: giant Mesozoic Fe-(Cu,Au) deposits in the Peruvian coastal belt, in: Porter TM, ed, Hydrothermal iron oxide copper gold and related deposits: A global perspective, v 2, PGC Publ Johannesburg, pp 115–130
MacDonald GD, Arnold LC (1994) Geological and geochemical zoning of the Grasberg igneous complex, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Journ Geoch Explor, v 50, pp 143–178
Clark AH, Farrar E, Kontak DJ, et al (1990) Geologic and geochronologic constraints on the metallogenic evolution of the Andes of southeastern Peru. Econ Geol, v 85, pp 1520–1583
Pedersen FD (1986) An outline of the geology of the Hurdal area and Nørdli granite-molybdenite deposit. Geol Surv Sweden, Serial Ca 59, pp 18–23
Vila T, Lindsay N, Zamora R (1996) Geology of the Manto Verde copper deposit, northern Chile: A specularite-rich, hydrothermal tectonic breccia related to the Atacama Fault zone, in: F Camus et al, eds, Andean Copper Deposits: New Discoveries, Mineralization, Styles and Metallogeny. Soc Econ Geol Spec Publ 5, pp 157–170
Padilla RAG, Titley SR, Pimentel FB (2001) Geology of the Escondida porphyry copper deposit, Antofagasta region, Chile. Econ Geol, v 96, pp 307–324
Kirwin DJ, Forster CN, Garamjov D (2003) The discovery history of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry copper-gold deposits, South Gobi, Mongolia. Proceedings New Generation Gold Symposium, Perth
Vidal C, Injoque J, Sidder G, Mukasa S (1990) Amphibolitic Cu-Fe skarn deposits in the central coast of Peru. Econ Geol, v 85, pp 1447–1461
Thompson JFH, Sillitoe RH, Baker T, Lang JR, Mortensen JK (1999) Intrusion-related gold deposits associated with tungsten-tin provinces. Mineralium Deposita, v 34, pp 323–334
Pokalov VT (1974) Deposits of molybdenum, in: VI Smirnov, ed, Ore Deposits of the USSR, v 3, Engl Transl. Pitman, London, pp 125–179
Bogdanov BD (1983) Porphyry copper deposits of Bulgaria. Intern Geol Rev, v 25, pp 178–188
Kudryavtsev, YuK (1996) The Cu-Mo deposits of Central Kazakhstan, in: V Shatov et al, eds, Granite-related Ore Deposits of Central Kazakhstan and Adjacent Areas. St. Petersburg, Glagol, pp 119–144
Clode C, Proffett J, Mitchell P, Munajat I (1999) Relationships of intrusion, wall-rock alteration and mineralisation in the Batu Hijau copper-gold porphyry deposit. PACRIM ‘99 Proceedings, Bali, AusIMM, pp 485–498
Divis AF (1983) The geology and geochemistry of Philippine porphyry copper deposits, in: DE Hayes, ed, AGU Geophys Monogr No 27, pp 173–195
Sillitoe RH (1995b) Exploration and discovery of base and precious metal deposits in the circum-Pacific region during the last 25 years. Resour Geol Spec Issue 19, 119 p
Bownan JR, Covert JJ, Clark AH, Matheson GA (1985) The Cantung E zone scheelite skarn orebody, Tungsten, Northwest Territories: oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope studies. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 1872–1895
Cannell J, Cooke DR, Walshe JL, Stein H (2005) Geology, mineralization, alteration and structural evolution of the El Teniente porphyry Cu-Mo deposit. Econ Geol, v 100, pp 979–1003
Pokalov VT, Semenova NV (1993) Lobash-pervoye krupnoe molibdenovoe mestorozhdeniye dokembriiskovo vozrasta (Karelia). Geol Rud Mestorozhd, v 35, pp 262–270
Konofagou K (1980) To Archaio Laurio kai i elliniki tekhniki paragogis tou argurou. Ekdotiki/Elladoz Publishers, Athens
Proffett JM (2003) Geology of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper-gold deposit, Argentina. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 1535–1574
Widodo S, Manning P, Wiwoho N, Johnson L, Belluz N, Kusnanto B, Macdonald G, Edwards A (1999) Progress in understanding and developing the Kucing Liar orebody, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. PACRIM ‘99 Congress, Bali, Proceedings, Aus IMM, pp 499–507
Candela PA (1989) Magmatic ore-forming fluids: Thermodynamic and mass transfer calculations of metal concentrations. Rev Econ Geol, v 4, pp 203–221
Cookro TM, Silberman ML, Berger BR (1988) Goldtungsten bearing hydrothermal deposit in the Yellow Pine mining district, Idaho, in: Schafer RW et al, eds, Bulk mineable precious metal deposits of the western United States. Sympos. Proc. Reno, pp 577–624
Ray GE, Webster ICL (1991) An overview of skarn deposits. Brit Columbia Minister of Engy, Mines, Petrol Res, Paper 1991-4, pp 213–252
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Laznicka, P. (2010). Cordilleran granitoids in convergent continental margins (lower, plutonic levels). In: Giant Metallic Deposits. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12405-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12405-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12404-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12405-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)