Abstract
General aspects of clinical features of contact dermatitis cover the various steps used to establish a diagnosis of contact dermatitis. These include the medical history of the patient, including time of onset and a history of aggravating factors and of the course of the dermatitis as well as its morphology and location. Contact patterns and the various clinical types of hand dermatitis are presented, and examples of acute, recurrent and chronic dermatitis are given. Important differential diagnoses are illustrated, and a review of typical causes of contact dermatitis in various areas of the body is included.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armstrong DKB, Walsh MY, Dawson JF (1997) Granulomatous contact dermatitis due to gold earrings. Br J Dermatol 136:776–778
Khamaysi Z, Bergman R, Weltfriend S (2000) Positive patch test reactions to allergens of the dental series and the relation to the clinical presentations. Contact Dermat 55:216–218
Evans AV, Banerjee P, McFadden JP, Calonje E (2003) Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis to para-tertyl-butyl phenol resin. Clin Exp Dermatol 28:272–273
Blum R, Baum HP, Ponnighaus M, Kowalzick L (2003) Sarcoidal allergic contact dermatitis due to palladium following ear piercing [In German]. Hautarzt 54:160–162
Werchniak AE, Schwarzenberger K (2004) Poison ivy: an underreported cause of erythemamultiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:S159–S160
Gueraa L, Rogkakou A, Massacane P, Gamalero C, Compalati E, Zanella C, Scordamaglia A, Canonica WG, Passalacqua G (2007) Role of contact sensitization in chronic urticaria. J Am Acad Dermatol 56:88–90
Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S (2009) Chemical leucoderma: a clinico-aetiological study of 864 cases in the perspective of a developing country. Br J Dermatol 160:40–47
Saitta P, Cohen D, Brancaccio R (2009) Contact leukoderma from para-phenylenediamine. Dermatitis 20:56–57
Wedgeworth EK, Banerjee P, White IR (2009) Linear lichenified nodules in a case of thiuram allergy. Contact Dermat 60:181–182
Möller H, Ohlsson K, Linder C, Björkner B, Bruze M (1998) Cytokines and acute phase reactants during flare-up of contact allergy to gold. Am J Contact Dermat 9:15–22
Möller H, Björkner B, Bruze M (1996) Clinical reactions to systemic provocation with gold sodium thiomalate in patients with contact allergy to gold. Br J Dermatol 135:423–427
Krecisz B, Kiec-Swierczynska PK, Chomiczewska D, Palcynski C (2009) Cobalt-induced anaphylaxis, contact urticaria, and delayed allergy in a ceramics decorator. Contact Dermat 60:173–174
Van der Meeren HLM, Van Erp PEJ (1986) Life-threatening contact urticaria from glove powder. Contact Dermat 14:190–191
Rystedt I (1985) Hand eczema and long-term prognosis in atopic dermatitis. (Dissertation) Department of Occupational Dermatology, National Board of Occupational Safety and Health and Karolinska Hospital. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
Lerbæk A (2007) Epidemiological and clinical studies on hand eczema in a opulation-based twin sample. (Dissertation) University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Darsow U, Vieluf D, Ring J (1999) Evaluating the relevance of aeroallergen sensitization in atopic eczema with the atopy patch test: a randomized, double-blind multicenter study. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:187–193
Darsow U, Laifaoui J, Kerschenlohr K, Wollenberg A, Przybilla B, Wüthrich B, Borelli S Jr, Giusti F, Seidenari S, Drzimalla K, Simon D, Disch R, Borelli S, Devillers AC, Oranje AP, De Raeve L, Hachem JP, Dangoisse C, Blondeel A, Song M, Breuer K, Wulf A, Werfel T, Roul S, Taieb A, Bolhaar S, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Brönnimann M, Braathen LR, Didierlaurent A, André C, Ring J (2004) The prevalence of positive reactions in the atopy patch test with aeroallergens and food allergens in subjects with atopic eczema: a European multicenter study. Allergy 59: 1318–1325
Pónyai G, Hidvégi B, Németh I, Sas A, Temesvári E, Kárpáti S (2008) Contact and aeroallergens in adulthood atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 22:1346–1355
Thelin I, Agrup G (1985) Pompholyx – a one year series. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 65:214–217
Schwanitz HJ (1986) Das Atopische Palmoplantarekzem. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Edman B (1988) Palmar eczema: a pathogenetic role for acetylsalicylic acid, contraceptives and smoking? Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 68:402–407
Menné T (1983) Nickel allergy. (Dissertation) University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Ancona A, Fernandez-Diez J, Bellamy C (1986) Occupationally induced psoriasis. Derm Beruf Umwelt 34:71–73
Rothenborg HW, Andersen HB (1993) Alcohol and skin disorders. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2:113–120
Johansen JD, Andersen TF, Kjoller M, Veien N, Avnstorp C, Andersen KE, Menné T (1998) Identification of risk products for fragrance contact allergy: a case-referent study based on patients’ histories. Am J Contact Dermat 9:80–86
Linneberg A, Nielsen NH, Menné T, Madsen F, Jørgensen T (2003) Smoking might be a risk factor for contact allergy. J Allergy Clin Imunol 111:980–984
Niemeier V, Nippesen M, Kupfer J, Schill WB, Gieler U (2002) Psychological factors associated with hand dermatoses: which subgroup needs additional psychological care? Br J Dermatol 146:1031–1037
Dooms-Goosens AE, Debusschere KM, Gevers DM et al (1986) Contact dermatitis caused by airborne agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:1–11
Hegewald J, Uter W, Kränke B, Schnuch A, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O (2008) Meteorological conditions and the diagnosis of occupationally related contact sensitizations. Scand J Work Environ Health 34:316–321
Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1992) Is patch testing a less accurate tool during the summer months? Am J Contact Dermat 3:35–36
Malten KE (1981) Thoughts on irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 7:238–247
Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (1977) A method for appraising the stinging capacity of topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chem 28:197–209
Clemmensen O, Hjorth N (1982) Perioral contact urticaria from sorbic acid and benzoic acid in a salad dressing. Contact Dermat 8:1–6
Andersen KE, Løwenstein H (1978) An investigation of the possible immunological relationship between allergen extracts from birch pollen, hazelnut, potato and apple. Contact Dermat 4:73–79
Murphy GM, Rycroft RJG (1989) Allergic contact dermatitis from silver birch pollen. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goosens A, Lachapelle J-M, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 146–148
Koh D, Goh CL, Tan HTW, Ng SK, Wong WK (1997) Allergic contact dermatitis from grasses. Contact Dermat 37:32–34
Amlot PL, Kemeny DM, Zachary C, Parkes P, Lessor MH (1987) Oral allergy syndrome (OAS): symptoms of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to foods. Clin Allergy 17:33–42
Hofmann A, Burks AW (2008) Pollen food syndrome: update on the allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 8:413–417
Ackerman AB (1978) Histological diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p 863
Veien NK (2009) Acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis. Dermatol Clin 27:337–353
Frosch PJ (1989) Irritant contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goosens A, Lachapelle J-M, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 385–403
Rothenborg HW, Menné T, Sjølin K-E (1977) Temperature dependent primary irritant dermatitis from lemon perfume. Contact Dermat 3:37–48
Rycroft RJG (1985) Low humidity and microtrauma. Am J Ind Med 8:371–373
Rycroft RJG (1987) Low-humidity occupational dermatoses. In: Gardner AW (ed) Current approaches to occupational health, 3rd edn. Wright, Bristol, pp 1–13
Hellgren L, Mobacken H (1969) Nummular eczema – clinical and statistical data. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 49:189–196
Le Coz C-J (2002) Contact nummular (discoid) eczema from depilating cream. Contact Dermat 46:111–112
Krupa Shankar DS, Shrestha S (2005) Relevance of patch testing in patients with nummular dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 71:406–408
Torinuki W, Tagami H (1987) Pustular irritant dermatitis due to croton oil. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 68:257–260
Sevadjian CM (1985) Pustular contact hypersensitivity to fluorouracil with rosacealike sequelae. Arch Dermatol 121:240–242
Modjtahedi BS, Modjtahedi SP, Maibach HI (2004) The sex of the individual as a factor in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 50:53–59
Zug KA, McGinley-Smith D, Warshaw EM, Taylor JS, Rietschel RL, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Storrs FJ, DeLeo VA, Marks JG Jr, Mathias CGT, Pratt MD, Sasseville D (2008) Contact allergy in children referred for patch testing. Arch Dermatol 144:1329–1336
Hammonds LM, Hall VC, Yiannias JA (2009) Allergic contact dermatitis in 136 children patch tested between 2000 and 2006. Int J Dermatol 48:271–274
Hogeling M, Pratt M (2008) Allergic contact dermatitis in children: the Ottawa hospital patch testing clinic experience, 1996 to 2006. Dermatitis 19:86–89
Lee PW, Elsaie ML, Jacob SE (2009) Allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens and treatment: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr 21:491–498
Wolf R, Wolf D, Matz H, Orion E (2003) Cutaneous reactions to temporary tattoos. Dermatol Online J 9:3
Balato A, Balato N, De Costanzo L, Ayala F (2008) Contact sensitization of older patients in an academic department in Naples, Italy. Dermatitis 19:209–212
Uter W, Geier J, Pfahlberg A, Effendy I (2002) The spectrum of contact allergy in elderly patients with and without lower leg dirmatitis. Dermatology 204:266–272
Nedorost ST, Stevens SR (2001) Diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging 18:827–835
Berardesca E, Maibach HI (1988) Contact dermatitis in blacks. Dermatol Clin 6:363–368
Jourdain R, De Lacharrière O, Bastien P, Maibach HI (2002) Ethnic variations in self-perceived sensitive skin: epidemiological survey. Contact Dermat 46:162–169
Deleo VA, Taylor SC, Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, Marks JG Jr, Mathias CG, Nethercott JR, Pratt MD, Reitschel RR, Sherertz EF, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS (2002) The effect of race and ethnicity on patch test results. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:S107–S112
Modjtahedi SP, Maibach HI (2002) Ethnicity as a possible endogenous factor in irritant contact dermatitis: comparing the irritant response among Caucasians, blacks, and Asians. Contact Dermat 47:272–278
Robinson MK (2002) Population differences in acute skin irritation responses. Race, sex, age, sensitive skin and repeat subject comparisons. Contact Dermat 46:86–93
Jones HE, Lewis CW, McMarlin SL (1973) Allergic contact sensitivity in atopic patients. Arch Dermatol 107:217–222
Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE (2002) Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis in adolescents: prevalence measures and associations. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis (TOACS). Acat Derm Venereol 82:352–358
Buckley DA, Basketter DA, Kan-King-Yu D, White IR, White JL, McFadden JP (2008) Atopy and contact allergy to fragrance: allergic reactions to the fragrance mix I (the Larsen mix). Contact Dermat 59:220–225
Christophersen J, Menné T, Tanghøj P, Andersen KE, Brandrup F, Kaaber K, Osmundsen PE, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Veien NK (1989) Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis. Contact Dermat 21:291–299
Möller H, Svensson A (1986) Metal sensitivity: positive history but negative test indicates atopy. Contact Dermat 14:57–60
Todd DJ, Burrows D, Stanford CF (1989) Atopy in subjects with a history of nickel allergy but negative patch tests. Contact Dermat 21:129–133
Dotterud LK, Falk ES (1995) Contact allergy in relation to hand eczema and atopic diseases in north Norwegian schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr 84:402–406
Bonnevie P (1939) Aethiologie und Pathogenese der Eczemkrankheiten. (Dissertation) Nyt Nordisk, Copenhagen
Larsson-Stymne B, Widström L (1985) Ear piercing – a cause of nickel allergy in schoolgirls? Contact Dermat 13:289–293
Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Menné T (2008) The outcome of dimethylglyoxime testing in a sample of cell phones in Denmark. Contact Dermat 59:38–42
Sánchez-Pérez J, Ruís-Genao GD, Río I, García Diez A (2003) Taxi driver’s occupational allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in euro coins. Contact Dermat 48:340–341
Gawkrodger DJ, Vestey JP, Wong W-K, Buxton PK (1986) Contact clinic survey of nickel-sensitive subjects. Contact Dermat 14:165–169
Moorthy TT, Tan GH (1986) Nickel sensitivity in Singapore. Int J Dermatol 25:307–309
Hemingway JD, Molokhia MM (1987) The dissolution of metallic nickel in artificial sweat. Contact Dermat 16:99–105
Emmett EA, Risby TH, Jiang L, Sk N, Feinman S (1988) Allergic contact dermatitis to nickel: bioavailability from consumer products and provocation threshold. J Am Acad Dermatol 19:314–322
Kanan MW (1969) Contact dermatitis in Kuwait. J Kuwait Med Assoc 3:129–144
Fisher AA (1985) Nickel dermatitis in men. Cutis 35:424–426
De Corres LF, Garrastazu MT, Soloeta R, Escayol P (1982) Nickel contact dermatitis in a blood bank. Contact Dermat 8:32–37
Oakley AMM, Ive FA, Car MM (1987) Skin clips are contraindicated when there is nickel allergy. J R Soc Med 80:290–291
Corazza M, Zampio MR, Montanari A, Pagnoni A, Virgili A (2002) Lichenoid reaction from a permanent red tatto: has nickel a possible aetiologic role? Contact Dermat 46:114–115
Moritz K, Sesztak-Greinecker G, Wantke F, Götz M, Jarisch R, Hemmer W (2007) Allergic contact dermatitis due to rubber in sports equipment. Contact Dermat 57:131–132
Kasteler JS, Petersen MJ, Vance JE, Zone JJ (1992) Circulating activated T lymphocytes in autoeczematization. Arch Dermatol 128:795–798
Cunningham MJ, Zone JJ, Petersen MJ, Green JA (1986) Circulating activated (DR-positive) T lymphocytes in a patient with autoeczematization. J Am Acad Dermatol 14:1039–1041
Warshaw EM, Furda LM, Maibach HI, Rietschel RL, Fowler JF Jr, Belsito DV, Zug KA, DeLeo VA, Marks JC Jr, Mathias CGT, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS (2008) Anogenital dermatitis in patients referred for patch testing. Restrospecitve analysis of cross-sectional data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1994–2004. Arch Dermatol 144:749–755
Feser A, Plaza T, Vogelgsang L, Mahler V (2008) Periorbital dermatitis – a recalcitrant disease: causes and differential diagnoses. Br J Dermatol 159:858–863
Smart V, Alavi A, Coutts P, Fierheller M, Coelho S, Holness L, Sibbald RG (2008) Contact allergens in persons with leg ulcers: a Canadian study in contact sensitization. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 7:120–125
Goossens A, Blondeel S, Zimerson E (2002) Resorcinol monobenzoate: a potential sensitizer in a computer mouse. Contact Dermat 47:235
Avnstorp C, Hamann K (1981) Neglelakeksem. Ugeskr Laeger 143:2504–2505
Burnett JW, Calton GJ (1987) Jellyfish envenomation syndromes updated. Ann Emerg Med 16:1000–1005
Dosman HDJ, JA Li KYR et al (1986) Questionnaire survey of pruritus and rash in grain elevator workers. Contact Dermat 14:170–175
Saary MJ, House RA, Holness DL (2001) Dermatitis in a particleboard manufacturing facility. Contact Dermat 44:325–330
Beck MH, Hausen BM, Dave VK (1984) Allergic contact dermatitis from Machaerium scleroxylum Tul. (Pao ferro) in a joinery shop. Clin Exp Dermatol 9:159–166
Ippen H, Wereta-Kubek M, Rose U (1986) Haut- und Schleimhautreaktionen durch Zimmerpflanzen der Gattung Dieffenbachia. Dermatosen 34:93–101
Hausen BM (1982) Häufigkeit und Bedeutung toxischer und allergischer Kontaktdermatitiden durch Machaerium scleroxylum Tul. (Pao ferro), einem Ersatzholz für Palisander (Dalbergia nigra All.). Hautarzt 33:321–328
Møller NE, Nielsen B, von Würden K (1986) Contact dermatitis to semisynthetic penicillins in factory workers. Contact Dermat 14:307–311
Santos R, Goossens A (2007) An update on airborne contact dermatitis: 2001-2006. Contact Dermat 57:353–360
Karlberg AT, Gafvert E, Meding B, Stenberg B (1996) Airborne contact dermatitis from unexpected exposure to rosin (colophony). Rosin sources revealed with chemical analyses. Contact Dermat 35:272–278
Hjorth N, Roed-Petersen J, Thomsen K (1976) Airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae oleoresins simulating photodermatitis. Br J Dermatol 95:613–619
LaMarte FP, Merchant JA, Casale TB (1988) Acute systemic reactions to carbonless copy paper associated with histamine release. JAMA 260:242–243
Berg M (1988) Skin problems in workers using visual display terminals. Contact Dermat 19:335–341
Berg M, Lonne-Rahm SB, Fischer T (1998) Patients with visual display unit-related facial symptoms are stingers. Acta Derm Venereol 78:44–45
McMullen E, Gawkrodger DJ (2006) Physical friction is under-recognized as an irritant that can cause or contribute to contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 154:154–156
Gambichler T, Uzun A, Boms S, Altmeyer P, Altemüller E (2008) Skin conditions in instrumental musicians: a self-reported survey. Contact Dermat 58:217–222
Wintzen M, Van Zuuren EJ (2003) Computer-related skin diseases. Contact Dermat 48:241–243
García-Morales I, García Bravo B, Camacho Martínez F (2003) Occupational contact dermatitis caused by a personal-computer mouse mat. Contact Dermat 49:172
Powell FC (1994) Sports dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 3:1–15
Tomecki KJ, Mikesell JF (1987) Rower’s rump. J Am Acad Dermatol 16:890–891
Kanerva L (1998) Knuckle pads from boxing. Eur J Dermatol 8:359–361
Descamps V, Peuchal X (2002) “Canyoning hand”: a new recreational hand dermatitis. Contact Dermat 47:363–364
Inue S, Yamamoto S, Ikegami R, Ozawa K, Itami S, Yoshikawa K (2002) Baseball pitcher’s friction dermatitis. Contact Dermat 47:176–177
Sullivan JR, Rachlis A, Phillips E (2003) “Buffalo-hump” dermatitis: a hat trick of antiretroviral side-effects. Contact Dermat 48:169–170
Kato A, Shoji A, Aoki N (2003) Very-low-voltage electrical injuries caused by cellular-phone chargers. Contact Dermat 49:168–169
Hersle K, Mobacken H (1982) Hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms. Br J Dermatol 107:195–202
Thestrup-Pedersen K, Andersen KE, Menné T, Veien NK (2001) Treatment of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms (eczema keratoticum) with oral acitretin. A single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol 81:353–355
Sabroe RA, Sharp LA, Peachey RDG (1996) Contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. Contact Dermat 34:345–348
Plewig G, Fulton JE, Kligman AM (1970) Pomade acne. Arch Dermatol 101:580–584
Pecegueiro M, Brandao M (1984) Contact plantar pustulosis. Contact Dermat 11:126–127
Andersen KE, Sjølin KE, Solgard P (1989) Actuce irritant contact folliculitis in a galvanizer. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goossens A, Lachapelle J-M, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 417–418
Rystedt I, Fischer T, Lagerholm B (1983) Patch testing with sodium tungstate. Contact Dermat 9:69–73
Freeman S (1986) Woman allergic to husband’s sweat and semen. Contact Dermat 14:110–112
Poskitt BL, Wojnarowska FT, Shaw S (1995) Semen contact urticaria. J R Soc Med 88:108P–109P
Held JL, Ruszkowski AM, Deleo VA (1988) Consort contact dermatitis due to oak moss. Arch Dermatol 124:261–262
Bernedo N, Audicana MT, Uriel O, Velasco M, Gastraminza G, Fernández E, Muñoz D (2004) Allergic contact dermatitis from cosmetics applied by the patient’s girlfriend. Contact Dermat 50:252–253
Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1994) Plantar Trichophyton rubrum infections may cause dermatophytids on the hands. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 74:403–404
Bryld LE, Agner T, Menné T (2003) Relation between vesicular eruptions on the hands and tinea pedis, atopic dermatitis and nickel allergy. Acta Derm Venereol 83:186–188
Rustemeyer T, Frosch PJ (1996) Occupational skin diseases in dental laboratory technicians. (I). Clinical picture and causative factors. Contact Dermat 34:125–133
Delaney TZ, Donnelly AM (1996) Garlic dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol 37:109–110
Rycroft FJG, Baran R (1984) Occupational abnormalities and contact dermatitis. In: Baran R et al (eds) Diseases of the nails. Blackwell, London, pp 267–287
Mathias CGT, Maibach HI (1984) Allergic contact dermatitis from anaerobic acrylic sealants. Arch Dermatol 120:1202–1205
Cronin E (1982) “New” allergens of clinical importance. Semin Dermatol 1:33–41
Foti C, Cassano N, Conserva A, Vena GA (2003) Irritant paronychia with onychodystrophy caused by cyanoacrylate nail glue. Contact Dermat 49:274–275
Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Nørholm A (1986) Aluminium allergy. Contact Dermat 15:295–297
Kaaber K, Nielsen AO, Veien NK (1992) Vaccination granulomas and aluminium allergy: course and prognostic factors. Contact Dermat 26:304–306
Netterlid E, Hindsén M, Bjork J, Ekqvist S, Günder N, Henricson KÅ, Bruze M (2009) There is an association between contact allergy to aluminium and persistent subcutaneous nodules in children undergoing hyposensitization therapy. Contact Dermat 60:41–49
Bergfors E, Trollfors B, Inerot A (2003) Unexpectedly high incidence of persistent itching odules and delayed hypersensitivity to aluminium in children after the use of adsorbed vaccines from a single manufacturer. Vaccine 22:64–69. Erratum in: Vaccine (2004) 22:1586
Culora GA, Ramsay AD, Theaker JM (1996) Aluminium and injection site reactions. J Clin Pathol 49:844–847
Fischer T, Rystedt I (1982) A case of contact sensitivity to aluminium. Contact Dermat 8:343
Feinglos MN, Jegasothy BV (1979) “Insulin” allergy due to zinc. Lancet 1:122–124
Cronin E (1980) Contact dermatitis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Hjorth N, Roed-Petersen J (1976) Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermat 2:28–42
Chan EF, Mowad C (1998) Contact dermatitis to foods and spices. Am J Contact Dermat 9:71–79
Kanerva L, Toikkanen J, Jolanki R, Estlander T (1996) Statistical data on occupational contact urticaria. Contact Dermat 35:229–233
Oranje AP, Van Gysel D, Mulder PG, Dieges PH (1994) Food-induced contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) in atopic dermatitis: reproducibility of repeated and duplicate testing with a skin provocation test, the skin application food test (SAFT). Contact Dermat 31:314–318
Iliev D, Wuthrich B (1998) Occupational protein contact dermatitis with type I allergy to different kinds of meat and vegetables. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71:289–292
Menné T, Veien N, Sjølin K-E, Maibach HI (1994) Systemic contact dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermat 5:1–12
Veien NK (1989) Systemically induced eczema in adults. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) Suppl 147. Dissertation, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Veien NK, Krogdahl A (1989) Is nickel vasculitis a clinical entity? In: Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goossens A, Lachapelle J-M, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 172–177
Kaaber K, Sjølin KE, Menné T (1983) Elbow eruptions in nickel and chromate dermatitis. Contact Dermat 9:213–216
Calnan CD (1956) Nickel dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 68:229–236
Andersen KE, Hjorth N, Menné T (1984) The baboon syndrome: systemically-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 10:97–100
Christensen OB (1981) Nickel allergy and hand eczema in females. Dissertation, University of Lund, Malmö
Lechner T, Grytzmann B, Bäurle G (1987) Hämatogenes allergisches Kontaktekzem nach oraler Gabe von Nystatin. Mykosen 30:143–146
Bernard P, Rayol J, Bonnafoux A et al (1988) Toxidermies apres prise orale de pristinamycine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 115:63–66
Shiohara T (2009) Fixed drug eruption: pathogenesis and diagnostic tests. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 9:316–321
Mizukawa Y, Yamazaki Y, Shiohara T (2008) In vivo dynamics of intraepidermal CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells during the evolution of fixed drug eruption. Br J Dermatol 158:1230–1238
Rycroft RJG (1980) Acute ulcerative contact dermatitis from Portland cement. Br J Dermatol 102:487–489
Rycroft RJG (1980) Acute ulcerative contact dermatitis from ready mixed cement. Clin Exp Dermatol 5:245–247
Koch P (1996) Brulures, necroses et ulcerations cutanees dues au ciment, au beton premixe et a la chaux. Huit cas. Ann Dermatol Venereol 123:832–836
Osmundsen PE, Alani MD (1971) Contact allergy to an optical whitener, “CRY”, in washing powders. Br J Dermatol 85:61–66
Valsecchi R, de Landro A, Pansera B, Cainelli T (1995) Pigmented contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 33:70–71
Hayakawa R, Matsunaga K, Kojima S, Kaniwa M, Nakamura A (1985) Naphthol AS as a cause of pigmented contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 13:20–25
Gottschling S, Meyer S, Dill-Mueller D, Wurm D, Gortner L (2007) Outbreak report of airborne caterpillar dermatitis in a kindergarten. Dermatology 215:5–9
Balit CR, Geary MJ, Russell RC, Isbister GK (2004) Clinical effects of exposure to the White-stemmed gum moth (Chelepteryx collesi). Emerg Med Australas 16:74–81
Maier SW, Kinaciyan T, Krehan H, Cabaj A, Schopf A, Honigsmann H (2003) The oak processionary caterpillar as the cause of an epidemic airborne disease: survey and analysis. Br J Dermatol 149:990–997
Artola-Bordás F, Arnedo-Pena A, Romeu-Garcia MA, Bellido-Blasco JB (2008) Outbreak of dermatitis caused by pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in schoolchildren. An Sist Sanit Navar 31:289–293
Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I, Armentia A, Caballero ML, Miranda A (2004) Occupational immunologic contact urticaria from pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa): experience in 30 cases. Contact Dermat 50:60–64
Salinas ML, Ogura T, Soffchi L (2001) Irritant contact dermatitis caused by needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, raphides, in Agave tequilana among workers in tequila distilleries and agave plantations. Contact Dermat 44:94–96
Modi GM, Doherty CB, Katta R, Orengo IF (2009) Irritant contact dermatitis from plants. Dermatitis 20:63–78
Darabi K, Hostetler SG, Bechtel MA, Zirwas M (2009) The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 60:125–136
Mayser P, Kupfer J, Nemetz D, Schäfer U, Nilles M, Hort W, Gieler U (2006) Treatment of head and neck dermatitis with ciclopiroxolamine cream – results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 19:153–158
Maibach HI (1987) Oral substitution in patients sensitized by transdermal clonidine treatment. Contact Dermat 16: 1–8
Harai Z, Sommer I, Knobel B (1987) Multifocal contact dermatitis to nitroderm TTS 5 with extensive postinflammatory hypermelanosis. Dermatologica 174:249–252
Holdiness MR (1989) A review of contact dermatitis associated with transdermal therapeutic systems. Contact Dermat 20:3–9
Carmichael AJ (1994) Skin sensitivity and transdermal drug delivery. A review of the problem. Drug Saf 10:151–159
Weickel R, Frosch PJ (1986) Kontaktallergie auf Glyceroltrinitrat (Nitroderm TTS). Hautarzt 37:511–512
Wilson DE, Kaidbey K, Boike SC, Jorkasky DK (1998) Use of topical corticosteroid pretreatment to reduce the incidence and severity of skin reactions associated with testosterone transdermal therapy. Clin Ther 20:299–306
Hulst KV, Amer EP, Jacobs C, Dewulf V, Baeck M, Vallverdú RMP, Giménez-Arnau A, Tennstedt D, Goossens A (2008) Allergic contact dermatitis from transdermal buprenorphine. Contact Dermat 59:366–369
Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BA, Tenekjian KK, Kurban AK (1981) Berloque dermatitis – a continuing cosmetic problem. Contact Dermat 7:111–116
Edman B (1985) Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens. Contact Dermat 13:129–135
Näher H, Frosch PJ (1987) Contact dermatitis to thioxolone. Contact Dermat 17:250–251
Tosti A, Guerra L, Bardazzi F (1991) Contact dermatitis caused by topical minoxidil: case reports and review of the literature. Am J Contact Dermat 2:56–59
Ebner H, Müller E (1995) Allergic contact dermatitis from minoxidil. Contact Dermat 32:316
Friedman ES, Friedman PM, Coen DE, Washenik K (2002) Allergic contact dermatitis to topical minoxidil solution: etiology and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:309–312
Storrs FJ (1984) Permanent wave contact dermatitis: contact allergy to glyceryl monothioglycolate. J Am Acad Dermatol 11:74–85
Søsted H, Agner T, Andersen KE, Menné T (2002) 55 cases of allergic reactions to hair dye: a descriptive, consumer complaint-based study. Contact Dermat 47:299–303
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, van Neste DJ (2001) Telogen effluvium after allergic contact dermatitis of the scalp. Arch Dermatol 137:187–190
Andersen KE, Roed-Petersen J, Kamp P (1984) Contact allergy related to TEA-PEG-3 cocamide sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine in a shampoo. Contact Dermat 11:192–193
Pérez RG, Aguirre A, Ratón JA, Eizaguirre X, Díaz-Pérez JL (1995) Positive patch tests to zinc pyrithione. Contact Dermat 32:118–119
Brand R, Delaney TA (1998) Allergic contact dermatitis to cocamidopropylbetaine in hair shampoo. Australs J Dermatol 39:121–122
Nielsen NH, Menné T (1997) Allergic contact dermatitis caused by zinc pyrithione associated with pustular psoriasis. Am J Contact Dermat 8:170–171
Fowler JF, Fowler LM, Hunter JE (1997) Allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine may be due to amidoamine: a patch test and product use test study. Contact Dermat 37:276–281
Fowler JF Jr, Zug KM, Taylor JS, Storrs FJ, Sherertz EA, Sasseville DA, Rietschel RL, Pratt MD, Mathias CGT, Marks JG, Mailbach HI, Fransway AF, Deleo VA, Belsito DV (2004) Allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine and amidoamine in North America. Dermatitis 15:5–6
Pasche-Koo F, Claeys M, Hauser C (1996) Contact urticaria with systemic symptoms caused by bovine collagen in a hair conditioner. Am J Contact Dermat 7:56–58
Dobrev H, Zissova L (1997) Effect of ketoconazole 2% shampoo on scalp sebum level in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 77:132–134
Peter RU, Richarz-Barthauer U (1995) Successful treatment and prophylaxis of scalp seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff with 2% ketoconazole shampoo: results of a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 132:441–445
Fotiades J, Soter NA, Lim HW (1995) Results of evaluation of 203 patients for photosensitivity in a 7.3-year period. J Am Acad Dermatol 33:597–602
Beach RA, Pratt MD (2009) Chronic actinic dermatitis: clinical cases, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic management. J Cutan Med Surg 13:121–128
Frain-Bell W, Lakshmipathi T, Rogers J, Willock J (1974) The syndrome of chronic photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid. Br J Dermatol 91:617–634
Russell SC, Dawe RS, Collins P, Man I, Ferguson J (1998) The photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome (chronic actinic dermatitis) occurring in seven young atopic dermatitis patients. Br J Dermatol 138:496–501
Healy E, Rogers S (1995) Photosensitivity dermatitis/actinic reticuloid syndrome in an Irish population: a review and some unusual features. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 75:72–74
Goulden V, Wilkinson SM (1998) Patch testing for Compositae allergy. Br J Dermatol 138:1018–1021
Machet L, Vaillant L, Callens A, Demasure M, Barruet K, Lorette G (1993) Allergic contact dermatitis from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with cross-sensitivity to arnica. Contact Dermat 28:184–200
Hausen BM (1996) A 6-year experience with compositae mix. Am J Contact Dermat 7:94–99
Paulsen E, Søgaard J, Andersen KE (1998) Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers (III). Compositae-related symptoms. Contact Dermat 38:140–146
Mahajan VK, Sharma VK, Kaur I, Chakrabarti A (1996) Contact dermatitis in agricultural workers: rôle of common crops, fodder and weeds. Contact Dermat 35:373–374
Mahler V, Diepgen TL, Heese A, Peters K-P (1998) Protein contact dermatitis due to cow dander. Contact Dermat 38:47–48
Moreno JC, Gata IM, Garcia-Bravo B, Camacho FM (1997) Fiddler’s neck. Am J Contact Dermat 8:39–42
Hausen BM (1997) Allergic contact dermatitis from a wooden necklace. Am J Contact Dermat 8:185–187
Hausen BM, Oestmann G (1988) Untersuchungen über die Häufigkeit berufsbedingter allergischer Hauterkrankungen auf einem Blumengrossmarkt. Dermatosen 36:117–124
Schnuch A, Szliska C, Uter W (2009) Facial allergic contact dermatitis. Data from the IVDK and review of literature. Hautarzt 60:13–21
Adams RM, Maibach HI (1985) A five-year study of cosmetic reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 13:1062–1069
Hsu TS, Davis MD, el-Azhary R, Corbett JF, Gibson LE (2001) Beard dermatitis due to para-phenylenediamine use in Arabic men. J Am Acad Dermatol 44:867–869
Jacobs M-C, White IR, Rycroft RJG, Taub N (1995) Patch testing with preservatives at St John’s from 1982 to 1993. Contact Dermat 33:247–254
Wilkinson JD, Shaw S, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, Buynzeel DP, Bruze M, Camarasa JM, Diepgen TL, Ducombs G, Frosch PJ, Goossens A, Lachappelle JM, Lahti A, Menné T, Seidenari S, Tosti A, Wahlberg JE (2002) Monitoring levels of preservative sensitivity in Europe. A 10-year overview (1991–2000). Contact Dermatitis 46:207–210. Comment in: Contact Dermatitis 2002 46:189–190
Mathias CGT (1982) Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis from contact allergy to a toilet soap containing chromium. Contact Dermat 8:29–31
Mathias CGT, Maibach HI, Conant MA (1980) Perioral leukoderma simulating vitiligo from use of a toothpaste containing cinnamic aldehyde. Arch Dermatol 116:1172–1173
Hayakawa R, Matsunaga K, Arima Y (1987) Depigmented contact dermatitis due to incense. Contact Dermat 16:272–274
Fisher AA, Dooms-Goossens A (1976) Persulfate hair bleach reactions. Arch Dermatol 112:1407–1409
Guin JD, Berry VK (1980) Perfume sensitivity in adult females. J Am Acad Dermatol 3:299–302
Brandrup F, Hansen NS, Schultz K (1987) Ansigtseksem fremkaldt af gummi i åndedraetsvaern. Ugeskr Laeger 149:968
Rotstein E, Rotstein H (1997) The ear-lobe sign: a helpful sign in facial contact dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol 38:215–216
Hannuksela M, Lahti A (1977) Immediate reactions to fruits and vegetables. Contact Dermat 3:79–84
Paulsen E (1996) Compositae-dermatitis på Fyn. (Dissertation), Odense University, Odense
Zug KA, Kornik R, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Marks JG Jr, Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Warshaw EM, North American Contact Dermatitis Group (2008) Patch-testing North American lip dermatitis patients: data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001 to 2004. Dermatitis 19:202–208
Schena D, Fantuzzi F, Girolomoni G (2008) Contact allergy in chronic eczematous lip dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 18:688–692
Downs AMR, Lear JT, Sansom JE (1998) Contact sensitivity in patients with oral symptoms. Contact Dermat 39:258–259
Goldsmith PC, White IR, Rycroft FJG, McFadden JP (1995) Probable active sensitization to tixocortol pivalate. Contact Dermat 33:429–430
Serra-Baldrich E, Puig LL, Arnau AG, Camarasa JG (1995) Lipstick allergic contact dermatitis from gallates. Contact Dermat 32:359–372
Niinimäki A (1995) Spice allergy. Acta Univ Oul D 357 (Dissertation), University of Oulu, Finland
Lavy Y, Slodownik D, Trattner A, Ingber A (2009) Toothpaste allergy as a cause of cheilitis in Israeli patients. Dermatitis 20:95–98
Liden C, Berg M, Farm G, Wrangsjo K (1993) Nail varnish allergy with far-reaching consequences. Br J Dermatol 128:57–62
Rietschel RL, Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, LeLeo VA, Belsito DV, Taylor JS, Storrs FJ, Mathias CG, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Zug KA, Pratt M, North American Contact Dermatitis Group (2007) Common contact allergens associated with eyelid dermatitis: data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2003-2004 study period. Dermatitis 18:78–81
Amin KA, Belsito DV (2006) The aetiology of eyelid dermatitis: a 10-year retrospective analysis. Contact Dermat 55:280–285
Karlberg AT, Gafvert E, Meding B, Stenberg B (1996) Airborne contact dermatitis from unexpected exposure to rosin (colophony). Rosin sources revealed with chemical analyses. Contact Dermat 35:272–278
Herbst RA, Uter W, Pirker C, Geier J, Frosch PJ (2004) Allergic and non-allergic periorbital dermatitis: patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology during a 5-year period. Contact Dermat 51:13–19
Guin JD (2002) Eyelid dermatitis: experience in 203 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:755–765
Ayala F, Fabbrocini G, Bacchilega R, Berardesca E, Caraffini S, Corazza M, Flori ML, Francalanci S, Guarrera M, Lisi P, Santucci B, Schena D, Suppa F, Valsecchi R, Vincenzi C, Balato N (2003) Eyelid dermatitis: an evaluation of 447 patients. Am J Contact Dermat 14:69–74
Frosch PJ, Weickel R, Schmitt T, Krastel H (1988) Nebenwirkungen von opthalmologischen Externa. Z Hautkr 63:126–136
Le Coz C-J, Leclere J-M, Arnoult E, Raison-Peyron N, Pons-Guiraud A, Vigan M (2002) Allergic contact dermatitis from shellac in mascara. Contact Dermat 46:149–152
Grundmann H, Wozniak K-D, Tost M (1981) Zum allergischen Kontakteksem im Lid- und Augenbereich. Folia Ophthalmol 6:258–261
Valsecchi R, Imberti G, Martino D, Cainelli T (1992) Eyelid dermatitis: an evaluation of 150 patients. Contact Dermat 27:143–147
Nethercott JR (1978) Skin problems associated with multifunctional acrylic monomers in ultraviolet curing inks. Br J Dermatol 98:541–551
Ottosen C-O, Irgens-Møller L (1984) Øjenskader kan skyldes stueplanten Dieffenbachia. Ugeskr Laeger 146:3927–3928
Millard TP, Orton DI (2004) Changing patterns of contact allergy in chronic inflammatory ear disease. Contact Dermat 50:83–86
Wilkinson SM, Bech MH (1993) Hypesensitivity to topical corticosteroids in otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol 107:597–599
Lear JT, Sandhu G, English JSC (1998) Hearing aid dermatitis: a study in 20 consecutive patients. Contact Dermat 38:212–238
Sood A, Taylor JS (2004) Allergic contact dermatitis from hearing aid materials. Dermatitis 15:48–50
Nielsen NH, Menné T (1993) Nickel sensitization and ear piercing in an unselected Danish population. Glostrup Allergy Study. Contact Dermat 29:16–21
Kieffer M (1979) Nickel sensitivity: relationship between history and patch test reaction. Contact Dermat 5:398–401
Nakada T, Iijima M, Nakayama H, Maibach HI (1997) Role of ear piercing in metal allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 36:233–236
Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Dawson JG (1997) Granulomatous contact dermatitis due to gold earrings. Br J Dermatol 136:776–778
Carlsen L, Andersen KE, Egsgaard H (1986) Triphenyl phosphate allergy from spectacle frames. Contact Dermat 15:274–277
Seishima M, Yama Z, Oda M (2003) Cellular phone dermatitis with chormate allergy. Dermatology 207:48–50
Hatch KL, Maibach HI (1985) Textile fiber dermatitis. Contact Dermat 12:1–11
Hatch KL, Maibach HI (1986) Textile chemical finish dermatitis. Contact Dermat 14:1–13
Ryberg K, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Hindsén M, Zimerson E, Bruze M (2006) Contact allergy to textile dyes in southern Sweden. Contact Dermat 54:313–321
Lazarov A (2004) Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: a 4-year prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18:531–537
Brookstein DS (2009) Factors associated with textile pattern dermatitis caused by contact allergy to dyes, finishes, foams, and preservatives. Dermatol Clin 27:309–322, vi–vii
Ryberg K, Goossens A, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Zimerson E, Nilsson F, Björk J, Hindsén M, Bruze M (2009) Is contact allergy to disperse dyes and related substances associated with textile dermatitis? Br J Dermatol 160:107–115
Nedorost S, Kessler M, McCormick T (2007) Allergens retained in clothing. Dermatitis 18:212–214
Scheman AJ, Carroll PA, Brown KH, Osburn AH (1998) Formaldehyde-related textile allergy: an update. Contact Dermat 38:332–336
Tegner E (1985) Sheet dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 65:254–257
Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1992) Can “label dermatitis” become “creeping neurotic excoriations”? Contact Dermat 27:272–273
Corazza M, Maranini C, La Malfa W, Virgili A (1998) Unusual suction-like contact dermatitis due to ECG electrodes. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 78:145–159
Goossens A, Verhamme B (2002) Contact allergy to permanent colorants used for tattooing a nipple after breast reconstruction. Contact Dermat 47:250
Lamb SR, Ardley HE, Wilkinson SM (2003) Contact allergy to propylene glycol in brassiere padding inserts. Contact Dermat 48:224–225
Freudenthal AR, Joseph PR (1993) Seabather’s eruption. N Engl J Med 329:542–544
Sun C-C, Sue M-S (1995) Sulfur spring dermatitis. Contact Dermat 32:31–34
Larsen WG (1977) Perfume Dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 113:623–626
Johansen JD, Andersen TF, Veien N, Avnstorp C, Andersen KE, Menné T (1997) Patch testing with markers of fragrance contact allergy. Do clinical tests correspond to patients’ self-reported problems? Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 77:149–153
Larsen WG (1979) Allergic contact dermatitis to the perfume in Mycolog cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1:131–133
Bauer A, Geier J, Elsner P (2000) Allergic contact dermatitis in patients with anogenital complaints. J Reprod Med 45:649–654
Longhi F, Carlucci G, Bellucci R, di Girolamo R, Palumbo G, Amerio P (1992) Diaper dermatitis: a study of contributing factors. Contact Dermat 26:248–252
Di Landro A, Greco V, Valsecchi R (2002) “Lucky Luke” contact dermatitis from diapers with negative patch tests. Contact Dermat 46:48–49
Seymour JL, Keswick BH, Haifin JM, Jordan WP, Milligan MC (1989) Clinical effects of diaper types on the skin of normal infacts and infants with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 17:988–997
de Groot AC, Frosch PJ (1997) Adverse reactions to fragrances. A clinical review. Contact Dermat 36:57–86
Muratore L, Calogiuri G, Foti C, Nettis E, Di Leo E, Vacca A (2008) Contact allergy to benzocaine in a condom. Contact Dermat 59:173–174
Poskitt BL, Wojnarowska FT, Shaw S (1995) Semen contact urticaria. J R Soc Med 88:108P–109P
Guillet G, Dagregorio G (2004) Seminal fluid as a missed allergen in vulvar allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 50:318–319
Haverhoek E, Reid C, Gordon L, Marshman G, Wood J, Selva-Nayagam P (2008) Prospective study of patch testing in patients with vulval pruritus. Australs J Dermatol 49:80–85
Utas S, Ferahbas A, Yildiz S (2008) Patients with vulval pruritus: patch test results. Contact Dermat 58:296–298
Nardelli A, Degreef H, Goossen A (2004) Contact allergic reactions of the vulva: a 14-year review. Dermatitis 15:131–136
Nunns D, Ferguson J, Beck M, Mandal D (1997) Is patch testing necessary in vulval vestibulitis? Contact Dermat 37:87–89
Crone AM, Stewart EJ, Wojnarowska F, Powell SM (2000) Aetiological factors in volvar dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 14:181–186
Lazarov A (1999) Perianal contact dermatitis caused by nail lacquer allergy. Am J Contact Dermat 10:43–44
Lauerma AI (2001) Simultaneous immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine digluconate. Contact Dermat 44:59–60
Romaguera C, Grimalt F (1981) Contact dermatitis from a copper-containing intrauterine contraceptive device. Contact Dermat 7:163–164
Lembo S, Panariello L, Lemo C, Ayala F (2008) Toilet contact dermatitis. Contact Dermat 59:59–60
Ezzedine K, Rafii N, Heenen M (2007) Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis to an exotic wood: a very harmful toilet seat. Contact Dermat 57:128–130
Frosch PJ, Raulin C (1987) Kontaktallergie auf Bufexamac. Hautarzt 38:331–334
Blecher P, Korting HC (1992) Irritative und allergologische Aspekte der Verwendung Altpapier-haltiger Hygienepapiere im Analbereich. Dermatosen 40:30–34
Vermaat H, Smienk F, Rustemeyer T, Bruynzeel DP, Kirtschig G (2008) Anogenital allergic contact dermatitis, the role of spices and flavour allergy. Contact Dermat 59:233–237
Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Nørholm A (1987) Dermatoses in coffee drinkers. Cutis 40:421–422
Ratliff CR, Conovan AM (2001) Frequency of peristomal complications. Ostomy Wound Manage 47:26–29
Lyon CC, Smith AJ, Griffiths CE, Beck MH (2000) The spectrum of skin disorders in abdominal stoma patients. Br J Dermatol 143:1248–1260
Martin JA, Hughes TM, Stone NM (2005) Peristomal allergic contact dermatitis – case report and review of the literature. Contact Dermat 52:273–275
Beck MH, Burrows D, Fregert S, Mendelsohn S (1985) Allergic contact dermatitis to epoxy resin in ostomy bags. Br J Surg 72:202–203
Mann RJ, Stewart E, Peachey RDG (1983) Sensitivity to urostomy pouch plastic. Contact Dermat 9:80–81
Rietschel RL, Fowler JF Jr (eds) Fisher’s contact dermatitis, 6th edn. BC Decker, Hamilton, pp 373–374
Rothstein MS (1986) Dermatologic considerations of stoma care. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:411–432
Goossens A, Armingaud P, Avenel-Audran M, Begon-Bagdassarian I, Constandt L, Giordano-Labadie F, Girardin P, Coz CJLE, Milpied-Homsi B, Nootens C, Pecquet C, Tennstedt D, Vanhecke E (2002) An epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis due to epilating products. Contact Dermat 46:67–70
Lyon CC, Kulkarni J, Zimeson E, Van Ross E, Beck MH (2000) Skin disorders in amputees. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:501–507
van Ketel WG (1977) Allergic contact dermatitis of amputation stumps. Contact Dermat 3:50–61
Komamura H, Foi T, Inui S, Yoshikawa K (1997) A case of contact dermatitis due to impurities of cetyl alcohol. Contact Dermat 36:44–46
Jankicevic J, Vesic S, Vukicevic J, Gajic M, Adamic M, Pavlovic MD (2008) Contact sensitivity in patients with venous leg ulcers in Serbia: comparison with contact dermatitis patients and relationship to ulcer duration. Contact Dermat 58:32–36
Barbaud A, Collet E, Le Coz CJ, Meaume S, Gillois P (2009) Contact allergy in chronic leg ulcers: results of a multicentre study carried out in 423 patients and proposal for an updated series of patch tests. Contact Dermat 60:279–287
Machet L, Couhe C, Perrinaud A, Hoarau C, Lorette G, Vaillant L (2004) A high prevalence of sensitization still persists in leg ulcer patients: a retrospective series of 106 patients tested between 2001 and 2002 and a meta-analysis of 1975-2003 data. Br J Dermatol 150:929–935
Salim A, Shaw S (2001) Recommendation to include ester gum resin when patch testing patients with leg ulcers. Contact Dermat 44:34–60
Hausen BM, Schulz KH (1984) Strumpffarben-Allergie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 109:1469–1475
Rietschel RL (1984) Role of socks in shoe dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 120:398
Bugnet LD, Sanchez-Politta S, Sorg O, Piletta P (2008) Allergic contact dermatitis to colophonium-contaminated socks. Contact Dermat 59:127–128
Warshaw EM, Schram SE, Belsito DV, LeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Marks JG Jr, Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA (2007) Shoe allergens: retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001-2004. Dermatitis 18:191–202
Nardelli A, Taveirne M, Drieghe J, Carbonez A, Degreef H, Goossens A (2005) The relation between the localization of foot dermatitis and the causative allergens in shoes: a 13-year retrospective study. Contact Dermat 53:201–206
Castanedo-Tardan MP, Gelpi C, Jacob SE (2008) Allergic contact dermatitis to Crocs™. Contact Dermat 58:248–249
Saha M, Srinivas CR, Shenoy SD, Balachandran C, Acharya S (1993) Footwear dermatitis. Contact Dermat 28:260–264
Trattner A, Farchi Y, David M (2003) Shoe contact dermatitis in Israel. Am J Contact Dermat 14:12–14
Opie J, Lee A, Frowen K, Fewings J, Nixon R (2004) Foot dermatitis caused by the textile dye Basic Red 46 in acrylic blend socks. Contact Dermat 49:297–303
Möller H (1972) Atopic winter feet in children. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 52:401–405
Jones SK, English JSC, Forsyth A, Mackie RM (1987) Juvenile plantar dermatosis: an 8-year follow-up of 102 patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 12:5–7
Chougule A, Thappa DM (2008) Patterns of lower leg and foot eczema in South India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 74:458–461
Frick M, Isaksson M, Björkner B, Hindsén M, Pontén A, Bruze M (2003) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in a company manufacturing boards coated with isocyanate lacquer. Contact Dermat 48:255–260
Bhardwaj SS, Brodell RT, Taylor JS (2003) Red tattoo reactions. Contact Dermat 48:236–237
Greve B, Chytry R, Raulin C (2003) Contact dermatitis from red tattoo pigment (quinacridone) with secondary spread. Contact Dermat 49:265–266
Raap U, Stiesch M, Reh H, Kapp A, Werfel T (2009) Investigation of contact allergy to dental metals in 206 patients. Contact Dermat 60:339–343
Laeijendecker R, Dekker SK, Burger PM, Mulder PG, Van Joost T, Neumann MH (2004) Oral lichen planus and allergy to dental amalgam restorations. Arch Dermatol 140:1434–1438
Torgerson RR, Davis MD, Bruce AJ, Farmer SA, Rogers RS 3rd (2007) Contact allergy in oral disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 57:315–321
Hosoki M, Bando E, Asaoka K, Takeuchi H, Nishigawa K (2009) Assessment of allergic hypersensitivity to dental materials. Biomed Mater Eng 19:53–61
Koch P (1998) Orale lichenoide Läsionen. Auslösung durch exogene Faktoren? Dermatosen 46:196–201
von Mayenburg J, Frosch PJ, Fuchs T, Aberer W, Bäurle G, Brehler R, Busch R, Gaber G, Hensel O, Koch P, Peters K-P, Rakoski J, Rueff F, Szliska C (1996) Mercury and amalgam sensitivity. Possible clinical manifestations and sources of contact sensitization. Dermatosen 44:213–221
Räsänen L, Kalimo K, Laine J, Vainio O, Kotiranta J, Pesola I (1996) Contact allergy to gold in dental patients. Br J Dermatol 134:673–677
Bruze M, Edman B, Björkner B, Möller H (1994) Clinical relevance of contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. J Am Acad Dermatol 31:579–583
Wong L, Freeman S (2003) Oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) and mercury in amalgam fillings. Contact Dermat 48:74–79
Östman P-O, Anneroth G, Skoglund A (1996) Amalgam-associated oral lichenoid reactions. Clinical and histologic changes after removal of amalgam fillings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 81:459–465
Laine J, Kalimo K, Happonen R-P (1997) Contact allergy to dental restorative materials in patients with oral lichenoid lesions. Contact Dermat 36:141–146
Mobacken H, Hersle K, Sloberg K, Thilander H (1984) Oral lichen planus: hypersensitivity to dental restoration material. Contact Dermat 10:11–15
Finne K, Göransson K, Winckler L (1982) Oral lichen planus and contact allergy to mercury. Int J Oral Surg 11:236–239
Burrows D (1989) Mischievous metals – chromate, cobalt, nickel and mercury. Clin Exp Dermatol 14:266–272
Veien NK, Borchorst E, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1994) Stomatitis or systemically-induced contact dermatitis from metal wire in orthodontic materials. Contact Dermat 30:210–213
Pigatto PD, Guzzi G (2004) Systemic contact dermatitis from nickel associated with orthodontic appliances. Contact Dermat 50:100–101
Hensten-Pettersen A (1989) Nickel allergy and dental treatment procedures. In: Maibach HI, Menné T (eds) Nickel and the skin: immunology and toxicology. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 195–205
Garcia AP, Tovar V, de Barrio M, Villanueva A, Tornero P (2008) Contact allergy to inhaled budesonide. Contact Dermat 59:60–61
Fisher AA (1987) Reactions of the mucous membrane to contactants. Clin Dermatol 5:123–136
Chan EF, Mowad C (1998) Contact dermatitis to foods and spices. Am J Contact Dermat 9:71–79
Sonnex TS, Dawber RPR, Ryan TJ (1981) Mucosal contact dermatitis due to instant coffee. Contact Dermat 7:298–300
Guerra L, Vincenzi C, Peluso AM, Tosti A (1993) Role of contact sensitizers in the burning mouth syndrome. Am J Contact Dermat 4:154–157
Peters MS, Schroeter AL, Van Hale VM, Braodbent JC (1984) Pacemaker contact sensitivity. Contact Dermat 11:214–218
Romaguera C, Grimalt F (1981) Pacemaker dermatitis. Contact Dermat 7:333
Schuh A, Lill C, Hönle W, Effenberger H (2008) Prevalence of allergic reactions to implant materials in total hip and knee arthroplasty. Zentralbl Chir 133:292–296
Lacroix J, Morin CL, Collin P-P (1979) Nickel dermatitis from a foreign body in the stomach. J Pediatr 95:428–429
McFadden N, Lyberg T, Hensten-Pettersen A (1989) Aluminium-induced granulomas in a tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 20:903–908
Fleming C, Parry E, Forsyth A, Kemmett D (1997) Patch testing in discoid eczema. Contact Dermat 36:261–264
Janniger CK, Schwartz RA (1995) Seborrhoeic dermatitis. Am Fam Physician 52(149–155):159–160
Kerl H, Pachinger W (1979) Psoriasis: odd varieties in the adult. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) Suppl 87:90–94
Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1997) Low-humidity dermatosis from car heaters. Contact Dermat 37:138
Clark AR, Sherertz EF (1998) The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Am J Contact Dermat 9:96–99
Heule F, Tahapary GJM, Bello CR, van Joost Th (1998) Delayed-type hypersensitivity to contact allergens in psoriasis. A clinical evaluation. Contact Dermat 38:78–82
Feuerman EJ, Ingber A, David M, Weissman-Katzenelson V (1982) Lichen ruber planus beginning as a dyshidrosiform eruption. Cutis 30:401–404
Jakob T, Tiemann M, Kuwert C, Abeck D, Mensing H, Ring J (1996) Dyshidrotic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 34:295–297
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Veien, N.K. (2011). Clinical Features. In: Johansen, J., Frosch, P., Lepoittevin, JP. (eds) Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03826-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03827-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)