Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role of the Permeability Barrier in Contact Dermatitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Contact Dermatitis

Abstract

An intact skin barrier prevents the penetration of harmful substances from the environment into the skin and prevents occupational skin diseases. In contact dermatitis, the first step in pathology is the disruption of the skin barrier. The skin barrier often gets disrupted by chronic exposure to water plus detergents or solvents. Thereafter, irritants may penetrate into the skin and induce injury to the keratinocyte cell membrane in the living epidermal layers leading to cytokine release and inflammation. Also, allergens may come into contact with Langerhans and T cells and induce immunological reactions and inflammation which lead to allergic contact dermatitis. Treatment strategies should aim to restore the skin barrier to cure and prevent the relapse of the disease. Corticosteroids reduce immunological reactions and inflammation, but do not lead to a complete barrier repair. For long-term treatment of eczema, drugs which improve the skin barrier like pimecrolimus or, in particular, emollients should be preferred.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rosén K, Jontell M, Mobacken H, Rosdahl I (1989) Epidermal Langerhans’ cells in chronic eczematous dermatitis of the palms treated with PUVA and UVB. Acta Derm Venereol 69:200–205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Del Rosso J (2001) Protecting the hand-skin barrier in the workplace. Occup Health Saf 70:116–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Antezana M, Parker F (2003) Occupational contact dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 23:269–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Slodownik D, Nixon R (2007) Occupational factors in skin diseases. Curr Probl Dermatol 35:173–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Angelova-Fischer I, Tsankov N, Basketter D (2008) Skin irritation and sensitization: mechanisms and new approaches for risk assessment. 1. Skin irritation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 21:124–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nielsen JB, Nielsen F, Sørensen JA (2007) Defense against dermal exposures is only skin deep: significantly increased penetration through slightly damaged skin. Arch Dermatol Res 299:423–431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Madison KC (2003) Barrier function of the skin: “la raison d’etre” of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 121:231–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Roop D (1995) Defects in the barrier. Science 267:474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Candi E, Schmidt R, Melino G (2005) The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:328–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM (2008) The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol 17:1063–1072

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bouwstra JA, Pilgrim K, Ponec M (2006) Structure of the skin barrier. In: Elias PM, Feingold KR (eds) Skin barrier. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 65

    Google Scholar 

  12. Elias PM (1983) Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation. J Invest Dermatol 80:44s

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gray GM, Yardley HJ (1975) Different populations of pig epidermal cells: isolation and lipid composition. J Lipid Res 16:441–447

    Google Scholar 

  14. Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, Colton SW, Abraham W, Strauss J (1987) Skin lipids: an update. J Invest Dermatol 88:2s–6s

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wertz PW (2006) Biochemistry of human stratum corneum lipids. In: Elias PM, Feingold KR (eds) Skin barrier. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 33

    Google Scholar 

  16. Proksch E, Feingold KR, Elias PM (1992) Epidermal HMG CoA reductase activity in essential fatty acid deficiency: barrier requirements rather than eicosanoid generation regulate cholesterol synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 99:216–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Brown SJ, Cordell HJ (2008) Are filaggrin mutations associated with hand eczema or contact allergy?–we do not know. Br J Dermatol 158:1383–1384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Elias PM, Feingold KR (2001) Does the tail wag the dog? Role of the barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses and therapeutic implications. Arch Dermatol 137: 1079–1081

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Uchida Y, Hamanaka S (2006) Stratum cormeum ceramides: function, origins, and therapeutic implications. In: Elias PM, Feingold KR (eds) Skin barrier. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 43

    Google Scholar 

  20. Marekov LN, Steinert PM (1998) Ceramides are bound to structural proteins of the human foreskin epidermal cornified cell envelope. J Biol Chem 273:17763–17770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Swartzendruber DC, Wertz PW, Madison KC, Downing DT (1987) Evidence that the corneocyte has a chemically bound lipid envelope. J Invest Dermatol 88:709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Schurer NY (2002) Implementation of fatty acid carriers to skin irritation and the epidermal barrier. Contact Derm 47:199–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nemes Z, Steinert PM (1999) Bricks and mortar of the epidermal barrier. Exp Mol Med 31:5–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Webb A, Li A, Kaur P (2004) Location and phenotype of human adult keratinocyte stem cells of the skin. Differentiation 72:387–395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brandner JM, Proksch E (2006) Epidermal barrier function: role of tight junctions. In: Elias PM, Feingold KR (eds) Skin barrier. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 191

    Google Scholar 

  26. Maretzky T, Reiss K, Ludwig A, Buchholz J, Scholz F, Proksch E, de Strooper B, Hartmann D, Saftig P (2005) ADAM10 mediates E-cadherin shedding and regulates epithelial cell-cell adhesion, migration, and beta-catenin translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9182–9187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Maretzky T, Scholz F, Köten B, Proksch E, Saftig P, Reiss K (2008) ADAM10-mediated E-cadherin release is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and modulates keratinocyte cohesion in eczematous dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 128: 1737–1746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Trautmann A, Altznauer F, Akdis M, Simon HU, Disch R, Brocker EB, Blaser K, Akdis CA (2001) The differential fate of cadherins during T-cell-induced keratinocyte apoptosis leads to spongiosis in eczematous dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 117:927–934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Elias PM, Matsuyoshi N, Wu H, Lin C, Wang ZH, Brown BE, Stanley JR (2001) Desmoglein isoform distribution affects stratum corneum structure and function. J Cell Biol 153:243–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tunggal JA, Helfrich I, Schmitz A, Schwarz H, Gunzel D, Fromm M, Kemler R, H Krieg T, Nissen CM (2005) E-cadherin is essential for in vivo epidermal barrier function by regulating tight junctions. EMBO J 24:1146–1156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jensen JM, Fölster-Holst R, Baranowsky A, Schunck M, Winoto-Morbach S, Neumann C, Schütze S, Proksch E (2004) Impaired sphingomyelinase activity and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 122: 1423–1431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Proksch E, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1990) Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity in murine epidermis modulation of enzyme content and activation state by barrier requirements. J Clin Invest 85:874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H (1998) Structural organization of cornified cell envelopes and alterations in inherited skin disorders. Exp Dermatol 7:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jensen JM, Proksch E, Elias PM (2006) The stratum corneum of the epidermis in atopic dermatitis. In: Elias PM, Feingold KR (eds) Skin barrier. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 569

    Google Scholar 

  35. Brasch J (2009) Current knowledge of host response in human tinea Mycoses 52:304–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Aberg KM, Man MQ, Gallo RL, Ganz T, Crumrine D, Brown BE, Choi EH, Kim DK, Schröder JM, Feingold KR, Elias PM (2008) Co-regulation and interdependence of the mammalian epidermal permeability and antimicrobial barriers. J Invest Dermatol 128:917–925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gläser R, Meyer-Hoffert U, Harder J, Cordes J, Wittersheim M, Kobliakova J, Fölster-Holst R, Proksch E, Schröder JM, Schwarz T (2009) The antimicrobial protein psoriasin (S100A7) is upregulated in atopic dermatitis and after experimental skin barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 129: 641–649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Proksch E, Jensen JM, Elias PM (2003) Skin lipids and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 21:134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Proksch E, Foelster-Holst R, Jensen JM (2006) Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci 43:159–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, Goudie DR, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Smith FJ, O’Regan GM, Watson RM, Cecil JE, Bale SJ, Compton JG, DiGiovanna JJ, Fleckman P, Lewis-Jones S, Arseculeratne G, Sergeant A, Munro CS, El Houate B, McElreavey K, Halkjaer LB, Bisgaard H, Mukhopadhyay S, McLean WH (2006) Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 38:441–446

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ruether A, Stoll M, Schwarz T, Schreiber S, Fölster-Holst R (2006) Filaggrin loss-of-function variant contributes to atopic dermatitis risk in the population of Northern Germany. Br J Dermatol 155:1093–1094

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Weidinger S, Illig T, Baurecht H, Irvine AD, Rodriguez E, Diaz-Lacava A, Klopp N, Wagenpfeil S, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, Palmer CN, Jenneck C, Maintz L, Hagemann T, Behrendt H, Ring J, Nothen MM, McLean WH, Novak N (2006) Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:214–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Irvine AD, McLean WH (2006) Breaking the (un)sound barrier: filaggrin is a major gene for atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 126:1200–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Compton JG, DiGiovanna JJ, Fleckman P, Lewis-Jones S, Arseculeratne G, Sergeant A, Munro CS, El Houate B, McElreavey K, Halkjaer LB, Bisgaard H, Mukhopadhyay S, McLean WH (2006) Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 38:441–446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hanifin JM (2009) Evolving concepts of pathogenesis in atopic dermatitis and other czemas. J Invest Dermatol 129: 320–322

    Google Scholar 

  46. Boralevi F, Hubiche T, Léauté-Labrèze C, Saubusse E, Fayon M, Roul S, Maurice-Tison S, Taïeb A (2008) Epicutaneous aeroallergen sensitization in atopic dermatitis infants – determining the role of epidermal barrier impairment. Allergy 63:205–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lerbaek A, Bisgaard H, Agner T, Ohm Kyvik K, Palmer CN, Menné T (2007) Filaggrin null alleles are not associated with hand eczema or contact allergy. Br J Dermatol 157: 1199–1204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Giwercman C, Lerbaek A, Bisgaard H, Menné T (2008) Classification of atopic hand eczema and the filaggrin mutations. Contact Derm 59:257–260

    Google Scholar 

  49. Molin S, Vollmer S, Weiss EH, Ruzicka T, Prinz JC (2009) Filaggrin mutations may confer susceptibility to chronic hand eczema characterized by combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 161(4):801–807

    Google Scholar 

  50. Novak N, Baurecht H, Schäfer T, Rodriguez E, Wagenpfeil S, Klopp N, Heinrich BH, Ring J, Wichmann E, Illig T, Weidinger S (2008) Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene and allergic contact sensitization to nickel. J Invest Dermatol 128:1430–1435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fartasch M, Bassukas ID, Diepgen TL (1992) Disturbed extruding mechanism of lamellar bodies in dry non-eczematous skin of atopics. Br J Dermatol 127:221–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Friebe K, Effendy I, Löffler H (2003) Effects of skin occlusion in patch testing with sodium lauryl sulphate. Br J Dermatol 148:65–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Warner RR, Stone KJ, Boissy YL (2003) Hydration disrupts human stratum corneum ultrastructure. J Invest Dermatol 120:275–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Berger CL, Edelson R (2004) The life cycle of cutaneous T cell lymphoma reveals opportunities for targeted drug therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4:609–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jensen JM, Pfeiffer S, Akaki T, Schröder JM, Kleine M, Neumann C, Proksch E, Brasch J (2007) Barrier function, epidermal differentiation, and human beta-defensin 2 expression in tinea corporis. J Invest Dermatol 127:1720–1727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sterry W, Künne N, Weber-Matthiesen K, Brasch J, Mielke V (1991) Cell trafficking in positive and negative patch-test reactions: demonstration of a stereotypicmigration pathway. J Invest Dermatol 96:459–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kondo H, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G (1998) Percutaneous sensitization with allergens through barrier-disrupted skin elicits a Th2-dominant cytokine response. Eur J Immunol 28: 769–779

    Google Scholar 

  58. Proksch E, Brasch J, Sterry W (1996) Integrity of the permeability barrier regulates epidermal Langerhans cell density. Br J Dermatol 134:630–638

    Google Scholar 

  59. Proksch E, Brasch J (1997) Influence of epidermal permeability barrier disruption and Langerhans’ cell density on allergic contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 77: 102–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Nishijima T, Tokura Y, Imokawa G, Seo N, Furukawa F, Takigawa M (1997) Altered permeability and disordered cutaneous immunoregulatory function in mice with acute barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 109:175–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jung EG (1963) Nachweis der beginnenden Bichromat-Sensibilisierung von Zementekzematikern mittels des Abrisstests. Berufsdermatosen 11:93–103

    Google Scholar 

  62. Kühl M, Klaschka F (1990). Berufsdermatosen. Urban & Schwarzenberg München, pp 204

    Google Scholar 

  63. Dickel H, Bruckner TM, Erdmann SM, Fluhr JW, Frosch PJ, Grabbe J, Löffler H, Merk HF, Pirker C, Schwanitz HJ, Weisshaar E, Brasch J (2004) The strip-patch test: results of a multicentre study towards a standardization. Arch Dermatol Res 296:212–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dickel H, Geier J, Kuss O, Altmeyer P (2008) Strip patch test vs. conventional patch test to detect type IV sensitization in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 22:1516–1517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Dickel H, Kamphowe J, Geier J, Altmeyer P, Kuss O (2009) Strip patch test vs. conventional patch test: investigation of dose-dependent test sensitivities in nickel- and chromium-sensitive subjects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23(9): 1018–1025

    Google Scholar 

  66. Fernandez MFM, de Mello JF, Pires MC, Vizeu MC (2007) Comparative study of patch test using traditional method vs. prior skin abrading. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21: 1351–1359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Gebhard KL, Effendy I, Löffler HL (2004) Artificial disruption of skin barrier prior to irritant patch testing does not improve test design. Br J Dermatol 150:82–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Jensen JM, Pfeiffer S, Witt M, Bräutigam M, Neumann C, Weichenthal M, Schwarz T, Fölster-Holst R, Proksch E (2009) Different effects of pimecrolimus and betamethasone on the skin barrier in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:1124–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ghadially R, Halkier-Sörensen L, Elias PM (1992) Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function. J Am Acad Dermatol 26:387–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Loden M, Andersson AC, Lindberg M (1999) Improvement in skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with a moisturizing cream (Canoderm). Br J Dermatol 140:264–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tabata N, O’Goshi K, Zhen YX, Kligman AM, Tagami H (2000) Biophysical assessment of persistent effects of moisturizers after their daily applications: evaluation of corneotherapy. Dermatology 200:308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Proksch E, Feingold KR, Man MQ, Elias PM (1991) Barrier function regulates epidermal DNA synthesis. J Clin Invest 87:1668–1673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Proksch E, Holleran WM, Menon GK, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1993) Barrier function regulates epidermal lipid and DNA synthesis. Br J Dermatol 128:473–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ, Fowler A, Williams M, Kao J, Sheu M, Elias PM (2001) Ceramide-dominant, barrier repair lipids improve childhood atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 137:1110–1112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Berardesca E, Barbareschi M, Veraldi S, Pimpinelli N (2001) Evaluation of efficacy of a skin lipid mixture in patients with irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis or atopic dermatitis: a multicenter study. Contact Derm 45:280–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Garnock-Jones KP, Perry CM (2009) Alitretinoin: in severe chronic hand eczema. Drugs 69:1625–1634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Elias PM, Fritsch PO, Lampe M, Williams ML, Brown BE, Nemanic M, Grayson S (1981) Retinoid effects on epidermal structure, differentiation, and permeability. Lab Invest 44(6):531–540

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Endo K, Suzuki N, Yoshida O, Sato H, Fujikura Y (2007) The barrier component and the driving force component of transepidermal water loss and their application to skin irritant tests. Skin Res Technol 13:425–435

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kütting B, Drexler H (2003) Effectiveness of skin protection creams as a preventive measure in occupational dermatitis: a critical update according to criteria of evidence-based medicine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76:253–259

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Zhai H, Maibach HI (2007) Protection from irritants. Curr Probl Dermatol 34:47–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Saary J, Qureshi R, Palda V, DeKoven J, Pratt M, Skotnicki-Grant S, Holness L (2005) A systematic review of contact dermatitis treatment and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 53:845

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Winker R, Salameh B, Stolkovich S, Nikl M, Barth A, Ponocny E, Drexler H, Tappeiner G (2009) Effectiveness of skin protection creams in the prevention of occupational dermatitis: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82:653–662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Alvarez MS, Brown LH, Brancaccio RR (2001) Are barrier creams actually effective? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 1: 337–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Korinth G, Lüersen L, Schaller KH, Angerer J, Drexler H (2008) Enhancement of percutaneous penetration of aniline and o-toluidine in vitro using skin barrier creams. Toxicol In Vitro 22:812–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Wetzky U, Bock M, Wulfhorst B, John SM (2009) Short- and long-term effects of single and repetitive glove occlusion on the epidermal barrier. Arch Dermatol Res 301: 595–602

    Google Scholar 

  86. Lee JY, Effendy I, Maibach HI (1997) Acute irritant contact dermatitis: recovery time in man. Contact Derm 36: 285–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wilhelm KP, Freitag G, Wolff HH (1994) Surfactant-induced skin irritation and skin repair: evaluation of a cumulative human irritation model by noninvasive techniques. J Am Acad Dermatol 31:981–987

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schürer NY, Schwanitz HJ (2004) Prevention and regeneration of barrier disturbances in occupational dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2:895–904

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Scott IR, Harding CR (1986) Filaggrin breakdown to water binding compounds during development of the rat stratum corneum is controlled by the water activity of the environment. Dev Biol 115:84–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Spier HW, Sixt I (1955) Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit des Ausfalles der Ekzem-Läppchenprobe von der Hornschichtdicke. Quantiativer Abriß-Epikutantest. Hautarzt 6:152–159

    Google Scholar 

  91. Macheleidt O, Kaiser HW, Sandhoff K (2002) Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 119:166–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ong PY, Leung DY (2006) Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 6:384–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Kiel, Schittenhelmstraße 7, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    Ehrhardt Proksch

  2. Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    Jochen Brasch

Authors
  1. Ehrhardt Proksch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jochen Brasch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ehrhardt Proksch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Dermatology, Amtssygehuset Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup, 2900, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  2. Klinikzentrum Mitte, Hautklinik, Städtische Kliniken Dortmund, Beurhausstr. 40, Dortmund, 44137, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch

  3. Labo. Dermatochimie, Institut le Bel, rue Blaise Pascal 4, Strasbourg CX, 67070, France

    Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Proksch, E., Brasch, J. (2011). Role of the Permeability Barrier in Contact Dermatitis. In: Johansen, J., Frosch, P., Lepoittevin, JP. (eds) Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03826-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03827-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation