Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Appendageal Tumours

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Skin Cancer - A World-Wide Perspective

  • 1321 Accesses

Abstract

Sudoriferous tumours represent approximately 1% of all primary cutaneous neoplasias. They have a variable, often unspecific clinical presentation and a wide histologic spectrum. According to their origin, cutaneous sweat gland tumours can be classified as eccrine, apocrine, eccrine and apocrine (mixed origin), or composite adnexal tumours. Further, they can be classified as benign or malignant, tumours of the sweat ducts or of the sweat glands secretory apparatus. Carcinomas of the eccrine and apocrine glands are neoplasms with infiltrative and metastatic potential. Some malignancies have benign counterparts from which they must be differentiated. Features that suggest malignancy include asymmetry of the lesion, invasion, irregular arrangement of neoplastic cells, cytonuclear atypia and pleomorphism, and significantly increased mitotic activity in the presence of abnormal mitotic figures. Other sweat gland carcinomas present differently from any benign tumour. Differentiating primary cutaneous sudoriferous carcinomas from metastatic carcinomas can often pose a serious challenge. Clinical history, histomorphological features, and immunohistochemical stains are all very important.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

Tumours with Apocrine and Eccrine Differentiation

  1. Abbott, J.J., Ahmed, I.: Adenocarcinoma of mammary-like glands of the vulva: report of a case and review of the literature. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 28, 127–133 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Abe, S., Matsumoto, Y., Fujita, T.: Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 99, 1160–1164 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Abenoza, P., Ackerman, A.B.: Neoplasms with Eccrine Differentiation – Ackerman’s Histologic Diagnosis of Neoplastic Skin Diseases: A Method by Pattern Analysis. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Allan, S.J., McLaren, K., Aldridge, R.D.: Paget’s disease of the scrotum: a case exhibiting positive prostate-specific antigen staining and associated prostatic adenocarcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 138, 689–691 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ansai, S., Watanabe, S., Aso, K.: A case of tubular apocrine adenoma with syringocystadenoma papilliferum. J. Cutan. Pathol. 16, 230–236 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arslan, E., Unal, S., Cinel, L., et al.: Malignant eccrine spiradenoma occurring on a traumatized area. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 110, 365–367 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Knowles, A.J.A., SL, T.K.C.: Extensive facial clefting in a patient with Goltz syndrome: multidisciplinary treatment of a previously unreported association. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 39, 469–473 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ashikari, R., Park, K., Huvos, H.G., et al.: Paget’s disease of the breast. Cancer 26, 680–685 (1970)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bannatyne, P., Elliott, P., Russell, P.: Vulvar adenosquamous carcinoma arising in a hidradenoma papilliferum, with rapidly fatal outcome: case report. Gynecol. Oncol. 35, 395–398 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bardach, H.: Hidroacanthoma simplex with in situ porocarcinoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 5, 236–248 (1978)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Barnett, M.D., Wallack, M.K., Zuretti, A., et al.: Recurrent malignant chondroid syringoma of the foot: a case report and review of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 227–232 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bates, A.W., Baithun, S.I.: Atypical mixed tumor of the skin: histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features in three cases and a review of the criteria for malignancy. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 20, 35–40 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Battles, O.E., Page, D.L., Johnson, J.E.: Cytokeratins, CEA, and mucin histochemistry in the diagnosis and characterization of extramammary Paget’s disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 108, 6–12 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bedlow, A.J., Cook, M.G., Kurwa, A.: Extensive naevoid eccrine spiradenoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 149, 419–425 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Berg, J., McDivitt, R.W.: Pathology of sweat gland carcinoma. Pathol. Annu. 3, 123–144 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bergman, R., Lichtig, C., Moscona, R.A., et al.: A comparative immunohistochemical study of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin and salivary glands. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 13, 162–168 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bertagnoli, R., Cook, D.L., Goldman, G.D.: Bilateral primary mucinous carcinoma of the eyelid treated with Mohs surgery. Dermatol. Surg. 25, 566–568 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bignell, G.R., Warren, W., Seal, S., et al.: Identification of the familial cylindromatosis tumour-suppressor gene. Nat. Genet. 25, 160–165 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bjarke, T., Ternesten-Bratel, A., Hedblad, M., et al.: Carcinoma and eccrine syringofibroadenoma: a report of five cases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 30, 382–392 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Boggio, R.: Letter: Adenoid cystic carcinoma of scalp. Arch. Dermatol. 111, 793–794 (1975)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bogner, P.N., Su, L.D., Fullen, D.R.: Cluster designation 5 staining of normal and non-lymphoid neoplastic skin. J. Cutan. Pathol. 32, 50–54 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Burket, J.M., Zelickson, A.S.: Tubular apocrine adenoma with perineural invasion. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11, 639–642 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Busam, K.J., Tan, L.K., Granter, S.R., et al.: Epidermal growth factor, estrogen, and progesterone receptor expression in primary sweat gland carcinomas and primary and metastatic mammary carcinomas. Mod. Pathol. 12, 786–793 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cabell, C.E., Helm, K.F., Sakol, P.J., et al.: Primary mucinous carcinoma in a 54-year-old man. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49, 941–943 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Carroll, P., Goldstein, G.D., Brown Jr., C.W.: Metastatic microcystic adnexal carcinoma in an immunocompromised patient. Dermatol. Surg. 26, 531–534 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ceulen, R.P., Van Marion, A.M., Steijlen, P.M., et al.: Multiple unilateral skin tumors suggest type 1 segmental manifestation of familial syringoma. Eur. J. Dermatol. 18, 285–288 (2008)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chamberlain, R.S., Huber, K., White, J.C., et al.: Apocrine gland carcinoma of the axilla. Review of the literature and recommendations for treatment. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 131–135 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chang, S.E., Ahn, S.J., Choi, J.H., et al.: Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of skin with lung metastasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40, 640–642 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chen, C.Y., Sun, L.M., Anderson, B.O.: Paget disease of the breast: changing patterns of incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment in the U.S. Cancer 107, 1448–1458 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen, Y.H., Wong, T.W., Lee, J.Y.Y.: Depigmented genital extramammary Paget’s disease: a possible histogenetic link to Toker’s clear cells and clear cell papulosis. J. Cutan. Pathol. 28, 105–108 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chiller, K., Passaro, D., Scheuller, M., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: forty-eight cases, their treatment, and their outcome. Arch. Dermatol. 136, 1355–1359 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chu, S.S., Chang, Y.L., Lou, P.J.: Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis. J. Laryngol. Otol. 115, 673–675 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Civatte, J., Belaich, S., Lauret, P.: Tubular apocrine adenoma (4 cases) (author’s translation). Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 106, 665–669 (1979)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Clever, H.W., Sahl, W.J.: Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas: a non-surgical treatment. Arch. Dermatol. 127, 422–424 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cooper, P.H.: Sclerosing carcinomas of sweat ducts (microcystic adnexal carcinoma). Arch. Dermatol. 122, 261–264 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cooper, P.H.: Carcinoma of sweat glands. Pathol. Annu. 22, 83–124 (1987)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Crain, R.C., Helwig, E.B.: Dermal cylindroma (dermal eccrine cylindroma). Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 35, 504–515 (1961)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cribier, B., Scrivener, Y., Grosshans, E.: Tumors arising in nevus sebaceus: a study of 596 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 132, 263–268 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Culhaci, N., Copcu, H.E., Dikicioglu, E.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: report of a case. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 61, 723–725 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cunningham, J., Hardy, J.: Hidradenomas of the vulva. South Surg. 13, 831–838 (1947)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dabska, M.: Malignant transformation of eccrine spiradenoma. Pol. Med. J. 11, 388–396 (1972)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. De Viragh, P.A., Szeimies, R.M., Eckert, F.: Apocrine cystadenoma, apocrine hidrocystoma, and eccrine hidrocystoma: three distinct tumors defined by expression of keratins and human milk fat globulin 1. J. Cutan. Pathol. 24, 249–255 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. del Pozo, J., García-Silva, J., Peña-Penabad, C., et al.: Multiple apocrine hidrocystomas: treatment with carbon dioxide laser vaporization. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 12, 97–100 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Diaz de Leon, E., Carcangiu, M.L., Prieto, V.G., et al.: Extramammary Paget disease is characterized by the consistent lack of estrogen and progesterone receptors but frequently expresses androgen receptor. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 113, 572–575 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dubreuilh, W.: Paget’s disease of the vulva. Br. J. Dermatol. 13, 407–413 (1901)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Duke, W.H., Sherrod, T.T., Lupton, G.P.: Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma revisited). Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24, 775–784 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dupré, A., Bonafe, J.L.: Syringomas mongolism, Marfan’s disease and Ehlers Danlos’ disease. Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 104, 224–230 (1977)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dupré, A., Carrere, S., Bonafé, J.L.: Syringomes éruptifs généralisés, grains de milium et atrophodermie vermiculée: Syndrome de Nicolau et Balus. Dermatologica 162, 281–286 (1981)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Durani, B.K., Kurzen, H., Jaeckel, A., et al.: Malignant transformation of multiple dermal cylindromas. Br. J. Dermatol. 145, 653–656 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. El-Domeiri, A.A., Brasfield, R.D., Huvos, A.G., et al.: Sweat gland carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 83 patients. Ann. Surg. 173, 270–274 (1971)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Falck, V.G., Jordaan, H.F.: Papillary eccrine adenoma. A tubulopapillary hidradenoma with eccrine differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 8, 64–72 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Faulhaber, D., Worle, B., Trautner, B., et al.: Clear cell hidradenoma in a young girl. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42, 693–695 (2000)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fernández-Aceñero, M.J., Manzarbeitia, F., Mestre, M.J., et al.: P53 expression in two cases of spiradenocarcinomas. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 104–107 (2000)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Fernandez-Acepero, M.J., Manzarbeitia, F., Mestre de Juan, M.J., et al.: Malignant spiradenoma: report of two cases and literature review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44, 395–398 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. French, L.E.: Reactive eccrine syringofibroadenoma: an emerging subtype. Dermatology 195, 309–310 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. French, L.E., Masgrau, E., Chavaz, P., et al.: Eccrine syringofibroadenoma in a patient with erosive palmoplantar lichen planus. Dermatology 195, 399–401 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fouilloux, B., Perrin, C., Dutoit, M., et al.: Clear cell syringofibroadenoma (of Mascaro) of the nail. Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 625–627 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fox, S.B., Cotton, D.W.: Tubular apocrine adenoma and papillary eccrine adenoma. Entities or unity? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 14, 149–154 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Fueston, J.C., Gloster, H.M., Mutasim, D.F.: Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Cutis 77, 157–160 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fukamizu, H., Tomita, K., Inoue, K., et al.: Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 19, 625–628 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gambini, C., Rongioletti, F., Semino, M.T., et al.: Solitary eccrine syringofibroadenoma (or eccrine syringofibroadenomatous hyperplasia?) and diabetic polyneuropathy. Dermatology 193, 68–69 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Geisler, J.P., Gates, R.W., Shirrel, W.: Extramammary Paget’s disease with diffuse involvement of the lower female genito-urinary system. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 7, 84–87 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gira, A.K., Robertson, D., Swerlick, R.A.: Multiple eyelid cysts with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis–quiz case. Arch. Dermatol. 140, 231–236 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Goldblum, J.R., Hart, W.R.: Vulvar Paget’s disease: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 19 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 21, 1178–1187 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Goldstein, D.J., Barr, R.J., Santa Cruz, D.J.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Cancer 50, 566–572 (1982)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Granter, S.R., Seeger, K., Calonje, E., et al.: Malignant eccrine spiradenoma (spiradenocarcinoma): a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 97–103 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Guitart, J., Rosenbaum, M.M., Requena, L.: “Eruptive syringoma”: a misnomer for a reactive eccrine gland ductal proliferation? J. Cutan. Pathol. 30, 202–205 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gupta, S., Jain, V.K., Singh, U., et al.: Multiple eccrine spiradenomas in zosteriform distribution in a child. Pediatr. Dermatol. 17, 384–386 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Handa, Y., Yamanaka, N., Inagaki, H., et al.: Large ulcerated perianal hidradenoma papilliferum in a young female. Dermatol. Surg. 29, 790–792 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Harrist, T.J., Aretz, T.H., Mihm Jr., M.C., et al.: Cutaneous malignant mixed tumor. Arch. Dermatol. 117, 719–724 (1981)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hashimoto, K., Gross, B.G., Nelson, R.G., et al.: Eccrine spiradenoma: histochemical and electron microscopic studies. J. Invest. Dermatol. 46, 347–365 (1966)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hashimoto, K., Lever, W.F.: Eccrine poroma: histochemical and electron microscopic studies. J. Invest. Dermatol. 43, 237–247 (1964)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hatch, K.D., Davis, J.R.: Complete resolution of Paget disease of the vulva with imiquimod cream. J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis. 12, 90–94 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hedington, J.T.: Mixed tumors of the skin: eccrine and apocrine types. Arch. Dermatol. 84, 989–996 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Helm, K.F., Goellner, J.R., Peters, M.S.: Immunohistochemical stains in extramammary Paget’s disease. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 14, 402–407 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Helwig, E.B.: Eccrine acrospiroma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 11, 415–420 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Helwig, E.B., Hackney, V.C.: Syringadenoma papilliferum: lesions with and without naevus sebaceous and basal cell carcinoma. Arch. Dermatol. 71, 361–372 (1955)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hendi, A., Brodland, D.G., Zitelli, J.A.: Extramammary Paget’s disease: surgical treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 51, 767–773 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hernandez-Parez, E., Cestoni-Parducci, R.: Nodular hidradenoma and hidradenocarcinoma. A 10-year review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 12, 15–20 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Hirsch, P., Helwig, E.B.: Chondroid syringoma-mixed tumor of skin, salivary gland type. Arch. Dermatol. 84, 835–847 (1961)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hoang, M.P., Dresser, K.A., Kapur, P., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical reappraisal. Mod. Pathol. 21, 178–185 (2008)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hyman, A.B., Brownstein, M.H.: Eccrine poroma: an analysis of forty-five new cases. Dermatologica 138, 29–38 (1969)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Iglesias, F.D., Forcelledo, F.F., Sanchez, T.S., et al.: Chondroid syringoma: a histological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases. Histopathology 17, 311–317 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Ishida-Yamamoto, A., Iizuka, H.: Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (Mascaro): an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 18, 207–211 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ishikawa, K.: Malignant hidroacanthoma simplex. Arch. Dermatol. 104, 529–532 (1971)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ishiko, A., Shimizu, H., Inamoto, N., et al.: Is tubular apocrine adenoma a distinct clinical entity? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 15, 482–487 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ishimura, E., Iwamoto, H., Kobashi, Y., et al.: Malignant chondroid syringoma: report of a case with widespread metastasis and review of pertinent literature. Cancer 52, 1966–1973 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ivan, D., Hafeez Diwan, A., et al.: Expression of p63 in primary cutaneous adnexal neoplasms and adenocarcinoma metastatic to the skin. Mod. Pathol. 18, 137–142 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Jones, E.W., Heyl, T.: Naevus sebaceus: a report of 140 cases with special regard to the development of secondary malignant tumours. Br. J. Dermatol. 82, 99–117 (1970)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Jones, R.E.: Mammary Paget’s disease without underlying carcinoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 7, 361–365 (1985)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Jones, R.E., Austin, C., Ackerman, A.B.: Extramammary Paget’s disease. A critical reexamination. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 1, 101–131 (1979)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Jordan, J.A., Brown, O.E., Biavati, M.J., et al.: Congenital syringocystadenoma papilliferum of the ear and neck treated with the CO2-laser. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 38, 81–87 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kakinuma, H., Miyamoto, R., Iwasawa, U., et al.: Three subtypes of poroid neoplasia in a single lesion: eccrine poroma, hidroacanthoma simplex, and dermal duct tumor. Histologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural findings. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 16, 66–72 (1994)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kanitakis, J., Hermier, C., Thivolet, J.: Tubular apocrine adenoma: apropos of a case. Dermatologica 169, 23–28 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kao, G.F., Graham, J.H., Helwig, E.B.: Aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]. Arch. Dermatol. 120, 1612 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kao, G.F., Helwig, E.B., Graham, J.H.: Aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma. A clinicopathological study of 57 patients, with histochemical, immunopathological, and ultra-structural observations. J. Cutan. Pathol. 14, 129–146 (1987)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Karam, P., Benedetto, A., Karma, P.: Intralesional electrodesiccation of syringomas. Dermatol. Surg. 23, 921–924 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Katane, M., Akiyama, M., Ohnishi, T., et al.: Carcinomatous transformation of eccrine syringofibroadenoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 30, 211–214 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kato, H., Mizuno, N., Nakagawa, K., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: a light microscopic immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. J. Cutan. Pathol. 17, 87–95 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kay, S., Hall, W.E.B.: Sweat gland carcinoma with proved metastases. Cancer 7, 373–376 (1954)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kazakov, D.V., Suster, S., LeBoit, P.E., et al.: Mucinous carcinoma of the skin, primary, and secondary: a clinicopathologic study of 63 cases with emphasis on the morphologic spectrum of primary cutaneous forms: homologies with mucinous lesions in the breast. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 29, 764–782 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Keasbey, L.E., Hadley, G.G.: Clear-cell hidradenoma: report of three cases with widespread metastases. Cancer 7, 934–952 (1954)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kersting, E., Helwig, E.B.: Eccrine spiradenoma. Arch. Dermatol. 73, 199–227 (1956)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Khachemoune, A., Olbricht, S.M., Johnson, D.S.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: report of four cases treated with Mohs’ micrographic surgical technique. Int. J. Dermatol. 44, 507–512 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kim, Y.D., Lee, E.J., Song, M.H., et al.: Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas associated with Graves’ disease. Int. J. Dermatol. 41, 295–297 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kitazawa, T., Hataya, Y., Matsuo, K.: Chondroid syringoma of the orbit. Ann. Plast. Surg. 42, 100–102 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Ko, C.J., Cochran, A.J., Eng, W., et al.: Hidradenocarcinoma: a histological and immunohistochemical study. J. Cutan. Pathol. 33, 726–730 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Komine, M., Hattori, N., Tamaki, K.: Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (Mascaro): an immunohistochemical study. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 171–175 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Krunic, A.L., Kim, S., Medenica, M., et al.: Recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of the scalp treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol. Surg. 29, 647–649 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Kuan, S.F., Montag, A.G., Hart, J., et al.: Differential expression of mucin genes in mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 1469–1477 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Landry, M., Winkelmann, R.K.: An unusual tubular apocrine adenoma. Arch. Dermatol. 105, 869–879 (1972)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. LeBoit, P.E., Sexton, M.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the skin: a reappraisal of the differentiation and differential diagnosis of an under recognized neoplasm. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 29, 609–618 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Leibovitch, I., Huilgol, S.C., Selva, D., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52, 295–300 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Lele, S.M., Gloster, E.S., Heilman, E.R., et al.: Eccrine syringofibroadenoma surrounding a squamous cell carcinoma: a case report. J. Cutan. Pathol. 24, 193–196 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Lennox, B., Pearse, A.G., Richards, H.G.: Mucin-secreting tumours of the skin with special reference to the so-called mixed-salivary tumour of the skin and its relation to hidradenoma. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 64, 865–880 (1952)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Leonard, N., Chaggar, R., Jones, C., et al.: Loss of heterozygosity at cylindromatosis gene locus, CYLD, in sporadic skin adnexal tumours. J. Clin. Pathol. 54, 689–692 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Loane, J., Kealy, W.F., Mulcahy, G.: Perianal hidradenoma papilliferum occurring in a male: a case report. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 167, 26–27 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Malafa, M.P., McKesey, P., Stone, S., et al.: Sentinel node biopsy for staging of aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma. Dermatol. Surg. 26, 580–583 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Mambo, N.C.: Eccrine spiradenoma: clinical and pathologic study of 49 tumors. J. Cutan. Pathol. 10, 312–330 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Mambo, N.C.: The significance of atypical nuclear changes in benign eccrine acrospiromas: a clinical and pathological study of 18 cases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 11, 35–44 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Marcus, E.: The management of Paget’s disease of the breast. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 5, 153–160 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Marra, D.E., Schanbacher, C.F., Torres, A.: Mohs micrographic surgery of primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma using immunohistochemistry for margin control. Dermatol. Surg. 30, 799–802 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Mascaro, J.M.: Considérations sur les tumeurs fibro-épithéliales. Le syringofibroadénome eccrine. Ann. Dermatol. Syphiligr. 90, 143–153 (1963)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Matz, L.R., McCully, D.J., Stokes, B.A.R.: Metastasizing chondroid syringoma: case report. Pathology 1, 77–81 (1969)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Mayer, I.: Zur Histologie der Hidroadenome. Frankfurt Z Pathol. 55, 548–580 (1941)

    Google Scholar 

  126. McKee, P., Calonje, E., Granter, S.: Pathology of the Skin: With Clinical Correlations, pp. 1632–1636. Elsevier, Mosby, Edinburgh (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  127. McKee, P.H., Hertogs, K.T.: Endocervical adenocarcinoma and vulval Paget’s disease: a significant association. Br. J. Dermatol. 103, 443–448 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Meeker, J., Neubecker, R., Helwig, E.: Hidradenoma papilliferum. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 37, 182–195 (1962)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Mehregan, A.H., Hasimoto, K., Homayoon, R.: Eccrine adenocarcinoma – a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Arch. Dermatol. 119, 104–114 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Mendoza, S., Helwig, E.B.: Mucinous (adenocystic) carcinoma of the skin. Arch. Dermatol. 103, 68–78 (1971)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Metze, D., Wigbels, B., Hildebrand, A.: Familial syringoma: a rare clinical variant. Hautarzt 52, 1045–1048 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Meybehm, M., Fischer, H.P.: Spiradenoma and dermal cylindroma: comparative immunohistochemical analysis and histogenetic considerations. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 154–161 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Michal, M.: Spiradenocylindroma of the skin: tumors with morphological features of spiradenoma and cylindroma in the same lesion: report of 12 cases. Pathol. Int. 49, 419–425 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Miller, W.L.: Sweat gland carcinoma: a clinicopathologic problem. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 47, 767–780 (1967)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Mishima, Y., Morioka, S.: Oncogenic differentiation of the intraepidermal eccrine sweat duct: eccrine poroma, poroepithelioma and porocarcinoma. Dermatologica 138, 238–250 (1969)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Miyamoto, T., Hagari, Y., Inoue, S., et al.: Axillary apocrine carcinoma with benign apocrine tumours: a case report involving a pathological and immunohistochemical study and review of the literature. J. Clin. Pathol. 58, 757–761 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Nadji, M., Morales, A.R., Girtanner, R.E., et al.: Paget’s disease of the skin: a unifying concept of histogenesis. Cancer 50, 2203–2206 (1982)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Narang, T., De, D., Dogra, S., Saikia, U.N., et al.: Linear papules and nodules on the neck. Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SP). Arch. Dermatol. 144, 1509–1514 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Naversen, D.N., Trask, D.M., Watson, F.H., et al.: Painful tumors of the skin, ‘LEND AN EGG’. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 28, 298–300 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Nickoloff, B.J., Fleischmann, H.E., Carmel, J., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma. Immunohistologic observations suggesting dual (pilar and eccrine) differentiation. Arch. Dermatol. 122, 290–294 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Nomura, K., Kogawa, T., Hashimoto, I., et al.: Eccrine syringofibroadenomatous hyperplasia in a patient with bullous pemphigoid: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatologica 182, 59–62 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Offidani, A., Campanati, A.: Papillary hidradenoma: immunohistochemical analysis of steroid receptor profile with a focus on apocrine differentiation. J. Clin. Pathol. 52, 829–832 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Ohnishi, T., Watanabe, S.: Immunohistochemical analysis of keratin expression in clear cell syringoma. A comparative study with conventional syringoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 24, 370–376 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ohtsuka, H., Nozawa, R., Kushida, Y.: Synchronous microcystic adnexal carcinoma and gastric cancer with review of the literature. J. Dermatol. 32, 43–47 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Okada, N., Ota, J., Sato, K., et al.: Metastasizing sweat gland carcinoma. Arch. Dermatol. 120, 768–769 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Paget, J.: On disease of the mammary areola preceding cancer of the mammary gland. St. Barth. Hosp. Rep. 10, 87–89 (1874)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Park, H.J., Kim, Y.C., Cinn, Y.W.: Nodular hidradenocarcinoma with prominent squamous differentiation: case report and immunohistochemical study. J. Cutan. Pathol. 27, 423–427 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Paties, C., Taccagni, G.L., Papotti, M., et al.: Apocrine carcinoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study. Cancer 71, 375–381 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Patrizi, A., Neri, I., Marzaduri, S., et al.: Syringoma: a review of twenty-nine cases. Acta Derm. Venereol. 78, 460–462 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Penneys, N.S., Kaiser, M.: Cylindroma expresses immunohistochemical markers linking to eccrine coil. J. Cutan. Pathol. 20, 40–43 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Pilgram, J.P., Kloss, S.G., Wolfish, P.S., et al.: Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin with metastases to the lymph nodes. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 7, 461–469 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Pinkus, H.: Life history of naevus syringadenomatosus papilliferus. AMA Arch. Derm. Syphilol. 63, 305–322 (1954)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Pinkus, H., Mehregan, A.H.: Epidermoptropic eccrine carcinoma: a case combining features of eccrine poroma and Paget’s disease. Arch. Dermatol. 88, 597–606 (1963)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Pinkus, H., Rogin, J.R., Goldman, P.: Eccrine poroma: tumors exhibiting features of the epidermal sweat duct unit. Arch. Dermatol. 74, 511–521 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Piura, B., Zirkin, H.J.: Vulvar Paget’s disease with an underlying sweat gland adenocarcinoma. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 14, 533–537 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Plumb, S.J., Argenyi, Z.B., Stone, M.S., et al.: Cytokeratin 5/6 immunostaining in cutaneous adnexal neoplasms and metastatic adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 26, 447–451 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Poiares, B.A., Tellechea, O., Reis, J.P., et al.: Eccrine porocarcinoma: a review of 24 cases. Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 120, 107–115 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  158. Pujol, R.M., LeBoit, P.E., Su, W.P.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma with extensive sebaceous differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 358–362 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Pylyser, K., Dewolf-Peeters, C., Marlen, K.: The histology of eccrine poromas: a study of 14 cases. Dermatologica 167, 243–249 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Rahilly, M.A., Beattie, G.J., Lessells, A.M.: Mucinous eccrine carcinoma of the vulva with neuroendocrine differentiation. Histopathology 27, 82–86 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Rayne, S.C., Santa Cruz, D.J.: Anaplastic Paget’s disease. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 16, 1085–1091 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Regauer, S.: Extramammary Paget’s disease-a proliferation of adnexal origin? Histopathology 48, 723–729 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Reid-Nicholson, M., Iyengar, P., Friedlander, M.A., et al.: Fine needle aspiration biopsy of primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin: a case report. Acta Cytol. 50, 317–322 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Requena, L., Kiryu, H., Ackerman, A.B.: Neoplasms with Apocrine Differentiation – Ackerman’s Histologic Diagnosis of Neoplastic Skin Disease: A Method by Pattern Analysis. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  165. Robinson, A.R.: Hidrocystoma. J. Cutan. Genitourin. Dis. 11, 293–303 (1893)

    Google Scholar 

  166. Robinson, A., Greene, J., Ansari, N., et al.: Eccrine porocarcinoma (malignant eccrine poroma): a clinicopathologic study of 69 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 710–720 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Rongioletti, F., Gambini, C., Parodi, A., et al.: Mossy leg with eccrine syringofibroadenomatous hyperplasia resembling multiple eccrine syringofibroadenoma. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 21, 454–456 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Rosborough, D.: Malignant mixed tumours of skin. Br. J. Surg. 50, 697–699 (1963)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Rulon, D.B., Helwig, E.B.: Papillary eccrine adenoma. Arch. Dermatol. 113, 596–598 (1977)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Sakorafas, G.H., Blanchard, D.K., Sarr, M.G., et al.: Paget’s disease of the breast: a clinical perspective. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 386, 444–450 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Salerno, S., Terrill, P.: Will MAC be back? Aust. NZ. J. Surg. 73, 830–832 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Santa Cruz, D.J.: Sweat gland carcinomas: a comprehensive review. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 4, 38–74 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  173. Satoh, F., Umemura, S., Osamura, R.Y.: Immunohistochemical analysis of GCDFP-15 and GCDFP-24 in mammary and non-mammary tissue. Breast Cancer 7, 49–55 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Schweitzer, W.J., Goldin, H.M., Bronson, D.M., et al.: Ulcerated tumor on the scalp. Clear-cell hidradenoma. Arch. Dermatol. 125, 985–986 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Seab, J.A., Graham, J.H.: Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 17, 113–118 (1987)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Seyhan, T., Borman, H., Bal, N.: Malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the scalp. J. Craniofac. Surg. 19, 1608–1612 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Shaw, M., McKee, P.H., Lowe, D., et al.: Malignant eccrine poroma: a study of twenty-seven cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 107, 675–680 (1982)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Shenoy, Y.: Malignant perianal papillary hidradenoma. Arch. Dermatol. 83, 119–121 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Shieh, S., Dee, A.S., Cheney, R.T., et al.: Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of extramammary Paget’s disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 146, 1000–1005 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Shintaku, M., Tsuta, K., Yoshida, H., et al.: Apocrine adenocarcinoma of the eyelid with aggressive biological behavior: report of a case. Pathol. Int. 52, 169–173 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Smith, J.D., Chernosky, M.E.: Hidrocystomas. Arch. Dermatol. 108, 676–679 (1973)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Smith, K.J., Williams, J., Corbett, D., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study including markers of proliferation and apoptosis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 464–471 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Snow, S., Madjar, D.D., Hardy, S., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: report of 13 cases and review of the literature. Dermatol. Surg. 27, 401–408 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Snow, S.N., Reizner, G.T.: Eccrine porocarcinoma of the face. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 27, 306–312 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Snow, S., Reizner, G., Dudley, C., et al.: Eccrine mucinous carcinoma. In: Miller, S., Maloney, M. (eds.) Cutaneous Oncology, pp. 758–762. Blackwell Science, Malden) (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  186. Soler-Carrillo, J., Estrach, T., Mascaro, J.M.: Eruptive syringoma: 27 new cases and review of the literature. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 15, 242–246 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Soyer, H.P., Kerl, H., Ott, A.: Spiradenocylindroma - more than a coincidence? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 20, 315–317 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Stein, J.M., Ormsby, A., Esclamado, R., et al.: The effect of radiation therapy on microcystic adnexal carcinoma: a case report. Head Neck 25, 251–254 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Stout, A.P., Cooley, S.G.: Carcinoma of sweat glands. Cancer 4, 521–536 (1951)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Takeda, H., Mitsuhashi, Y., Hayashi, M., et al.: Eccrine syringofibroadenoma: case report and review of the literature. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 15, 147–149 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Tay, J.S., Tapen, E.M., Solari, P.G.: Malignant eccrine spiradenoma. Case report and review of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 552–557 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Tellechea, O., Reis, J.P., Marques, C., et al.: Tubular apocrine adenoma with eccrine and apocrine immunophenotypes or papillary tubular adenoma? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 17, 499–505 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Ter Poorten, M.C., Barrett, K., Cook, J.: Familial eccrine spiradenoma: a case report and review of literature. Dermatol. Surg. 29, 411–414 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Thomas, C.J., Wood, G.C., Marks, V.J.: Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of rare aggressive cutaneous tumors: the Geisinger experience. Dermatol. Surg. 33, 333–339 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Uede, K., Yamamoto, Y., Furukawa, F.: Brooke-Spiegler syndrome associated with cylindroma, trichoepithelioma, spiradenoma and syringoma. J. Dermatol. 31, 32–38 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Urban, C.D., Cannon, J.R., Cole, R.D.: Eruptive syringomas in Down’s syndrome. Arch. Dermatol. 117, 374–375 (1981)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Urso, C., Bondi, R., Paglierani, M., et al.: Carcinomas of sweat glands: report of 60 cases. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125, 498–505 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Vang, R., Cohen, P.R.: Ectopic hidradenoma papilliferum: a case report and review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 41, 115–118 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Wang, J., Roenigk, H.J.: Treatment of multiple facial syringomas with the carbon dioxide laser. Dermatol. Surg. 25, 136–139 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Warkel, R.L., Helwig, E.B.: Apocrine gland adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the axilla. Arch. Dermatol. 114, 198–203 (1978)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Wick, M.R., Cooper, P.H., Swanson, P.E., et al.: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical comparison with other cutaneous appendage tumors. Arch. Dermatol. 126, 189–194 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Wick, M.R., Swanson, P.E.: Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin. A clinical, histological, and immunocytochemical comparison with adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands and adenoid basal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 8, 2–13 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Wilkinson, E.J., Brown, H.M.: Vulvar Paget disease of urothelial origin: a report of three cases and a proposed classification of vulvar Paget disease. Hum. Pathol. 33, 549–554 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Willman, J.H., Golitz, L.E., Fitzpatrick, J.E.: Vulvar clear cells of Toker. Precursors of extramammary Paget’s disease. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 27, 185–188 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Wittenberg, G., Rovertson, D., Solomon, A.: Eccrine porocarcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery: a report of five cases. Dermatol. Surg. 21, 911–913 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Woodworth, H., Dockerty, M., Wilson, R.B.: Papillary hidradenoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study of 69 cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 10, 501–508 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  207. Yamamoto, O., Haratake, J., Yokoyama, S., et al.: A histopathological and ultrastructural studay of eccrine porocarcinoma with special reference to its subtypes. Virchos Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 420, 395–401 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Yamamoto, O., Yasuda, H.: An immunohistochemical study of the apocrine type of cutaneous mixed tumors with special reference to their follicular and sebaceous differentiation. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26, 232–241 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Yavuzer, R., Basterzi, Y., Sari, A., et al.: Chondroid syringoma: a diagnosis more frequent than expected. Dermatol. Surg. 29, 179–181 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Yeung, K.Y., Stinson, J.C.: Mucinous (adenocystic) carcinoma of sweat glands with widespread metastasis. Cancer 39, 2556–2562 (1977)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tumours with Follicular Differentiation

  1. Abbott, J.J., Hernandez-Rios, P., Amirkhan, R.H., Hoang, M.P.: Cystic sebaceous neoplasms in Muir-Torre syndrome. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127, 614–617 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ackerman, A.B., Reddy, V.B., Soyer, H.P.: Neoplasms with Follicular Differentiation. Ardor Scribendi, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ackerman, A., De Viragh, P., Chongchitnant, N.: Neoplasms with Follicular Differentiation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ackerman, A.B., Wade, T.R.: Tricholemmoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 2, 207–224 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Akasaka, T., Imamura, Y., Mori, Y., Iwasaki, M., Kon, S.: Trichoblastoma with rippled-pattern. J. Dermatol. 24, 174–178 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Aloi, F., Tomasini, C., Pippione, M.: Pigmented trichoblastoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 14, 345–349 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Amaral, A.L., Nascimento, A.G., Goellner, J.R.: Proliferating pilar (trichilemmal) cyst. Report of two cases, one with carcinomatous transformation and one with distant metastases. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 108, 808–810 (1984)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ansai, S., Mitsuhashi, Y., Kondo, S., Manabe, M.: Immunohistochemical differentiation of extra-ocular sebaceous carcinoma from other skin cancers. J. Dermatol. 31, 998–1008 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aquilina, S., Gatt, P., Boffa, M.J.: Pilomatricoma arising at a BCG vaccination site. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 31, 296–297 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Arnold, H.: Pilomatricoma (Letter to the Editor). Arch. Dermatol. 113, 998–1008 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ashinoff, R., Jacobson, M., Belsito, D.V.: Rombo syndrome: a second case report and review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 28, 1011–1014 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bapat, B.V., Madlensky, L., Temple, L.K., Hiruki, T., Redston, M., Baron, D.L., Xia, L., Marcus, V.A., Soravia, C., Mitri, A., Shen, W., Gryfe, R., Berk, T., Chodirker, B.N., Cohen, Z., Gallinger, S.: Family history characteristics, tumor microsatellite instability and germline MSH2 and MLH1 mutations in hereditary colorectal cancer. Hum. Genet. 104, 167–176 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bassarova, A., Nesland, J.M., Sedloev, T., Danielsen, H., Christova, S.: Pilomatrix carcinoma with lymph node metastases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 31, 330–335 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Batman, P.A., Evans, H.J.: Metastasising pilar tumour of scalp. J. Clin. Pathol. 39, 757–760 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bayer-Garner, I.B., Givens, V., Smoller, B.: Immunohistochemical staining for androgen receptors: a sensitive marker of sebaceous differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21, 426–431 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Behrens, J., von Kries, J.P., Kuhl, M., Bruhn, L., Wedlich, D., Grosschedl, R., Birchmeier, W.: Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 382, 638–642 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Berlin, A.L., Amin, S.P., Goldberg, D.J.: Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery: report of a case and review of literature. Dermatol. Surg. 34, 254–257 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Betti, R., Cerri, A., Moneghini, L., Inselvini, E., Crosti, C.: Adenoid-zystisches cribriformes Trichoblastom. Hautarzt 48, 417–419 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Betti, R., Inselvini, E., Vergani, R., Moneghini, L., Crosti, C.: Sebaceoma arising in association with seborrheic keratosis. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 58–61 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Boran, C., Parlak, A.H., Erkol, H.: Collision tumour of trichofolliculoma and basal cell carcinoma. Australas. J. Dermatol. 48, 127–129 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bremnes, R.M., Kvamme, J.M., Stalsberg, H., Jacobsen, E.A.: Pilomatrix carcinoma with multiple metastases: report of a case and review of the literature. Eur. J. Cancer 35, 433–437 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brownstein, M.H.: Trichilemmoma. Benign follicular tumor or viral wart? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 2, 229–231 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brownstein, M.H., Mehregan, A.H., Bikowski, J.B., Lupulescu, A., Patterson, J.C.: The dermatopathology of Cowden’s syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol. 100, 667–673 (1979)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brownstein, M.H., Shapiro, L.: Trichilemmoma. Analysis of 40 new cases. Arch. Dermatol. 107, 866–869 (1973)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brownstein, M.H., Wolf, M., Bikowski, J.B.: Cowden’s disease: a cutaneous marker of breast cancer. Cancer 41, 2393–2398 (1978)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Burgdorf, W.H., Pitha, J., Fahmy, A.: Muir-Torre syndrome. Histologic spectrum of sebaceous proliferations. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 8, 202–208 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Camarasa, J.G., Calderon, P., Moreno, A.: Familial multiple trichodiscomas. Acta Derm. Venereol. 68, 163–165 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Casas, J.G., Woscoff, A.: Giant pilar tumor of the scalp. Arch. Dermatol. 116, 1395 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chao, A.N., Shields, C.L., Krema, H., Shields, J.A.: Outcome of patients with periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma with and without conjunctival intraepithelial invasion. Ophthalmology 108, 1877–1883 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chartier, M., Reed, M.L., Mandavilli, S., Fung, M., Grant-Kels, J., Murphy, M.: CD34-reactive trichodiscoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 34, 808 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Collina, G., Eusebi, V., Capella, C., Rosai, J.: Merkel cell differentiation in trichoblastoma. Virchows Arch. 433, 291–296 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Collins, G.L., Somach, S., Morgan, M.B.: CD-34-reactive trichodiscoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 33, 709 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Cribier, B., Asch, P.H., Regnier, C., Rio, M.C., Grosshans, E.: Expression of human hair keratin basic 1 in pilomatrixoma. A study of 128 cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 600–604 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cribier, B., Scrivener, Y., Grosshans, E.: Tumors arising in nevus sebaceus: A study of 596 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42, 263–268 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. De Galvez-Aranda, M.V., Herrera-Ceballos, E., Sanchez-Sanchez, P., Bosch-Garcia, R.J., Matilla-Vicente, A.: Pilomatrix carcinoma with lymph node and pulmonary metastasis: report of a case arising on the knee. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 24, 139–143 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. del Pozo, J., Martinez, W., Yebra-Pimentel, M.T., Fonseca, E.: Lymphangiectatic variant of pilomatricoma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 18, 575–576 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Delfino, M., D’Anna, F., Ianniello, S., Donofrio, V.: Multiple hereditary trichoepithelioma and cylindroma (Brooke-Spiegler syndrome). Dermatologica 183, 150–153 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Diedhiou, A., Cazals-Hatem, D., Rondini, E., Sterkers, O., Degott, C., Wassef, M.: Sebaceous carcinoma of the submandibular gland: a case report. Ann. Pathol. 21, 348–351 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dinneen, A.M., Mehregan, D.R.: Sebaceous epithelioma: a review of twenty-one cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 34, 47–50 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dogru, M., Matsuo, H., Inoue, M., Okubo, K., Yamamoto, M.: Management of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas. Ophthalmologica 211, 40–43 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dores, G.M., Curtis, R.E., Toro, J.R., Devesa, S.S., Fraumeni Jr., J.F.: Incidence of cutaneous sebaceous carcinoma and risk of associated neoplasms: insight into Muir-Torre syndrome. Cancer 113, 3372–3381 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Elston, D.M., James, W.D., Rodman, O.G., Graham, G.F.: Multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden’s disease) associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Arch. Dermatol. 122, 572–575 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Entius, M.M., Keller, J.J., Drillenburg, P., Kuypers, K.C., Giardiello, F.M., Offerhaus, G.J.: Microsatellite instability and expression of hMLH-1 and hMSH-2 in sebaceous gland carcinomas as markers for Muir-Torre syndrome. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 1784–1789 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fan, Y.S., Carr, R.A., Sanders, D.S., Smith, A.P., Lazar, A.J., Calonje, E.: Characteristic Ber-EP4 and EMA expression in sebaceoma is immunohistochemically distinct from basal cell carcinoma. Histopathology 51, 80–86 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fender, A.B., Reale, V.F., Scott, G.A.: Anetodermic pilomatricoma with perforation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58, 535–536 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fenske, C., Banerjee, P., Holden, C., Carter, N.: Brooke-Spiegler syndrome locus assigned to 16q12–q13. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114, 1057–1058 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Folpe, A.L., Reisenauer, A.K., Mentzel, T., Rutten, A., Solomon, A.R.: Proliferating trichilemmal tumors: clinicopathologic evaluation is a guide to biologic behavior. J. Cutan. Pathol. 30, 492–498 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Forbis Jr., R., Helwig, E.B.: Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma). Arch. Dermatol. 83, 606–618 (1961)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gambichler, T., Wolter, M., Altmeyer, P., Hoffman, K.: Treatment of Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome with erbium:YAG laser. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, 856–858 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gat, U., DasGupta, R., Degenstein, L., Fuchs, E.: De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95, 605–614 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gilaberte, Y., Ferrer-Lozano, M., Olivan, M.J., Coscojuela, C., Abascal, M., Lapunzina, P.: Multiple giant pilomatricoma in familial Sotos syndrome. Pediatr. Dermatol. 25, 122–125 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gloor, P., Ansari, I., Sinard, J.: Sebaceous carcinoma presenting as a unilateral papillary conjunctivitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 127, 458–459 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Graham, B.S., Barr, R.J.: Rippled-pattern sebaceous trichoblastoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 27, 455–459 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gray, H., Helwig, E.B.: Trichofolliculoma. Arch Dermatol 86, 99–105 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Grosshans, E., Dungler, T., Hanau, D.: Pinkus’ trichodiscoma (author’s transl). Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 108, 837–846 (1981)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Haas, N., Audring, H., Sterry, W.: Carcinoma arising in a proliferating trichilemmal cyst expresses fetal and trichilemmal hair phenotype. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 24, 340–344 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Haferkamp, B., Bastian, B.C., Brocker, E.B., Hamm, H.: Pilomatrixkarzinom in ungewöhnlicher Lokalisation. Fallnericht und Literaturübersicht. Hautarzt 50, 355–359 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hague, J.S., Maheshwari, M., Ryatt, K.S., Abdullah, A.: Proliferating pilomatricoma mimicking pyogenic granuloma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 21, 688–689 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Harada, H., Hashimoto, K., Ko, M.S.: The gene for multiple familial trichoepithelioma maps to chromosome 9p21. J. Invest. Dermatol. 107, 41–43 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hardisson, D., Linares, M.D., Cuevas-Santos, J., Contreras, F.: Pilomatrix carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of six cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 394–401 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hartschuh, W., Schulz, T.: Immunohistochemical investigation of the different developmental stages of trichofolliculoma with special reference to the Merkel cell. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21, 8–15 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hashimoto, K., Nelson, R.G., Lever, W.F.: Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies. J. Invest. Dermatol. 46, 391–408 (1966)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hashimoto, Y., Matsuo, S., Iizuka, H.: A DNA-flow cytometric analysis of trichilemmal carcinoma, proliferating trichilemmal cyst and trichilemmal cyst. Acta Derm. Venereol. 74, 358–360 (1994)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Headington, J.T.: Differentiating neoplasms of hair germ. J. Clin. Pathol. 23, 464–471 (1970)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Headington, J.T.: Tricholemmoma. To be or not to be? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 2, 225–226 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Headington, J.T.: Tumors of the hair follicle. A review. Am. J. Pathol. 85, 479–514 (1976)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Headington, J.T., French, A.J.: Primary neoplasms of the hair follicle. Histogenesis and classification. Arch. Dermatol. 86, 430–441 (1962)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hendricks, D.L., Liang, M.D., Borochovitz, D., Miller, T.: A case of multiple pilar tumors and pilar cysts involving the scalp and back. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 87, 763–767 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Herrero, J., Monteagudo, C., Ruiz, A., Llombart-Bosch, A.: Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumours: an histopathological and immunohistochemical study of three cases with DNA ploidy and morphometric evaluation. Histopathology 33, 542–546 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hunt, S.J., Kilzer, B., Santa Cruz, D.J.: Desmoplastic trichilemmoma: histologic variant resembling invasive carcinoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 17, 45–52 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Husain, A., Blumenschein, G., Esmaeli, B.: Treatment and outcomes for metastatic sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Int. J. Dermatol. 47, 276–279 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Illueca, C., Monteagudo, C., Revert, A., Llombart-Bosch, A.: Diagnostic value of CD34 immunostaining in desmoplastic trichilemmoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 25, 435–439 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Inui, S., Kanda, R., Hata, S.: Pilomatricoma with a bullous appearance. J. Dermatol. 24, 57–59 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Jacob, C.I., Dover, J.S.: Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: treatment of cutaneous manifestations with laser skin resurfacing. Arch. Dermatol. 137, 98–99 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jani, P., Chetty, R., Ghazarian, D.M.: An unusual composite pilomatrix carcinoma with intralesional melanocytes: differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical evaluation, and review of the literature. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 30, 174–177 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Jaqueti, G., Requena, L., Sanchez Yus, E.: Trichoblastoma is the most common neoplasm developed in nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: a clinicopathologic study of a series of 155 cases. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 108–118 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Jones, C.C., Tschen, J.A.: Anetodermic cutaneous changes overlying pilomatricomas. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 25, 1072–1076 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Julian, C.G., Bowers, P.W.: A clinical review of 209 pilomatricomas. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 39, 191–195 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaddu, S., Schaeppi, H., Kerl, H., Soyer, H.P.: Basaloid neoplasms in nevus sebaceus. J. Cutan. Pathol. 27, 327–337 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kaddu, S., Schaeppi, H., Kerl, H., Soyer, H.P.: Subcutaneous trichoblastoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26, 490–496 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaddu, S., Schappi, H., Kerl, H., Soyer, H.P.: Trichoblastoma and sebaceoma in nevus sebaceus. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21, 552–556 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kaddu, S., Soyer, H.P., Cerroni, L., Salmhofer, W., Hodl, S.: Clinical and histopathologic spectrum of pilomatricomas in adults. Int. J. Dermatol. 33, 705–708 (1994)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kaddu, S., Soyer, H.P., Hodl, S., Kerl, H.: Morphological stages of pilomatricoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 18, 333–338 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kaddu, S., Soyer, H.P., Wolf, I.H., Kerl, H.: Proliferating pilomatricoma. A histopathologic simulator of matrical carcinoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 24, 228–234 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kahle, B., Hellwig, S., Schulz, T.: Multiple Mantleome bei Birt-Hogg-Dube-Syndrom Erfolgreiche Therapie mit dem CO2-Laser. Hautarzt 52, 43–46 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kambe, Y., Nakano, H., Kaneko, T., Aizu, T., Ikenaga, S., Harada, K., Nakajima, N., Moritsugu, R., Hanada, K.: Giant pilomatricoma associated with hypercalcaemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Br. J. Dermatol. 155, 208–210 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kazakov, D.V., Kutzner, H., Rutten, A., Mukensnabl, P., Michal, M.: Carcinoid-like pattern in sebaceous neoplasms: another distinctive, previously unrecognized pattern in extraocular sebaceous carcinoma and sebaceoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 27, 195–203 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kazakov, D.V., Michal, M.: Trichoepithelioma with giant and multinucleated neoplastic epithelial cells. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 28, 63–64 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Khoo, S.K., Bradley, M., Wong, F.K., Hedblad, M.A., Nordenskjold, M., Teh, B.T.: Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: mapping of a novel hereditary neoplasia gene to chromosome 17p12–q11.2. Oncogene 20, 5239–5242 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kim, E.H., Jeong, S.Y., Kim, H.J., Kim, Y.C.: A case of Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. J. Korean Med. Sci. 23, 332–335 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kim, Y.C., Vandersteen, D.P., Park, H.J., Cinn, Y.W.: A case of giant proliferating trichilemmal tumor with malignant transformation. J. Dermatol. 27, 687–688 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kimura, T., Miyazawa, H., Aoyagi, T., Ackerman, A.B.: Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma. A distinctive malformation of the skin. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 13, 213–220 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kiyohara, T., Kumakiri, M., Kuwahara, H., Saitoh, A., Ansai, S.: Rippled-pattern sebaceoma: a report of a lesion on the back with a review of the literature. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 28, 446–448 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kondo, T., Tanaka, Y.: Malignant pilomatricoma in the parietal area. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 12, 251–253 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Korting, H.C., Konz, B.: Koinzidenz multipler Zylindrome mit Trichoepitheliomen (Brooke-Spiegler-Syndrom. Hautarzt 33, 34–46 (1982)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kruse, R., Rutten, A., Lamberti, C., Hosseiny-Malayeri, H.R., Wang, Y., Ruelfs, C., Jungck, M., Mathiak, M., Ruzicka, T., Hartschuh, W., Bisceglia, M., Friedl, W., Propping, P.: Muir-Torre phenotype has a frequency of DNA mismatch-repair-gene mutations similar to that in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families defined by the Amsterdam criteria. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 63–70 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kupres, K.A., Krivda, S.J., Turiansky, G.W.: Numerous asymptomatic facial papules and multiple pulmonary cysts: a case of Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Cutis 72, 127–131 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kurzen, H., Esposito, L., Langbein, L., Hartschuh, W.: Cytokeratins as markers of follicular differentiation: an immunohistochemical study of trichoblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 501–509 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kutzner, H., Requena, L., Rutten, A., Mentzel, T.: Spindle cell predominant trichodiscoma: a fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma variant considered formerly to be a neurofollicular hamartoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 17 cases. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 28, 1–8 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kuwahara, R.T., Rudolph, T.M., Skinner Jr., R.B., Rasberry, R.D.: A large ulcerated tumor on the back. Diagnosis: solitary giant sebaceous carcinoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. Arch. Dermatol. 137, 1367–1372 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lachiewicz, A.M., Wilkinson, T.M., Groben, P., Ollila, D.W., Thomas, N.E.: Muir-Torre syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 8, 315–319 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lao, L.M., Kumakiri, M., Kiyohara, T., Sakata, K., Takeuchi, A.: Papillary endothelial hyperplasia and dilated lymphatic vessels in bullous pilomatricoma. Acta Derm. Venereol. 85, 160–163 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Lazar, A.J., Calonje, E., Grayson, W., Dei Tos, A.P., Mihm Jr., M.C., Redston, M., McKee, P.H.: Pilomatrix carcinomas contain mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding beta-catenin. J. Cutan. Pathol. 32, 148–157 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. GR, L.W.F.: Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe: report of 15 cases, with comments on its differentiation from calcified epidermal cyst and on its histogenesis. Arch. Dermatol. 59, 506–518 (1949)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Lineaweaver, W.C., Wang, T.N., Leboit, P.L.: Pilomatrix carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 37, 171–174 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lopez-Rios, F., Rodriguez-Peralto, J.L., Aguilar, A., Hernandez, L., Gallego, M.: Proliferating trichilemmal cyst with focal invasion: report of a case and a review of the literature. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 183–187 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lozzi, G.P., Soyer, H.P., Fruehauf, J., Massone, C., Kerl, H., Peris, K.: Giant pilomatricoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 29, 286–289 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lynch, H.T., Fusaro, R.M., Roberts, L., Voorhees, G.J., Lynch, J.F.: Muir-Torre syndrome in several members of a family with a variant of the Cancer Family Syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol. 113, 295–301 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. CJ, M.A.: Note sur l’epitheliome calcifie des glandes sebacées. Prog. Med. 8, 826–828 (1880)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Margo, C.E., Mulla, Z.D.: Malignant tumors of the eyelid: a population-based study of non-basal cell and non-squamous cell malignant neoplasms. Arch. Ophthalmol. 116, 195–198 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mathis, E.D., Honningford, J.B., Rodriguez, H.E., Wind, K.P., Connolly, M.M., Podbielski, F.J.: Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 351–353 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Matt, D., Xin, H., Vortmeyer, A.O., Zhuang, Z., Burg, G., Boni, R.: Sporadic trichoepithelioma demonstrates deletions at 9q22.3. Arch. Dermatol. 136, 657–660 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. McBride, S.R., Leonard, N., Reynolds, N.J.: Loss of p21(WAF1) compartmentalisation in sebaceous carcinoma compared with sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous adenoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 55, 763–766 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. McGavran, M.H.: Ultrastructure of pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma). Cancer 18, 1445–1456 (1965)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. McNiff, J.M., Eisen, R.N., Glusac, E.J.: Immunohistochemical comparison of cutaneous lymphadenoma, trichoblastoma, and basal cell carcinoma: support for classification of lymphadenoma as a variant of trichoblastoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26, 119–124 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Mehregan, A.H.: Infundibular tumors of the skin. J. Cutan. Pathol. 11, 387–395 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Mehregan, A.H., Lee, K.C.: Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumors–report of three cases. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 13, 1339–1342 (1987)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Migirov, L., Fridman, E., Talmi, Y.P.: Pilomatrixoma of the retroauricular area and arm. J. Pediatr. Surg. 37, E20 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Mir, R., Cortes, E., Papantoniou, P.A., Heller, K., Muehlhausen, V., Kahn, L.B.: Metastatic trichomatricial carcinoma. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110, 660–663 (1986)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Misago, N., Mihara, I., Ansai, S., Narisawa, Y.: Sebaceoma and related neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 24, 294–304 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Misago, N., Narisawa, Y.: Rippled-pattern sebaceoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 437–443 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Miyakawa, S., Araki, Y., Sugawara, M.: Generalized trichoepitheliomas with alopecia and myasthenia gravis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19, 361–362 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Miyake, H., Hara, H., Shimojima, H., Suzuki, H.: Follicular hybrid cyst (trichilemmal cyst and pilomatricoma) arising within a nevus sebaceus. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 26, 390–393 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Mones, J.M., Ackeman, A.B.: Proliferating trichilemmal cyst is a squamous-cell carcinoma. Dermatopathol. Pract Concept. 4, 295–310 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  125. Moreno, C., Jacyk, W.K., Judd, M.J., Requena, L.: Highly aggressive extraocular sebaceous carcinoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 450–455 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Nguyen, G.K., Mielke, B.W.: Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma with intraepidermal (pagetoid) spread. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 9, 364–365 (1987)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Niedermeyer, H.P., Peris, K., Hofler, H.: Pilomatrix carcinoma with multiple visceral metastases. Report of a case. Cancer 77, 1311–1314 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Nielsen, T.A., Maia-Cohen, S., Hessel, A.B., Xie, D.L., Pellegrini, A.E.: Sebaceous neoplasm with reticulated and cribriform features: a rare variant of sebaceoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 25, 233–235 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Nishie, W., Kimura, T.: Follicular germinative cells in pilomatricoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 28, 510–513 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Noto, G.: ‘Benign’ proliferating trichilemmal tumour: does it really exist? Histopathology 35, 386–387 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Noto, G.: Re: Malignant transformation of a giant proliferating trichilemmal tumor of the scalp. Ann. Plast. Surg. 43, 574–575 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Noto, G., Pravata, G., Arico, M.: Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 202–204 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Noto, G., Pravata, G., Arico, M.: Proliferating tricholemmal cyst should always be considered as a low-grade carcinoma. Dermatology 194, 374–375 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Noto, G., Pravata, G., Arico, M.: “Shadow” cells in proliferating trichilemmal tumors. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 12, 319–320 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. O’Donovan, D.G., Freemont, A.J., Adams, J.E., Markham, D.E.: Malignant pilomatrixoma with bone metastasis. Histopathology 23, 385–386 (1993)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Ogata, T., Tanaka, S., Goto, T., Iijima, T., Kawano, H., Sasaki, M., Ishida, T., Nakamura, K.: Giant trichoblastoma mimicking malignancy. Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg. 119, 225–227 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Ohara, N., Taguchi, K., Yamamoto, M., Nagano, T., Akagi, T.: Sebaceous carcinoma of the submandibular gland with high-grade malignancy: report of a case. Pathol. Int. 48, 287–291 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Okuda, C., Ito, M., Fujiwara, H., Takenouchi, T.: Sebaceous epithelioma with sweat gland differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 17, 523–528 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Oswiecimska, J.M., Ziora, K.T., Ziora, K.N., Pindycka-Piaszczynska, M., Zajecki, W., Pikiewicz-Koch, A., Stojewska, M.: Growth hormone therapy in boy with panhypopituitarism may induce pilomatricoma recurrence: case report. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 29, 51–54 (2008)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Oursin, C., Kruger, H.J., Sigmund, G., Hellerich, U.: MR imaging of a giant solitary trichoepithelioma of the skin. Radiologe 31, 574–576 (1991)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Padberg, G.W., Schot, J.D., Vielvoye, G.J., Bots, G.T., de Beer, F.C.: Lhermitte-Duclos disease and Cowden disease: a single phakomatosis. Ann. Neurol. 29, 517–523 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Park, B.S., Yang, S.G., Cho, K.H.: Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor showing distant metastases. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 536–539 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Perez Tato, B., Saez, A.C., Fernandez, P.R.: Superficial angiomyxoma with trichofolliculoma. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 12, 375–377 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Peris, K., Onorati, M.T., Keller, G., Magrini, F., Donati, P., Muscardin, L., Hofler, H., Chimenti, S.: Widespread microsatellite instability in sebaceous tumours of patients with the Muir-Torre syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol. 137, 356–360 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Pickford, M.A., Hogg, F.J., Fallowfield, M.E., Webster, M.H.: Sebaceous carcinoma of the periorbital and extraorbital regions. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 48, 93–96 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Pilarski, R.: Cowden syndrome: a critical review of the clinical literature. J. Genet. Couns. 18, 13–27 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Pinkus, H., Coskey, R., Burgess, G.H.: Trichodiscoma. A benign tumor related to haarscheibe (hair disk). J. Invest. Dermatol. 63, 212–218 (1974)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Plewig, G.: Sebaceous trichofolliculoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 7, 394–403 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Poiares Baptista, A., Garcia, E.S.L., Born, M.C.: Proliferating trichilemmal cyst. J. Cutan. Pathol. 10, 178–187 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Ponti, G., Ponz de Leon, M.: Muir-Torre syndrome. Lancet Oncol. 6, 980–987 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Pricolo, V.E., Rodil, J.V., Vezeridis, M.P.: Extraorbital sebaceous carcinoma. Arch. Surg. 120, 853–855 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Pujol, R.M., Casanova, J.M., Egido, R., Pujol, J., de Moragas, J.M.: Multiple familial pilomatricomas: a cutaneous marker for Gardner syndrome? Pediatr. Dermatol. 12, 331–335 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rabkin, M.S., Wittwer, C.T., Soong, V.Y.: Flow cytometric DNA content analysis of a case of pilomatrix carcinoma showing multiple recurrences and invasion of the cranial vault. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 23, 104–108 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Rahbari, H., Mehregan, A.H.: Development of proliferating trichilemmal cyst in organoid nevus. Presentation of two cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 14, 123–126 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Rao, N.A., Hidayat, A.A., McLean, I.W., Zimmerman, L.E.: Sebaceous carcinomas of the ocular adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 104 cases, with five-year follow-up data. Hum. Pathol. 13, 113–122 (1982)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Reed, R.J.: Tricholemmoma. A cutaneous hamartoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 2, 227–228 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Regauer, S., Beham-Schmid, C., Okcu, M., Hartner, E., Mannweiler, S.: Trichoblastic carcinoma (“malignant trichoblastoma”) with lymphatic and hematogenous metastases. Mod. Pathol. 13, 673–678 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Requena, L., Kuztner, H., Farina, M.C.: Pigmented and nested sebomatricoma or seborrheic keratosis with sebaceous differentiation? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 20, 383–388 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Requena, L., Sanchez Yus, E.: Cutaneous lymphadenoma with ductal differentiation. J. Cutan. Pathol. 19, 429–433 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Retamar, R.A., Stengel, F., Saadi, M.E., Kien, M.C., Della Giovana, P., Cabrera, H., Chouela, E.N.: Brooke-Spiegler syndrome – report of four families: treatment with CO2 laser. Int. J. Dermatol. 46, 583–586 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Richfield, D.F.: Tricholemmoma. True and false types. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 2, 233–234 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Rohwedder, A., Keminer, O., Hendricks, C., Schaller, J.: Detection of HPV DNA in trichilemmomas by polymerase chain reaction. J. Med. Virol. 51, 119–125 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Rulon, D.B., Helwig, E.B.: Cutaneous sebaceous neoplasms. Cancer 33, 82–102 (1974)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Rutten, A., Burgdorf, W., Hugel, H., Kutzner, H., Hosseiny-Malayeri, H.R., Friedl, W., Propping, P., Kruse, R.: Cystic sebaceous tumors as marker lesions for the Muir-Torre syndrome: a histopathologic and molecular genetic study. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21, 405–413 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Sable, D., Snow, S.N.: Pilomatrix carcinoma of the back treated by mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol. Surg. 30, 1174–1176 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Sakai, A., Maruyama, Y., Hayashi, A.: Proliferating pilomatricoma: a subset of pilomatricoma. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 61, 811–814 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Sakamoto, F., Ito, M., Nakamura, A., Sato, Y.: Proliferating trichilemmal cyst with apocrine-acrosyringeal and sebaceous differentiation. J. Cutan. Pathol. 18, 137–141 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Salem, O.S., Steck, W.D.: Cowden’s disease (multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome). A case report and review of the English literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 8, 686–696 (1983)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Santa Cruz, D.J., Barr, R.J., Headington, J.T.: Cutaneous lymphadenoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 15, 101–110 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Sassmannshausen, J., Chaffins, M.: Pilomatrix carcinoma: a report of a case arising from a previously excised pilomatrixoma and a review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44, 358–361 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Satyaprakash, A.K., Sheehan, D.J., Sangueza, O.P.: Proliferating trichilemmal tumors: a review of the literature. Dermatol. Surg. 33, 1102–1108 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Sau, P., Graham, J.H., Helwig, E.B.: Proliferating epithelial cysts. Clinicopathological analysis of 96 cases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 22, 394–406 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Sau, P., Lupton, G.P., Graham, J.H.: Trichogerminoma. Report of 14 cases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 19, 357–365 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Scheinfeld, N.: Pilomatrical carcinoma: a case in a patient with HIV and hepatitis C. Dermatol. Online J. 14, 4 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  175. Schirren, C.G., Jansen, T., Lindner, A., Kind, P., Plewig, G.: Diffuse sebaceous gland hyperplasia. A case report and an immunohistochemical study with cytokeratins. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 18, 296–301 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Schirren, C.G., Rutten, A., Kaudewitz, P., Diaz, C., McClain, S., Burgdorf, W.H.: Trichoblastoma and basal cell carcinoma are neoplasms with follicular differentiation sharing the same profile of cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 341–350 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Schirren, C.G., Worle, B., Kind, P., Plewig, G.: A nevoid plaque with histological changes of trichoepithelioma and cylindroma in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome. An immunohistochemical study with cytokeratins. J. Cutan. Pathol. 22, 563–569 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Schulz, T., Ebschner, U., Hartschuh, W.: Localized Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome with prominent perivascular fibromas. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 149–153 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Schulz, T., Hartschuh, W.: Folliculo-sebaceous cystic hamartoma is a trichofolliculoma at its very late stage. J. Cutan. Pathol. 25, 354–364 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Schulz, T., Hartschuh, W.: The trichofolliculoma undergoes changes corresponding to the regressing normal hair follicle in its cycle. J. Cutan. Pathol. 25, 341–353 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Schwartz, R.A., Torre, D.P.: The Muir-Torre syndrome: a 25-year retrospect. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 33, 90–104 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Scully, K., Bargman, H., Assaad, D.: Solitary fibrofolliculoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11, 361–363 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Shapiro, S.D., Lambert, W.C., Schwartz, R.A.: Cowden’s disease. A marker for malignancy. Int. J. Dermatol. 27, 232–237 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Shet, T., Modi, C.: Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in simple and proliferating trichilemmal cysts (pilar cysts and pilar tumors). Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol. 47, 469–473 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Simon, R.S., de Eusebio, E., Alvarez-Vieitez, A., Sanchez Yus, E.: Folliculo-sebaceous cystic hamartoma is but the sebaceous end of tricho-sebo-folliculoma spectrum. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26, 109 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Singh, R.S., Grayson, W., Redston, M., Diwan, A.H., Warneke, C.L., McKee, P.H., Lev, D., Lyle, S., Calonje, E., Lazar, A.J.: Site and tumor type predicts DNA mismatch repair status in cutaneous sebaceous neoplasia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32, 936–942 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Southey, M.C., Young, M.A., Whitty, J., Mifsud, S., Keilar, M., Mead, L., Trute, L., Aittomaki, K., McLachlan, S.A., Debinski, H., Venter, D.J., Armes, J.E.: Molecular pathologic analysis enhances the diagnosis and management of Muir-Torre syndrome and gives insight into its underlying molecular pathogenesis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 936–941 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Stambolic, V., Suzuki, A., de la Pompa, J.L., Brothers, G.M., Mirtsos, C., Sasaki, T., Ruland, J., Penninger, J.M., Siderovski, D.P., Mak, T.W.: Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell 95, 29–39 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Starink, T.M.: Cowden’s disease: analysis of fourteen new cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11, 1127–1141 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Starink, T.M., Brownstein, M.H.: Fibrofolliculoma: solitary and multiple types. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 17, 493–496 (1987)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Starink, T.M., Hausman, R.: The cutaneous pathology of extrafacial lesions in Cowden’s disease. J. Cutan. Pathol. 11, 338–344 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Starink, T.M., Hausman, R.: The cutaneous pathology of facial lesions in Cowden’s disease. J. Cutan. Pathol. 11, 331–337 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Starink, T.M., Lane, E.B., Meijer, C.J.: Generalized trichoepitheliomas with alopecia and myasthenia gravis: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study and comparison with classic and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 15, 1104–1112 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Starink, T.M., Meijer, C.J., Brownstein, M.H.: The cutaneous pathology of Cowden’s disease: new findings. J. Cutan. Pathol. 12, 83–93 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Starink, T.M., van der Veen, J.P., Arwert, F., de Waal, L.P., de Lange, G.G., Gille, J.J., Eriksson, A.W.: The Cowden syndrome: a clinical and genetic study in 21 patients. Clin. Genet. 29, 222–233 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Stavrianeas, N.G., Katoulis, A.C., Stratigeas, N.P., Karagianni, I.N., Patertou-Stavrianea, M., Varelzidis, A.G.: Development of multiple tumors in a sebaceous nevus of Jadassohn. Dermatology 195, 155–158 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Steffen, C.: Mantleoma. A benign neoplasm with mantle differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 15, 306–310 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Steffen, C., Ackerman, A.B.: Neoplasms with Sebaceous Differentiation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  199. Takata, M., Rehman, I., Rees, J.L.: A trichilemmal carcinoma arising from a proliferating trichilemmal cyst: the loss of the wild-type p53 is a critical event in malignant transformation. Hum. Pathol. 29, 193–195 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Tay, Y.K.: Exophytic pilomatricoma. Pediatr. Dermatol. 20, 373 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Tellechea, O., Reis, J.P., Baptista, A.P.: Desmoplastic trichilemmoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 14, 107–4 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Toro, J.R., Glenn, G., Duray, P., Darling, T., Weirich, G., Zbar, B., Linehan, M., Turner, M.L.: Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: a novel marker of kidney neoplasia. Arch. Dermatol. 135, 1195–1202 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Tronnier, M.: Clear cell trichoblastoma in association with a nevus sebaceus. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23, 143–145 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Troy, J.L., Ackerman, A.B.: Sebaceoma. A distinctive benign neoplasm of adnexal epithelium differentiating toward sebaceous cells. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 6, 7–13 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Uede, K., Yamamoto, Y., Furukawa, F.: Brooke-Spiegler syndrome associated with cylindroma, trichoepithelioma, spiradenoma, and syringoma. J. Dermatol. 31, 32–38 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Uppal, S., Mistry, D., Coatesworth, A.P.: Cowden disease: a review. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 61, 645–652 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Usmani, A.S., Rofagha, R., Hessel, A.B.: Trichoblastic neoplasm with apocrine differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 24, 358–360 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. van der Walt, J.D., Rohlova, B.: Carcinomatous transformation in a pilomatrixoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 6, 63–69 (1984)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Wechsler, J., Fromont, G., Andre, J.M., Zafrani, E.S.: Cutaneous lymphadenoma with focal mucinosis. J. Cutan. Pathol. 19, 142–144 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Weedon, D.: Skin Pathology, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  211. Weiss, J., Heine, M., Grimmel, M., Jung, E.G.: Malignant proliferating trichilemmal cyst. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 32, 870–873 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Welsch, M.J., Krunic, A., Medenica, M.M.: Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome. Int. J. Dermatol. 44, 668–673 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Weyers, W., Nilles, M., Eckert, F., Schill, W.B.: Spiradenomas in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 15, 156–161 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Wick, M.R., Goellner, J.R., Wolfe 3rd, J.T., Su, W.P.: Adnexal carcinomas of the skin. II. Extraocular sebaceous carcinomas. Cancer 56, 1163–1172 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Wick, M.R., Swanson, P.E.: Cutaneous Adnexal Tumors: A guide to Pathologic Diagnosis. ASCP Press, Chicago (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  216. Wolfe III, J.T., Yeatts, R.P., Wick, M.R., Campbell, R.J., Waller, R.R.: Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Errors in clinical and pathologic diagnosis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 8, 597–606 (1984)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Wolfe, J.T., Wick, M.R., Campbell, R.J.: Sebaceous carcinoma of the oculo-cutaneous adnexa and extraocular skin. In: Wick, M.R. (ed.) Pathology of unusual malignant cutaneous tumours, pp. 77–106. Marcel Dekker, New York (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  218. Wong, W.K., Somburanasin, R., Wood, M.G.: Eruptive, multicentric pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma). Roentgenographic detection of fine tumor calcification. Arch. Dermatol. 106, 76–78 (1972)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Yamamoto, O., Asahi, M.: Cytokeratin expression in trichoblastic fibroma (small nodular type trichoblastoma), trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 8–16 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Ye, J., Nappi, O., Swanson, P.E., Patterson, J.W., Wick, M.R.: Proliferating pilar tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 76 cases with a proposal for definition of benign and malignant variants. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 122, 566–574 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Yen, M.T., Tse, D.T.: Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid and the human immunodeficiency virus. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 16, 206–210 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Young, A.L., Kellermayer, R., Szigeti, R., Teszas, A., Azmi, S., Celebi, J.T.: CYLD mutations underlie Brooke-Spiegler, familial cylindromatosis, and multiple familial trichoepithelioma syndromes. Clin. Genet. 70, 246–249 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Yu, D.K., Joo, Y.H., Cho, K.H.: Trichoblastoma with apocrine and sebaceous differentiation. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 27, 6–8 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Zulaica, A., Peteiro, C., Quintas, C., Pereiro Jr., M., Toribio, J.: Perforating pilomatricoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 15, 409–411 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Zurcher, M., Hintschich, C.R., Garner, A., Bunce, C., Collin, J.R.: Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid: a clinicopathological study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82, 1049–1055 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland

    Jivko A. Kamarashev

  2. Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036, Graz, Austria

    Steven Kaddu

Authors
  1. Jivko A. Kamarashev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Steven Kaddu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jivko A. Kamarashev .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatologische Klinik, Universitätsspital Zürich, Gloriastr. 31, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland

    Reinhard Dummer

  2. Mayo Clinic, Dept. Dermatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 1st St SW., 200, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota, USA

    Mark R. Pittelkow

  3. Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry &, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikata-cho 2-5-1, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan

    Keiji Iwatsuki

  4. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Queensland, Australia

    Adèle Green

  5. Fac. Medicine, Dept. Dermatology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Nagwa M. Elwan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kamarashev, J.A., Kaddu, S. (2010). Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Appendageal Tumours. In: Dummer, R., Pittelkow, M., Iwatsuki, K., Green, A., Elwan, N. (eds) Skin Cancer - A World-Wide Perspective. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05072-5_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05072-5_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05071-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-05072-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation