Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles are particles with at least one dimension around or less than 100 nm which are produced in a technical process and are typically designed to serve a specific purpose. They might be released into the environment accidentally, following their use in different materials, due to weathering or wearing processes of materials where nanotechnology has been applied or they might be deployed intentionally in environmental applications. In 2008, agricultural applications of nanoparticles were considered to promote another “Green Revolution” of agriculture; a widespread application with significant masses can be expected. The enthusiasm in developing new applications is not very well matched by studies on the environmental fate of synthetic nanoparticles. From literature data it seems evident that synthetic nanoparticles need to be stabilized to avoid aggregation, thus enhancing the mobility in environmental applications. On the other hand, removal rates for synthetic nanoparticles without stabilization could be high, even though a stabilization via interaction with humic substances is likely to occur in the topsoil. The transport properties of nanoparticles are generally consistent with DLVO theory, but there is a lack of large-scale data on the filtration efficiency. The effects of straining and gravitational settling seem to be negligible. The attachment efficiency is very sensitive to modifications of the surface of the synthetic nanoparticles. Pore-scale studies suggest that synthetic nanoparticles in remediation applications predominantly react in the aqueous phase, while non-aqueous phases in the source zone are not accessible but might be encapsulated with synthetic nanoparticles.
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Financial support by the Gottlieb Daimler- und Karl Benz-Stiftung, Ladenburg, Germany, is gratefully acknowledged.
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Baumann, T. (2010). Nanoparticles in Groundwater – Occurrence and Applications. In: Frimmel, F., Niessner, R. (eds) Nanoparticles in the Water Cycle. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10318-6_3
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