Abstract
Data from palynology, taxonomy, and isotopic analyses, allied to climate models, reveal the complexity of the history of Amazon ecosystems. Evidence from these records suggests that Pleistocene climatic change was neither uniform nor synchronous across the basin, but that its effects were pervasive.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Absy, M. L., Clief, A., Fournier, M., Martin, L., Servant, M., Sifeddine, A., Silva, F. D., Soubies, F., Suguio, K. T., and van der Hammen, T. (1991) Mise en evidence de quatre phases d’ouverture de la foreˆ t dense dans le sud-est de L’Amazonie au cours des 60,000 dernie`res anne´ es: Premiere comparaison avec d’autres regions tropicales. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, Series II, 312, 673–678 [in French].
Baker, P. A., Seltzer, G. O., Fritz, S. C., Dunbar, R. B., Grove, M. J., Tapia, P. M., Cross, S. L., Rowe, H. D., and Broda, J. P. (2001) The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years. Science, 291, 640–643.
Ballantyne, A. P., Lavine, M., Crowley, T. J., and Baker, P. A. (2005) Meta-analysis of tropical surface temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05712 (05714).
Bartlett, A. S. and Barghoorn, E. S. (1973) Phytogeographic history of the Isthmus of Panama during the past 12,000 years: A history of vegetation, climate, and sea-level change. In: A. Graham (Ed.), Vegetation and Vegetational History of Northern Latin America (pp. 203–299). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Bates, J. M., Hackett, S. J., and Cracraft, J. (1998) Area-relationships in the Neotropical lowlands: An hypothesis based on raw distributions of Passerine birds. J. Biogeography, 25, 783–794.
Beerling, D. J. and Mayle, F. E. (2006) Contrasting effects of climate and CO2 on Amazonian ecosystems since the last glacial maximum. Global Change Biology, 12, 1977–1984.
Behling, H. (1996) First report on new evidence for the occurrence of Podocarpus and possible human presence at the mouth of the Amazon during the late-glacial. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 5, 241–246.
Behling, H. and Hooghiemstra, H. (1999) Environmental history of the Colombian savannas of the Llanos Orientales since the Last Glacial Maximum from lake records El Pinal and Carimagua. J. Paleolimnology, 21, 461–476.
Behling, H. and Lichte, M. (1997) Evidence of dry and cold climatic conditions at glacial times in tropical southeastern Brazil. Quaternary Research, 48, 348–358.
Berger, A. (1978) Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic change. J. Atmospheric Science, 35, 2362–2367.
Brown, K. S. R., Jr. (1987) Biogeography and evolution of Neotropical butterflies. In: T. C. Whitmore and G. T. Prance (Eds.), Biogeography and Quaternary History in Tropical America (pp. 66–104). Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Burbridge, R. E., Mayle, F. E., and Killeen, T. J. (2004) 50,000 year vegetation and climate history of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon. Quaternary Research, 61, 215–230.
Bush, M. B. (1994) Amazonian speciation: A necessarily complex model. J. Biogeography, 21, 5–18.
Bush, M. B. (2002) On the interpretation of fossil Poaceae pollen in the humid lowland Neotropics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177, 5–17.
Bush, M. B. (2005) Of orogeny, precipitation, precession and parrots. J. Biogeography, 32, 1301–1302.
Bush, M. B. and Colinvaux, P. A. (1990) A long record of climatic and vegetation change in lowland Panama. J. Vegetation Science, 1, 105–119.
Bush, M. B. and Silman, M. R. (2004) Observations on Late Pleistocene cooling and precipitation in the lowland Neotropics. J. Quaternary Science, 19, 677–684.
Bush, M. B., Weimann, M., Piperno, D. R., Liu, K.-b., and Colinvaux, P. A. (1990) Pleistocene temperature depression and vegetation change in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Quaternary Research, 34, 330–345.
Bush, M. B., Miller, M. C., De Oliveira, P. E., and Colinvaux, P. A. (2000) Two histories of environmental change and human disturbance in eastern lowland Amazonia. The Holocene, 10, 543–554.
Bush, M. B., Miller, M. C., de Oliveira, P. E., and Colinvaux, P. A. (2002) Orbital forcing signal in sediments of two Amazonian lakes. J. Paleolimnology, 27, 341–352.
Bush, M. B., De Oliveira, P. E., Colinvaux, P. A., Miller, M. C., and Moreno, E. (2004a) Amazonian paleoecological histories: One hill, three watersheds. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 214, 359–393.
Bush, M. B., Silman, M. R., and Urrego, D. H. (2004b) 48,000 years of climate and forest change from a biodiversity hotspot. Science, 303, 827–829.
Bush, M. B., Silman, M. R., and Listopad, C. M. C. S. (2007) A regional study of Holocene climate change and human occupation in Peruvian Amazonia. J. Biogeography, 34, 1342– 1356.
Clement, A. C., Seager, R., and Cane, M. A. (1999) Orbital controls on the El Nin˜ o/Southern Oscillation tropical climate. Paleoceanography, 14, 441–456.
Clement, A. C., Cane, M. A., and Seager, R. (2001) An orbitally driven tropical source for abrupt climate change. J. Climate, 14, 2369–2375.
Colinvaux, P. A., De Oliveira, P. E., Moreno, J. E., Miller, M. C., and Bush, M. B. (1996)Along pollen record from lowland Amazonia: Forest and cooling in glacial times. Science, 274, 85–88.
Colinvaux, P. A., Irion, G., Ra¨ sa¨ nen, M. E., Bush, M. B., and Nunes de Mello, J. A. S. (2001) A paradigm to be discarded: Geological and paleoecological data falsify the Haffer and Prance refuge hypothesis of Amazonian speciation. Amazoniana, 16, 609–646.
Collins, A. C. and Dubach, J. M. (2000) Biogeographic and ecological forces responsible for speciation in Ateles. Int. J. Primatology, 21, 421–444.
Costa, L. P. (2003) The historical bridge between the Amazon and the Atlantic forest of Brazil: A study of molecular phylogeography with small mammals. J. Biogeography, 30, 71–86.
Cowling, S. A. (2004) Tropical forest structure: A missing dimension to Pleistocene landscapes. J. Quaternary Science, 19, 733–743.
Cowling, S. A. and Shin, Y. (2006) Simulated ecosystem threshold responses to co-varying temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 within a region of Amazonia. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 553–566.
Cowling, S. A., Maslin, M. A., and Sykes, M. T. (2001) Paleovegetation simulations of lowland Amazonia and implications for Neotropical allopatry and speciation. Quaternary Research, 55, 140–149.
Cowling, S. A., Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., Ettwein, V. J., Jones, C. D., Maslin, M. A., and Spall, S. A. (2004) Contrasting simulated past and future responses of the Amazonian forest to atmospheric change. Philosophical Trans. Royal Society London B, 359, 539–547.
Cruz, F. W., Jr., Burns, S. J., Karmann, I., Sharp, W. D., Vuille, M., Cardoso, A. O., Ferrari, J. A., Silva Dias, P. L., and Vlana, O., Jr. (2005) Insolation-driven changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 116,000 years in subtropical Brazil. Nature, 434, 63–66.
Cruz, F. W., Jr., Vuille, M., Burns, S. J., Wang, X., Cheng, H., Werner, M., Edwards, R. L., Karmann, I., Auler, A. S., and Nguyen, H. (2009) Orbitally driven east–west antiphasing of South American precipitation. Nature Geoscience, 2, 210–214.
de Oliveira, P. E. (1992) A Palynological Record of Late Quaternary Vegetational and Climatic Change in Southeastern Brazil. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
De Toledo, M. B. (2004) Holocene Vegetation and Climate History of Savanna: Forest Ecotones in Northeastern Amazonia (Biological Sciences). Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL.
Denevan, W. M. (2003) The native population of Amazonia in 1492 reconsidered. Revista De Indias, 62, 175–188.
Flanagan, N. S., Tobler, A., Davison, A., Pybus, O. G., Kapan, D. D., Planas, S., Linares, M., Heckel, D., and McMillan, W. O. (2004) Historical demography of Mu¨ llerian mimicry in the Neotropical Heliconius butterflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A, 101, 9704–9709.
Freycon, V., Krencker, M., Schwartz, D., Nasi, R., and Bonal, D. (2010) The impact of climate changes during the Holocene on vegetation in northern French Guiana. Quaternary Research, 73, 220–225.
Fritz, S. C., Baker, P. A., Lowenstein, T. K., Seltzer, G. O., Rigsby, C. A., Dwyer, G. S., Tapia, P. M., Arnold, K. K., Ku, T. L., and Luo, S. (2004) Hydrologic variation during the last 170,000 years in the southern hemisphere tropics of South America. Quaternary Research, 61, 95–104.
Gamble, T., Simons, A. M., Colli, G. R., and Vitt, L. J. (2008) Tertiary climate change and the diversification of the Amazonian gecko genus Gonatodes (Sphaerodactylidae, Squamata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 269–277.
Gentry, A. H. (1993) A Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) with Supplementary Notes on Herbaceous Taxa. Conservation International, Washington, D.C. (895 pp.).
Gonzalez, C., Urrego, L. E., and Martinez, J. I. (2006) Late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Panama Basin: Palynological evidence from marine cores ODP 677b and TR 163-38. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 234, 62–80.
Gonzalez, C., Dupont, L. M., Behling, H., and Wefer, G. (2008) Neotropical vegetation response to rapid climate changes during the last glacial: Palynological evidence from the Cariaco Basin. Quaternary Research, 69, 217–230.
Grau, E. T., Pereira, S. L., Silveira, L. F., Hofling, E., and Wajntal, A. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans (Aves: Galliformes): Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 is a synonym of Aburria Reichenbach, 1853. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 35, 637–645.
Haberle, S. G. (1997) Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the Amazon Basin: Correlating marine and terrestrial pollen records. In: R. D. Flood, D. J. W. Piper, A. Klaus, and L. C. Peterson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, pp. 381–396. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX.
Haberle, S. G. and Maslin, M. A. (1999) Late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Amazon Basin based on a 50,000 year pollen record from the Amazon Fan, PDP site 932. Quaternary Research, 51, 27–38.
Haffer, J. (1969) Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science, 165, 131–137.
Haffer, J. and Prance, G. T. (2001) Climatic forcing of evolution in Amazonia during the Cenozoic: On the refuge theory of biotic differentiation. Amazoniana, 16, 579–608.
Hall, J. P. and Harvey, D. J. (2002) The phylogeography of Amazonia revisited: New evidence from Riodinid butterflies. Evolution, 56, 1489–1497.
Hansen, B. C. S., Wright, H. E., Jr., and Bradbury, J. P. (1984) Pollen studies in the Junı´n area, Central Peruvian Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, 1454–1465.
Heckenberger, M. J., Kuikuro, A., Kuikuro, U. T., Russell, J. C., Schmidt, M., Fausto, C., and Franchetto, B. (2003) Amazonia 1492: Pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science, 301, 1710–1714.
Hooghiemstra, H. and van der Hammen, T. (2004) Quaternary ice age in the Colombian Andes: Developing an understanding of our legacy. Philosophical Trans. Royal Society London B, 359, 173–181.
Hooghiemstra, H., Melice, J. L., Berger, A., and Shackleton, N. J. (1993) Frequency spectra and paleoclimatic variability of the high-resolution 30–1450 ka Funza I pollen record (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia). Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 141–156.
Hoorn, C. (1993) Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: Results of a palynostratigraphic study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 105, 267–309.
Hoorn, C., Guerrero, J., Sarmiento, G. A., and Lorente, M. A. (1995) Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America. Geology, 23, 237–240.
Hostetler, S. W. and Mix, A. C. (1999) Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere. Nature, 399, 673–676.
Irion, G., Bush, M. B., Nunes De Mello, J. A., Stu¨ ben, D., Neumann, T., Mu¨ ller, G., Morais De, J. O., and Junk, J. W. (2006) A multiproxy palaeoecological record of Holocene lake sediments from the Rio Tapajo´ s, eastern Amazonia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 240, 523–535.
Killeen, T. J., Douglas, M., Consiglio, T., Jorgensen, P. M., and Mejia, J. (2007) Dry spots and wet spots in Andean hotspots. J. Biogeography, 34, 1357–1373.
Ledru, M.-P. (1993) Late Quaternary environmental and climatic changes in Central Brazil. Quaternary Research, 39, 90–98.
Ledru, M.-P., Cordeiro, R. C., Dominguez, J. M. L., Martin, L., Mourguiart, P., Sifeddine, A., and Turcq, B. (2001) Late-Glacial cooling in Amazonia inferred from pollen at Lagoa do Caco, northern Brazil. Quaternary Research, 55, 47–56.
Liu, K. and Colinvaux, P. A. (1985) Forest changes in the Amazon Basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature, 318, 556–557.
Mayle, F. E. and Beerling, D. J. (2004) Late Quaternary changes in Amazonian ecosystems and their implications for global carbon cycling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 214, 11–25.
Mayle, F. E., Burbridge, R., and Killeen, T. J. (2000) Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests. Science, 290, 2291–2294.
Mayle, F. E., Beerling, D. J., Gosling, W. D., and Bush, M. B. (2004) Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the last glacial maximum. Philosophical Trans. Royal Society London B, 359, 499–514.
Meggers, B. J. (1994) Archaeological evidence for the impact of mega-Nin˜ o events on Amazonia during the past two millennia. Climate Change, 28, 321–338.
Meggers, B. J. (2003) Revisiting Amazonia circa 1492. Science, 301, 2067–2070.
Miller, K. G., Kominz, M. A., Browning, J. V., Wright, J. D., Mountain, G. S., Katz, M. E., Sugarman, P. J., Cramer, B. S., Christie-Black, N., and Pekar, S. (2005) The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310, 1293–1298.
Moritz, C., Patton, J. L., Schneider, C. J., and Smith, T. B. (2000) Diversification of rainforest faunas: An integrated molecular approach. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 533–563.
Naish, T. (1997) Constraints on the amplitude of Late Pliocene eustatic sea-level fluctuations: New evidence from New Zealand shallow-marine sediment record. Geology, 25, 1139–1142.
Near, T. J., Meylan, P. A., and Shaffer, H. B. (2005) Assessing concordance of fossil calibration points in molecular clock studies: An example using turtles. American Naturalist, 165, 137–146.
Nepstad, D. C., de Carvalho, C. R., Davidson, E. A., Jipp, P. H., Lefebvre, P. A., Negreiros, G. H., da Silva, E. D., Stone, T. A., Trumbore, S. E., and Vieira, S. (1994) The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures. Nature, 372, 666–669.
Noonan, B. P. and Gaucher, P. (2005) Phylogeography and demography of Guianan harlequin toads (Atelopus): Diversification within a refuge. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3017–3031.
Noonan, B. P. and Gaucher, P. (2006) Refugial isolation and secondary contact in the dyeing poison frog Dendrobates tinctorius. Molecular Ecology, 15, 4425–4435.
Noonan, B. P. and Wray, K. P. (2006) Neotropical diversification: The effects of a complex history on diversity within the poison frog genus Dendrobates. J. Biogeography, 33, 1007–1020.
Nores, M. (1999) An alternative hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian bird diversity. J. Biogeography, 26, 475–485.
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N.,
Underwood, E. C., D’Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., and Morrison, J. C. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on earth. BioScience, 51, 933–938.
Opazo, J. C., Wildman, D. E., Prychitko, T., Johnson, R. M., and Goodman, M. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini,
Paduano, G. M., Bush, M. B., Baker, P. A., Fritz, S. C., and Seltzer, G. O. (2003) A vegetation and fire history of Lake Titicaca since the Last Glacial Maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 194, 259–279.
Patton, J. L., da Silva, M. N. F., and Malcolm, J. R. (2000) Mammals of the Rio Jurua and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 244, 1–306.
Pennington, R. T., Prado, D. E., and Pendry, C. A. (2000) Neotropical seasonally dry forests and Quaternary vegetation changes. J. Biogeography, 27, 261–273.
Pennington, R. T., Lavin, M., Prado, D. E., Pendry, C. A., Pell, S. K., and Butterworth, C. A. (2004) Historical climate change and speciation: Neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns of both Tertiary and Quaternary diversification. Philosophical Trans. Royal Society London B, 359, 515–538.
Pessenda, L. C. R., Gomes, B. M., Aravena, R., Ribeiro, A. S., Boulet, R., and Gouveia, S. E. M. (1998) The carbon isotope record in soils along a forest–cerrado ecosystem transect: Implications for vegetation changes in the Rondonia state, southwestern Brazilian Amazon region. The Holocene, 8, 599–603.
Peterson, L. C. and Haug, G. H. (2006) Variability in the mean latitude of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone as recorded by riverine input of sediments to the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 234, 97–113.
Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., and Chappellaz, J. (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429–436.
Pitman, N. C. A., Terborgh, J., Silman, M. R., and Nun˜ ez, P. V. (1999) Tree species distributions in an Upper Amazonian forest. Ecology, 80, 2651–2661.
Prado, D. E. and Gibbs, P. E. (1993) Patterns of species distributions in the seasonal dry forests of South America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 80, 902–927.
Ra¨ sa¨ nen, M. E., Linna, A. M., Santos, J. C. R., and Negri, F. R. (1995) Late Miocene tidal deposits in the Amazon foreland basin. Science, 269, 386–390.
Ribas, C. C., Miyaki, C. Y., and Cracraft, J. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and biogeography in Neotropical Brotogeris parakeets. J. Biogeography, 36, 1712–1729.
Rind, D. and Peteet, D. (1985) Terrestrial conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum and CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates: Are they consistent? Quaternary Research, 24, 1–22.
Roberts, J. L., Brown, J. L., Schulte, R., Arizabal, W., and Summers, K. (2007) Rapid diversification of colouration among populations of a poison frog isolated on sky peninsulas in the central cordilleras of Peru. J. Biogeography, 34, 417–426.
Rodbell, D. T. (1992) Late Pleistocene equilibrium-line reconstructions in the northern Peruvian Andes. Boreas, 21, 43–52.
Rull, V. (2006) Quaternary speciation in the Neotropics. Molecular Ecology, 15, 4257–4259.
Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. (1997) Late Quaternary palaeoclimate in savannas of South America. J. Quaternary Science, 12, 371–379.
Sandweiss, D. H., Maasch, K. A., Burger, R. L., Richardson III, J. B., Rollins, H. B., and Clement, A. (2001) Variation in Holocene El Nin˜ o frequencies: Climate records and cultural consequences in ancient Peru. Geology, 29, 603–606.
Seltzer, G. O. (1990) Recent glacial history and paleoclimate of the Peruvian–Bolivian Andes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 9, 137–152.
Seltzer, G. O., Rodbell, D., and Burns, S. (2000) Isotopic evidence for Late Quaternary climatic change in tropical South America. Geology, 28, 35–38.
Seltzer, G. O., Rodbell, D. T., and Wright, H. E. (2003) Late-Quaternary paleoclimates of the southern tropical Andes and adjacent regions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 194, 1–3.
Servant, M., Fontes, J. -C., Rieu, M., and Salie`ge, X. (1981) Phases climatiques arides holoce`nes dans le sud-ouest de l’Amazonie (Bolivie). Comptes Rendus Acade´mie Scientifique Paris, Series II, 292, 1295–1297 [in French].
Sifeddine, A., Albuquerque, A. L. S., Ledru, M.-P., Turcq, B., Knoppers, B., Martin, L., de Mello, W. Z., Passenau, H., Dominguez, J. M. L., and Cordeiro, R. C. (2003) A 21,000 cal years paleoclimatic record from Caco Lake, northern Brazil: Evidence from sedimentary and pollen analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 189, 25–34.
Smith, J. A., Seltzer, G. O., Farber, D. L., Rodbell, D. T., and Finkel, R. C. (2005) Early local Last Glacial Maximum in the tropical Andes. Science, 308, 678–681.
Stute, M., Forster, M., Frischkorn, H., Serejo, A., Clark, J. F., Schlosser, P., Broecker, W. S., and Bonani, G. (1995) Cooling of tropical Brazil (5_C) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 269, 379–383.
Symula, R., Schulte, R., and Summers, K. (2003) Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 452–475.
Tuomisto, H., Ruokolainen, K., Kalliola, R., Linna, A., Danjoy, W., and Rodriguez, Z. (1995) Dissecting Amazonian biodiversity. Science, 269, 63–66.
Urrego, D. H., Silman, M. R., and Bush, M. B. (2005) The Last Glacial Maximum: Stability and change in an Andean cloud forest. J. Quaternary Science, 20, 693–701.
Urrego, D. H., Bush, M. B., and Silman, M. R. (2010) A long history of cloud and forest migration from Lake Consuelo, Peru. Quaternary Research, 73, 364–373.
van Breukelen, M. R., Vonhof, H. B., Hellstrom, J. C., Wester, W. C. G., and Kroon, D. (2008) Fossil dripwater in stalagmites reveals Holocene temperature and rainfall variation in Amazonia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 275, 54–60.
van der Hammen, T. and Hooghiemstra, H. (2000) Neogene and Quaternary history of vegetation, climate and plant diversity in Amazonia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 725–742.
Vanzolini, P. E. (1970) Zoologia sistematica, geografia e a origem das especies. Instituto Geografico Sa˜o Paulo, Serie Teses e Monografias, 3, 1–56.
Vizy, E. K. and Cook, K. H. (2007) Relationship between Amazon and High Andes rainfall. J. Geophys. Res. D: Atmospheres, 112, D07107.
Wang, X., Auler, A. S., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Cristalli, P. S., Smart, P. L., Richards, D. A., and Shen, C.-C. (2004) Wet periods in northeastern Brazil over the past 210 kyr linked to distant climate anomalies. Nature, 432, 740–743.
Wille, M., Negret, J. A., and Hooghiemstra, H. (2000) Paleoenvironmental history of the Popayan area since 27,000 yr bp at Timbio, southern Colombia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 109, 45–63.
Zink, R. M. and Slowinski, J. B. (1995) Evidence from molecular systematics for decreased avian diversification in the Pleistocene epoch. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A, 92, 5832–5835.
Zink, R. M., Klicka, J., and Barber, B. R. (2004) The tempo of avian diversification during the Quaternary. Philosophical Trans. Royal Society London B, 359, 215–220.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bush, M.B., Gosling, W.D., Colinvaux, P.A. (2011). Climate and vegetation change in the lowlands of the Amazon Basin. In: Bush, M., Flenley, J., Gosling, W. (eds) Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05383-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05383-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05382-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-05383-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)