Abstract
X-ray microscopy is capable of imaging particles in the colloidal size range directly in their aqueous environment with high spatial resolution. It is possible to combine this with high spectral resolution for spectromicroscopy studies. Two types of microscopes are common in X-ray microscopy, the transmission X-ray microscope and the scanning transmission X-ray microscope; their setups are shown in this chapter. While the former takes high resolution images from an object within seconds or faster, the latter as an analytical instrument is suited for spectromicroscopy. As examples for visualization of the morphology, zinc containing particles and samples of clay and soil have been imaged with a transmission X-ray microscope. Images are shown from a cryo-tomography experiment based on X-ray microscopy images to obtain information about the three-dimensional structure of clusters of humic substances. The analysis of a stack of images taken with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope to bring together morphology and chemistry within a soil sample is shown.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ade H, Kilcoyne A, Tyliszczak T, Hitchcock P, Anderson E, Harteneck B, Rightor E, Mitchell G, Hitchcock A, Warwick T (2003) Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at a bending magnet beamline at the advanced light source. In Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 3–8, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Ahl C, Frede H-G, Gäth S, Meyer B (1985) Böden aus Löß des Leinetalgrabens und seiner Hochflächen-Umrandung. Mitteilungen der Deutschen bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 42: 359–434.
Attwood D (2000) Soft X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation – Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Chao W, Harteneck B, Liddle J, Anderson E, Attwood D (2005) Soft X-ray microscopy at a spatial resolution better than 15 nm. Nature 435: 1210–1213.
Coates J, Chakraborty R, O’Connor S, Schmidt C, Thieme J (2000) The geochemical effects of microbial humic substances reduction. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 28(7): 420–427.
Fischer P, Kim D-H, Chao W, Liddle J, Anderson E, Attwood D (2006) Soft X-ray microscopy of nanomagnetism. Materials Today 9(1–2): 26–33.
Flechsig U, Quitmann U, Raabe J, Böge M, Fink R, Ade H (2006) The PolLux microspectroscopy beamline at the swiss light source. In: Choi J-Y, Rah S (eds.) Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, 2006 pp. 505–508, AIP Conference Proceedings 879.
Gleber S, Knöchel C, Thieme J, Rudolph D, Schmahl G (2003a) 3-D computer reconstruction of X-ray microscopy objects from stereo images. In: Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 639–642, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Gleber G, Thieme J, Niemeyer J, Feser M (2003b) Interaction of organic substances with iron studied by 01s spectroscopy – Development of an analysis program. In: Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 429–432, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Guttmann P, Niemann B, Rehbein S, Knöchel C, Rudolph D, Schmahl G (2003) The transmission X-ray microscope at BESSY II. In: Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 85–90, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Henke B, Gullikson E, Davis J (1993) X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E = 50–30000 eV, Z = 1–92. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 54: 181–342.
Jacobsen C, Flynn G, Wirick S, Zimba C (2000) Soft x-ray spectroscopy from image sequences with sub-100 nm spatial resolution. J Microsc 197: 173–184.
Jacobsen C, Williams S, Anderson E, Browne M, Buckley C, Kern D, Kirz J, Rivers M, Zhang X (1991) Diffraction-limited imaging in a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. Optics Comm 86: 351–364.
Kaulich B, Bacescu D, Cocco D, Susini J, Salome M, Dhez O, David C, Weitkamp T, Di Fabrizio E, Cabrini S, Morrison G, Charalambous P, Thieme J, Wilhein T, Kovac J, Podnar M, Kiskinova M (2003) Twinmic: a European twin microscope station combining full-field imaging and scanning microscopy. In: Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 103–107, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Kaznatcheev K, Karunakarana C, Lanke U, Urquhart S, Obst M, Hitchcock A (2007) Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline at the CLS: Commissioning results. NIM A 582: 96–99.
Kirz J, Jacobsen C, Howells M (1995) Soft X-ray microscopes and their biological applications. Q Rev Biophys 28(1): 33–130.
Medenwaldt R, Uggerhøj E (1998) Description of an X-ray microscope with 30 nm resolution. Rev Sci Instr 69(8): 2974–2977.
Meyer-Ilse W, Denbeaux G, Johnson L, Bates W, Lucero A, Anderson E (2000) The high resolution X-ray microscope, XM-1. In: Meyer-Ilse W, Warwick T, Attwood D (eds.) X-ray Microscopy, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, Berkeley, California, August 1999, pp. 129–134, AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics, Melville, 507.
Mitrea G, Thieme J, Guttmann P, Heim S, Gleber S (2008) X-ray spectromicroscopy with the scanning transmission X-ray microscope at BESSY II. J Synchrotron Rad 15: 26–35.
Niemann B, Guttmann P, Rehbein S, Knöchel C (2003) Concept and realization of the novel rotating condenser-monochromator at the Göttingen TXM at BESSY II. In: Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 273–276, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Pohl R (1967) Einführung in die Physik, 3. Teil – Optik und Atomphysik, 180, 12th ed. Springer, Berlin.
Rieger J, Frechen T, Cox G, Heckmann G, Schmidt C, Thieme J (2007) Precursor structures in the crystallization/precipitation processes of CaCO3 and control of particle formation by polyelectrolytes. Faraday Discuss 136: 265–277.
Rieger J, Thieme J, Schmidt C (2000) Study of precipitation reactions by x-ray microscopy: CaCO3 precipitation and the effect of polycarboxylates. Langmuir 16: 8300–8305.
Schmahl G, Rudolph D (1969) Lichtstarke Zonenplatten als abbildende Systeme für weiche Röntgenstrahlung. Optik 29: 577–585.
Stöhr J: (1992) NEXAFS Spectroscopy. Springer Series in Surface Sciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Thieme J, McNulty I, Vogt S, Paterson D (2007) X-ray spectromicroscopy – a tool for environmental sciences. Env Sci Technol Oct 15: 6885–6889.
Thieme J, Schneider G, Knöchel C (2003) X-ray tomography of a microhabitat of bacteria and other soil colloids with sub-100 nm resolution. Micron 34: 339–344.
Warwick T, Franck K, Kortright J, Meigs G, Moronne M, Myneni S, Rotenberg E, Seal S, Steele W, Ade H, Garcia A, Cerasari S, Denlinger J, Hayakawa S, Hitchcock A, Tyliszczak T, Kikuma J, Rightor E, Shin H-J, Tonner B (1998) A scanning transmission x-ray microscope for materials science spectromicroscopy at the advanced light source. Rev Sci Instr 69(8): 2964–2973.
Wiesemann U, Thieme J, Guttmann P, Früke R, Niemann B, Rudolph D, Schmahl G (2001) Construction of a scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the undulator U-41 at BESSY II. NIM A 467–568: 430–434.
Wiesemann U, Thieme J, Guttmann P, Früke R, Rehbein S, Niemann B, Rudolph D, Schmahl G (2003) First results of the new scanning transmission X-ray microscope at BESSY-II. In: Susini J, Joyeux D, Polack F (eds.) 7th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy, pp. 95–98, J. Phys. IV France, 104.
Wolter H (1952) Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen. Ann Phys 6(10): 94–114.
Acknowledgments
The work presented here has been supported by the Federal Minister of Education and Research (BMBF) under the contract numbers 05KS1MG1/9 and 02WU9893/0, by the Office of Naval Research under contract number N00014-99-10371, and by DFG under contract numbers Th 445/8-1 and Th 445/8-2 and within the SFB755 “Nanoscale Photonic Imaging.” We would like to thank the staff of ALS and BESSY II for providing excellent working conditions when performing experiments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thieme, J., Gleber, SC., Sedlmair, J., Rieger, J., Niemeyer, J., Coates, J. (2010). X-Ray Spectromicroscopy Studies of Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media. In: Frimmel, F., Niessner, R. (eds) Nanoparticles in the Water Cycle. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10318-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10318-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10317-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10318-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)