Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pathologie pp 789–813Cite as

Disseminiertes neuroendokrines Zellsystem

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 6020 Accesses

Part of the book series: Pathologie ((PATHOL))

Zusammenfassung

Das Kapitel behandelt die Pathologie des disseminierten neuroendokrinen Zellsystems. Aufgrund seiner endokrinen Funktionen kommt es im Falle von Erkrankungen häufig zu einer inadäquaten Hormonsekretion mit entsprechender Symptomatik. Die hierfür verantwortlichen hyperplastischen und neoplastischen Veränderungen werden im Einzelnen besprochen. Darüber hinaus kommen die zahlreichen nichtsyndromatischen neuroendokrinen Neoplasien zur Sprache, wobei auf die unterschiedliche Prognose in Abhängigkeit von Primärlokalisation, Hormonproduktion, histologischer Differenzierung und Stadium eingegangen wird. Da im gastroenteropankreatischen System von neuroendokrinen Neoplasien gesprochen wird, in anderen Organen jedoch von Karzinoiden, wird explizit auf die nomenklatorischen Unterschiede bei den Tumoren hingewiesen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   469.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Agaimy A, Erlenbach-Wünsch K, Konukiewitz B, Schmitt AM, Rieker RJ, Vieth M, Kiesewetter F, Hartmann A, Zamboni G, Perren A, Klöppel G (2013) ISL1 expression is not restricted to pancreatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms, but is also commonly found in well and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms of extrapancreatic origin. Mod Pathol 26:995–1003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahlman H, Dahlstrom A, Enerback L, Granerus G, Nilsson O, Persson S, Tisell LE (1988) Two cases of gastric carcinoids: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. World J Surg 12:356–361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Andrew A (1974) Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest. J Embryol Exp Morphol 31:589–598

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Angeles-Angeles A, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Larriva-Sahd J (1991) Primary carcinoid of the common bile duct. Immunohistochemical characterization of a case and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 96:341–344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Anlauf M, Garbrecht N, Henopp T, Schmitt A, Schlenger R, Raffel A, Krausch M, Gimm O, Eisenberger CF, Knoefel WT, Dralle H, Komminoth P, Heitz PU, Perren A, Kloppel G (2006) Sporadic versus hereditary gastrinomas of the duodenum and pancreas: distinct clinico-pathological and epidemiological features. World J Gastroenterol 12:5440–5446

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Antonioli DA, Dayal Y, Dvorak AM, Banks PA (1987) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Cure by surgical resection of a jejunal gastrinoma containing growth hormone releasing factor. Gastroenterology 92:814–823

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ashton MA (1995) Strumal carcinoid of the ovary associated with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and cutaneous melanosis. Histopathology 27:463–467

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Azumi N, Shibuya H, Ishikura M (1984) Primary prostatic carcinoid tumor with intracytoplasmic prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen. Am J Surg Pathol 8:545–550

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Azzoni C, Bonato M, D’Adda T, Usellini L, Piazza F, Gandolfi A, Bordi C, Capella C (1995) Well-differentiated endocrine tumours of the middle ear and of the hindgut have immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features in common. Virchows Arch 426:411–418

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Barbareschi M, Frigo B, Aldovini D, Leonardi E, Cristina S, Falleni M (1989) Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 416:81–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bhagavan BS, Slavin RE, Goldberg J, Rao RN (1986) Ectopic gastrinoma and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Hum Pathol 17:584–592

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bonato M, Cerati M, Pagani A, Papotti M, Bosi F, Bussolati G, Capella C (1992) Differential diagnostic patterns of lung neuroendocrine tumours. A clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical study of 122 cases. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 420:201–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bordi C, Costa A, Missale G (1975) Letter: ECL cell proliferation and gastrin levels. Gastroenterology 68:205–206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bordi C, Pilato FP, Bertele A, D’Adda T, Missale G (1988) Expression of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit by endocrine cells of the oxyntic mucosa is associated with hypergastrinemia. Hum Pathol 19:580–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bordi C, Yu JY, Baggi MT, Davoli C, Pilato FP, Baruzzi G, Gardini G, Zamboni G, Franzin G, Papotti M et al (1991) Gastric carcinoids and their precursor lesions. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases. Cancer 67:663–672

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (2010) WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  17. Burke AP, Federspiel BH, Sobin LH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EB (1989) Carcinoids of the duodenum. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of 65 tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 13:828–837

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Burke APHEB (1989) Gangliocytic paraganglioma. Am J Clin Pathol 92:1–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Burke AP, Sobin LH, Federspiel BH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EB (1990) Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum. A clinicopathologic study of 99 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114:700–704

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Calder KB, Smoller BR (2010) New insights into merkel cell carcinoma. Adv Anat Pathol 17:155–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Capella C, Gabrielli M, Polak JM, Buffa R, Solcia E, Bordi C (1979) Ultrastructural and histological study of 11 bronchial carcinoids. Evidence for different types. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 381:313–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Capella C, Heitz PU, Hofler H, Solcia E, Kloppel G (1994) Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, pancreas and gut. Digestion 55(3):11–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Capella C, Riva C, Rindi G (1991) Histopathology, hormone products, and clinicopathological profile of endocrine tumors of the upper small intestine: a study of 44 cases. Endocr Pathol 2:92–110

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chejfec G, Kovarick P, Graham G, Eichorst M, Gould VE (1992) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with extensive somatostatin immunoreactivity. Ultrastruct Pathol 16:537–545

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chetty R, Clark SP, Bhathal PS (1993) Carcinoid tumour of the uterine corpus. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 422:93–95

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Creutzfeldt W (1988) The achlorhydria-carcinoid sequence: role of gastrin. Digestion 39:61–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dayal Y (1994) Hyperplastic proliferations of enteroendocrine cells. Endocr Pathol 5:4–26

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dayal Y, Doos WG, O’Brien MJ, Nunnemacher G, DeLellis RA, Wolfe HJ (1983) Psammomatous somatostatinomas of the duodenum. Am J Surg Pathol 7:653–665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dayal Y, Tallberg KA, Nunnemacher G, DeLellis RA, Wolfe HJ (1986) Duodenal carcinoids in patients with and without neurofibromatosis. A comparative study. Am J Surg Pathol 10:348–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. DeLellis RA, Tischler AS (1991) The dispersed neuroendocrine cell system. In: Kovacs K, Asa S, (Hrsg) Functional endocrine pathology. Blackwell, Boston, S 493–508

    Google Scholar 

  31. Delle Fave G, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van Cutsem E, Rindi G, Kos-Kudla B, Knigge U, Sasano H, Tomassetti P, Salazar R, Ruszniewski P, Barcelona Consensus Conference p (2012) ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with gastroduodenal neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology 95:74–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dietel M, Klöppel G (2013) Pathologie. Bd. Mamma, Weibliches Genitale, Schwangerschaft und Kindererkrankungen. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  33. Donow C, Pipeleers-Marichal M, Schroder S, Stamm B, Heitz PU, Klöppel G (1991) Surgical pathology of gastrinoma. Site, size, multicentricity, association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and malignancy. Cancer 68:1329–1334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Donow C, Pipeleers-Marichal M, Stamm B, Heitz PU, Klöppel G (1990) The pathology of insulinoma and gastrinoma. The location, size, multicentricity, association with multiple endocrine type-I neoplasms and malignancy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 115:1386–1391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Dookhan DB, Miettinen M, Finkel G, Gibas Z (1993) Recurrent duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma with lymph node metastases. Histopathology 22:399–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Eissele R, Anlauf M, Schafer MK, Eiden LE, Arnold R, Weihe E (1999) Expression of vesicular monoamine transporters in endocrine hyperplasia and endocrine tumors of the oxyntic stomach. Digestion 60:428–439

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. el-Naggar AK, Troncoso P, Ordonez NG (1995) Primary renal carcinoid tumor with molecular abnormality characteristic of conventional renal cell neoplasms. Diagn Mol Pathol 4:48–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ferlito A, Milroy CM, Barnes L (1996) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx: update on diagnosis and treatment. In: Ferlito A (Hrsg) Surgical pathology of laryngeal neoplasms. Chapman & Hall Medical, London, S 173–193

    Google Scholar 

  39. Feurle GE, Anlauf M, Hamscher G, Arnold R, Kloppel G, Weihe E (2002) Xenin-immunoreactive cells and extractable xenin in neuroendocrine tumors of duodenal origin. Gastroenterology 123:1616–1626

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Friesen SR, Tomita T (1981) Pseudo-Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: hypergastrinemia, hyperchlorhydria without tumor. Ann Surg 194:481–493

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gaffey MJ, Mills SE, Lack EE (1990) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum. A clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study of 24 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14:1010–1023

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gloor F, Heitz PU, Hofmann E, Hoefler H, Maurer R (1982) The neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 112:141–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Godwin JD 2nd (1975) Carcinoid tumors. An analysis of 2,837 cases. Cancer 36:560–569

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gorshtein A, Gross DJ, Barak D, Strenov Y, Refaeli Y, Shimon I, Grozinsky-Glasberg S (2012) Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and the associated lung neuroendocrine tumors: clinical experience with a rare entity. Cancer 118:612–619

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Kaltsas G, Gur C, Gal E, Thomas D, Fichman S, Alexandraki K, Barak D, Glaser B, Shimon I, Gross DJ (2008) Long-acting somatostatin analogues are an effective treatment for type 1 gastric carcinoid tumours. Eur J Endocrinol 159:475–482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Guo Z, Li Q, Wilander E, Ponten J (2000) Clonality analysis of multifocal carcinoid tumours of the small intestine by X-chromosome inactivation analysis. J Pathol 190:76–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hakanson R, Tielemans Y, Chen D, Andersson K, Ryberg B, Mattsson H, Sundler F (1992) The biology and pathobiology of the ECL cells. Yale J Biol Med 65:761–774 (discussion 827–829)

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hamid QA, Bishop AE, Rode J, Dhillon AP, Rosenberg BF, Reed RJ, Sibley RK, Polak JM (1986) Duodenal gangliocytic paragangliomas: a study of 10 cases with immunocytochemical neuroendocrine markers. Hum Pathol 17:1151–1157

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hernandez FJ, Reid JD (1969) Mixed carcinoid and mucus-secreting intestinal tumors. Arch Pathol 88:489–496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hirschowitz BI, Griffith J, Pellegrin D, Cummings OW (1992) Rapid regression of enterochromaffinlike cell gastric carcinoids in pernicious anemia after antrectomy. Gastroenterology 102:1409–1418

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Huntrakoon M (1987) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the parotid gland: a report of two cases with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies. Hum Pathol 18:1212–1217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kameya T, Shimosato Y, Adachi I, Abe K, Ebihara S, Ono I (1980) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the paranasal sinus: a morphological and endocrinological study. Cancer 45:330–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Keuppens F, Willems G, De Graef J, Woussen-Colle MC (1980) Antral gastrin cell hyperplasia in patients with peptic ulcer. Ann Surg 191:276–281

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Klöppel GCA (1996) The biological relevance of gastric neuroendocrine tumors. Yale J Biol Med 69:69–74

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Klöppel G, Heitz PU (1981) Die disseminierten (diffusen) endokrinen Zellen. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (Hrsg) Spezielle pathologische Anatomie. Springer, Berlin, S 1079–1135

    Google Scholar 

  56. Klöppel G, Heitz PU, Capella C, Solcia E (1996) Pathology and nomenclature of human gastrointestinal neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors and related lesions. World J Surg 20:132–141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. La Rosa S, Franzi F, Albarello L, Schmitt A, Bernasconi B, Tibiletti MG, Finzi G, Placidi C, Perren A, Capella C (2011) Serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cell tumors of the pancreas: clinicopathologic study of 15 cases and comparison with intestinal enterochromaffin cell tumors. Pancreas 40:883–895

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lagrange W, Dahm HH, Karstens J, Feichtinger J, Mittermayer C (1987) Melanocytic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus. Cancer 59:484–488

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lamberts R, Creutzfeldt W, Struber HG, Brunner G, Solcia E (1993) Long-term omeprazole therapy in peptic ulcer disease: gastrin, endocrine cell growth, and gastritis. Gastroenterology 104:1356–1370

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Larsson LI, Ljungberg O, Sundler F, Hakanson R, Svensson SO, Rehfeld J, Stadil R, Holst J (1973) Antor-pyloric gastrinoma associated with pancreatic nesidioblastosis and proliferation of islets. Virchows Arch A Pathol Pathol Anat 360:305–314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lasson A, Alwmark A, Nobin A, Sundler F (1983) Endocrine tumors of the duodenum. Clinical characteristics and hormone content. Ann Surg 197:393–398

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lawrence B, Gustafsson BI, Chan A, Svejda B, Kidd M, Modlin IM (2011) The epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 40:1–18 (vii)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Le Douarin N, Teillet MA (1973) Studies on the determination of neural crest-cell migration. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 277:1929–1932

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lewin KJ, Yang K, Ulich T, Elashoff JD, Walsh J (1984) Primary gastrin cell hyperplasia. Report of five cases and a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 8:821–832

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Li Y, Yau A, Schaeffer D, Magliocco A, Gui X, Urbanski S, Waghray R, Owen D, Gao ZH (2011) Colorectal glandular-neuroendocrine mixed tumor: pathologic spectrum and clinical implications. Am J Surg Pathol 35:413–425

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lundqvist M, Wilander E (1987) A study of the histopathogenesis of carcinoid tumors of the small intestine and appendix. Cancer 60:201–206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Marshall JB, Bodnarchuk G (1993) Carcinoid tumors of the gut. Our experience over three decades and review of the literature. J Clin Gastroenterol 16:123–129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Matsui K, Kitagawa M, Miwa A, Kuroda Y, Tsuji M (1991) Small cell carcinoma of the stomach: a clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 86:1167–1175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Miliauskas JR (1991) Carcinoid tumor occurring in a mature testicular teratoma. Pathology 23:72–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Mitschke H (1977) Funktionelle Pathomorphologie des gastrointestinalen endokrinen Zellsystems. In: Büngeler W, Eder M, Lennert K, Peters G, Sandritter W, Seifert G (Hrsg) Progress in Pathology, Bd. 104. Fischer, Stuttgart, S 203

    Google Scholar 

  71. Moriura S, Ikeda S, Hirai M, Naiki K, Fujioka T, Yokochi K, Gotou S (1993) Hepatic gastrinoma. Cancer 72:1547–1550

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Moyana TN (1989) Carcinoid tumors arising from Meckel’s diverticulum. A clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 91:52–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Nassar AA, Jaroszewski DE, Helmers RA, Colby TV, Patel BM, Mookadam F (2011) Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: a systematic overview. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:8–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Oberndorfer S (1907) Karzinoide Tumoren des Dunndarms. Frankfurt Z Path 1:426–432

    Google Scholar 

  75. Oberndorfer S (1929) Die Geschwülste des Darms. In: Henke F, Lubarsch O (Hrsg) Verdauungsschlauch. Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Bd. 4. Springer, Berlin, S 717–953 (Teil 3)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Padberg B, Schroder S, Capella C, Frilling A, Kloppel G, Heitz PU (1995) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) revisited. Virchows Arch 426:541–548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Padberg BC, Zornig C, Muller-Schwefe C, Kloppel G, Schroder S (1992) Macrocarcinoidosis of the stomach in a MEN 1 patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and hyperparathyroidism. Pathologe 13:215–220

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pape UF, Perren A, Niederle B, Gross D, Gress T, Costa F, Arnold R, Denecke T, Plockinger U, Salazar R, Grossman A, Barcelona Consensus Conference p (2012) ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms from the jejuno-ileum and the appendix including goblet cell carcinomas. Neuroendocrinology 95:135–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Paties C, Zangrandi A, Vassallo G, Rindi G, Solcia E (1991) Multidirectional carcinoma of the thymus with neuroendocrine and sarcomatoid components and carcinoid syndrome. Pathol Res Pract 187:170–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Pearse AG (1977) The diffuse endocrine (paracine) system: Feyrter’s concept and its modern history. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 61:2–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Perkins PL, McLeod MK, Jin L, Fukuuchi A, Cho KJ, Thompson NW, Lloyd RV (1992) Analysis of gastrinomas by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Diagn Mol Pathol 1:155–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Perrone T, Sibley RK, Rosai J (1985) Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study and a hypothesis concerning its origin. Am J Surg Pathol 9:31–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pipeleers-Marichal M, Donow C, Heitz PU, Kloppel G (1993) Pathologic aspects of gastrinomas in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with and without multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. World J Surg 17:481–488

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Pipeleers-Marichal M, Somers G, Willems G, Foulis A, Imrie C, Bishop AE, Polak JM, Hacki WH, Stamm B, Heitz PU, Klöppel G (1990) Gastrinomas in the duodenums of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med 322:723–727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Podesta AH, True LD (1989) Small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Report of five cases with immunohistochemistry and review of the literature with evaluation of prognosis according to stage. Cancer 64:710–714

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Polak JM (1993) Diagnostic histopathology of neuroendocrine tumours. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, S 290

    Google Scholar 

  87. Posalaky Z, Mulholland M, Kasperson E, Posalaky IP (1987) Duodenal carcinoid in neurofibromatosis: a calcitonin- and amyloid-containing tumor. World J Surg 11:120–124

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Rappel S, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Stolte M (1995) Prognosis of gastric carcinoid tumours. Digestion 56:455–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ratzenhofer M (1977) Hyperplasias and tumours of the disseminated endocrine (paracrine) helle zellen Feyrter’s of the gut with special regard of amphicrine cell proliferations (author’s transl). Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 61:7–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Riddle PJ, Font RL, Zimmerman LE (1982) Carcinoid tumors of the eye and orbit: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases, with histochemical and electron microscopic observations. Hum Pathol 13:459–469

    Google Scholar 

  91. Rindi G, Luinetti O, Cornaggia M, Capella C, Solcia E (1993) Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gastroenterology 104:994–1006

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Robboy SJ, Scully RE (1980) Strumal carcinoid of the ovary: an analysis of 50 cases of a distinctive tumor composed of thyroid tissue and carcinoid. Cancer 46:2019–2034

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Bloomgarden ZT, Marney SR Jr, Rabin D, Oates JA (1983) Histamine release from a gastric carcinoid: provocation by pentagastrin and inhibition by somatostatin. Gastroenterology 84:272–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Rosai J, Higa E, Davie J (1972) Mediastinal endocrine neoplasm in patients with multiple endocrine adenomatosis. A previously unrecognized association. Cancer 29:1075–1083

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rosai J, Levine G, Weber WR, Higa E (1976) Carcinoid tumors and oat cell carcinomas of the thymus. Pathol Annu 11:201–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Royston CM, Brew DS, Garnham JR, Stagg BH, Polak J (1972) The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to an infiltrating tumour of the stomach. Gut 13:638–642

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Salyer DC, Salyer WR, Eggleston JC (1975) Bronchial carcinoid tumors. Cancer 36:1522–1537

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Schmitt AM, Riniker F, Anlauf M, Schmid S, Soltermann A, Moch H, Heitz PU, Klöppel G, Komminoth P, Perren A (2008) Islet 1 (Isl1) expression is a reliable marker for pancreatic endocrine tumors and their metastases. Am J Surg Pathol 32:420–425

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Shepherd JJ (1991) The natural history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Highly uncommon or highly unrecognized? Arch Surg 126:935–952

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Sioutos N, Virta S, Kessimian N (1991) Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor. An electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 95:172–175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Smets G, Warson F, Dehou MF, Storme G, Sacre R, Van Belle S, Somers G, Gepts W, Kloppel G (1990) Metastasizing neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx with calcitonin and somatostatin secretion and CEA production, resembling medullary thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 416:539–543

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Soga J (1976) Neoplasma of GEP endocrine cells: The present day concept of carcinoids. In: Fujita T (Hrsg) Endocrine gut and pancreas. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 387–394

    Google Scholar 

  103. Solcia E, Bordi C, Creutzfeldt W, Dayal Y, Dayan AD, Falkmer S, Grimelius L, Havu N (1988) Histopathological classification of nonantral gastric endocrine growths in man. Digestion 41:185–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Solcia E, Capella C, Fiocca R, Rindi G, Rosai J (1990) Gastric argyrophil carcinoidosis in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. A newly recognized association. Am J Surg Pathol 14:503–513

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Solcia E, Fiocca R, Sessa F (1991) Morphology and natural history of gastric endocrine tumors. In: Hakanson R, Sundler F (Hrsg) The stomac as an endocrine organ. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 473–498

    Google Scholar 

  106. Solcia E, Polak JM (1978) Classification of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine cells. In: Bloom SR (Hrsg) Gut hormones. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, S 40–48

    Google Scholar 

  107. Sporrong B, Alumets J, Clase L, Falkmer S, Hakanson R, Ljungberg O, Sundler F (1981) Neurohormonal peptide immunoreactive cells in mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 392:271–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sporrong B, Falkmer S, Robboy SJ, Alumets J, Hakanson R, Ljungberg O, Sundler F (1982) Neurohormonal peptides in ovarian carcinoids: an immunohistochemical study of 81 primary carcinoids and of intraovarian metastases from six mid-gut carcinoids. Cancer 49:68–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Stamm B, Hedinger CE, Saremaslani P (1986) Duodenal and ampullary carcinoid tumors. A report of 12 cases with pathological characteristics, polypeptide content and relation to the MEN I syndrome and von Recklinghausen’s disease (neurofibromatosis). Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 408:475–489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Stephens M, Williams GT, Jasani B, Williams ED (1987) Synchronous duodenal neuroendocrine tumours in von Recklinghausen’s disease--a case report of co-existing gangliocytic paraganglioma and somatostatin-rich glandular carcinoid. Histopathology 11:1331–1340

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Stoler MH, Mills SE, Gersell DJ, Walker AN (1991) Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. A human papillomavirus type 18-associated cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 15:28–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Stolte M, Rüschoff J, Klöppel G (Hrsg) (2013) Pathologie. Bd. Verdauungstrakt und Peritoneum. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  113. Sturm U, Kunze KD, Kelly LU (1991) Primary carcinoid of the testis. Zentralbl Pathol 137:376–378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Sundler F, Eriksson B, Grimelius L (1992) Histamine in gastric carcinoid tumors: immunocytochemical evidence. Endocr Pathol 3:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  115. Suster S, Moran CA (1995) Thymic carcinoid with prominent mucinous stroma. Report of a distinctive morphologic variant of thymic neuroendocrine neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1277–1285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel, Mesa-Tejada R (1979) Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases. Ann Surg 190:58–63

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Takayama T, Kameya T, Inagaki K, Nonaka M, Miyazawa H, Ogawa N, Yano M, Morita T, Arai T, Niino S et al (1993) MEN type 1 associated with mediastinal carcinoid producing parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and chorionic gonadotropin. Pathol Res Pract 189:1090–1096 (discussion 1096–1100)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Thompson NW, Vinik AI, Eckhauser FE (1989) Microgastrinomas of the duodenum. A cause of failed operations for the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 209:396–404

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Valli M, Fabris GA, Dewar A, Chikte S, Fisher C, Corrin B, Sheppard MN (1994) Atypical carcinoid tumour of the thymus: a study of eight cases. Histopathology 24:371–375

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Valli M, Fabris GA, Dewar A, Hornall D, Sheppard MN (1994) Atypical carcinoid tumour of the lung: a study of 33 cases with prognostic features. Histopathology 24:363–369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Luinetti O, Klersy C, Manca R, Alvisi C, Rossi S, Trespi E, Zangrandi A, Sessa F, Capella C, Solcia E (2013) Histologic changes in type A chronic atrophic gastritis indicating increased risk of neuroendocrine tumor development: the predictive role of dysplastic and severely hyperplastic enterochromaffin-like cell lesions. Hum Pathol 44:1827–1837

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Wang TC, Dangler CA, Chen D, Goldenring JR, Koh T, Raychowdhury R, Coffey RJ, Ito S, Varro A, Dockray GJ, Fox JG (2000) Synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection in a mouse model of gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 118:36–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Warkel RL, Cooper PH, Helwig EB (1978) Adenocarcinoid, a mucin-producing carcinoid tumor of the appendix: a study of 39 cases. Cancer 42:2781–2793

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Warren WH, Memoli VA, Gould VE (1988) Well differentiated and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. Two related but distinct clinicopathologic entities. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 55:299–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Weber HC, Venzon DJ, Lin JT, Fishbein VA, Orbuch M, Strader DB, Gibril F, Metz DC, Fraker DL, Norton JA et al (1995) Determinants of metastatic rate and survival in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective long-term study. Gastroenterology 108:1637–1649

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Wenig BM, Hyams VJ, Heffner DK (1988) Moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of 54 cases. Cancer 62:2658–2676

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Wheeler MH, Curley IR, Williams ED (1986) The association of neurofibromatosis, pheochromocytoma, and somatostatin-rich duodenal carcinoid tumor. Surgery 100:1163–1169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Wick MR, Scheithauer BW (1984) Thymic carcinoid. A histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 12 cases. Cancer 53:475–484

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Wilander E, Grimelius L, Lundqvist G, Skoog V (1979) Polypeptide hormones in argentaffin and argyrophil gastroduodenal endocrine tumors. Am J Pathol 96:519–530

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Wilander E, Sundstrom C, Grimelius L (1979) Pernicious anaemia in association with argyrophil (Sevier-Munger) gastric carcinoid. Scand J Haematol 23:415–420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Williams ED, Sandler M (1963) The classification of carcinoid tumours. Lancet i:238–239

    Google Scholar 

  132. Wollensak G, Herbst EW, Beck A, Schaefer HE (1992) Primary thymic carcinoid with Cushing’s syndrome. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 420:191–195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Woodruff JM, Huvos AG, Erlandson RA, Shah JP, Gerold FP (1985) Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx. A study of two types, one of which mimics thyroid medullary carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 9:771–790

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Wurster K, Brodner O, Rossner JA, Grube D (1976) A carcinoid occurring in the testis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 370:185–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Young RH, Oliva E, Scully RE (1994) Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. A clinicopathological analysis of 150 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 18:1102–1116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Zahel T, Krysa S, Herpel E, Stenzinger A, Goeppert B, Schirmacher P, Hoffmann H, Schnabel PA, Warth A (2012) Phenotyping of pulmonary carcinoids and a Ki-67-based grading approach. Virchows Arch 460:299–308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Zamboni G, Franzin G, Bonetti F, Scarpa A, Chilosi M, Colombari R, Menestrina F, Pea M, Iacono C, Serio G et al (1990) Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampullary region. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of three cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14:703–713

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinikum rechts der Isar, Konsultationszentrum für Pankreas- und endokrine Tumoren, Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, München, Deutschland

    Günter Klöppel Prof. em. Dr. med.

  2. Nagelfluh, Austr. 50, 8804, Au / ZH, Schweiz

    Ph. U. Heitz Prof. Dr.

  3. Institut für Pathologie, Stadtspital Triemli, Birmensdorferstr. 497, 8063, Zürich, Schweiz

    Paul Komminoth Prof. Dr.

  4. Institut für Patholgie, Universität Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, P. O. Box 62, 3010, Bern, Schweiz

    Aurel Perren Prof. Dr.

Authors
  1. Aurel Perren Prof. Dr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Günter Klöppel Prof. em. Dr. med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ph. U. Heitz Prof. Dr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul Komminoth Prof. Dr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aurel Perren Prof. Dr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Abt. Nephropathologie, Pathologisches Institut Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Kerstin Amann

  2. Klinisches Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Wien Allg. Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien, Wien, Austria

    Renate Kain

  3. Konsultationszentrum für Pankreas- und Endokrine Tumoren, Institut für Pathologie, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Technische Universität München Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Germany

    Günter Klöppel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Perren, A., Klöppel, G., Heitz, P.U., Komminoth, P. (2016). Disseminiertes neuroendokrines Zellsystem. In: Amann, K., Kain, R., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04566-0_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04565-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04566-0

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation