Abstract
Pop-up targets, such as the items of popup menus, and animated targets, such as the moving windows in Mac OS X Exposé, are common in current desktop environments. This paper describes an initial study of pointing on pop-up and animated targets. Since we are interested in expert performance, we study the situation where the user has previous knowledge of the (final) position of the target. We investigate the effect of the DELAY factor, i.e. the delay before the target pops up (for pop-up targets) or the duration of the animation (for animated targets). We find little difference between the two techniques in terms of pointing performance (time and error), however a kinematic analysis reveals differences in the nature of the pointing movement. We also find that movement time increases with DELAY, but the degradation is smaller when the target is farther away than when it is closer. Indeed, larger distances require a longer movement time therefore the target reaches its destination while the participant is still moving the pointer, providing more opportunity to correct the movement than with short distances. Finally we take into account these results to propose an extension to Fitts’ Law that better predicts movement time for these tasks.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Accot, J., Zhai, S.: Refining Fitts’ law models for bivariate pointing. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2003), pp. 193–200. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Aivar, M., Hayhoe, M., Chizk, C., Mruczek, R.: Spatial memory and saccadic targeting in a natural task. Journal of Vision 5(3:3), 177–193 (2005)
Appert, C., Beaudouin-Lafon, M.: SwingStates: Adding state machines to Java and the Swing toolkit. Software: Practice and Experience 38(11), 1149–1182 (2008)
Baudisch, P., Cutrell, E., Robbins, D., Czerwinski, M., Tandler, P., Bederson, B., Zierlinger, A.: Drag-and-pop and drag-and-pick: Techniques for accessing remote screen content on touch- and pen-operated systems. In: Proc. INTERACT 2003, pp. 57–64. IOS Press, IFIP (2003)
Bezerianos, A., Balakrishnan, R.: The vacuum: facilitating the manipulation of distant objects. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2005), pp. 361–370. ACM Press, New York (2005)
Bock, O., Eckmiller, R.: Goal-directed arm movements in absence of visual guidance: evidence for amplitude rather than position control. Exp. Brain Res. 62(3), 451–458 (1986)
Cao, X., Li, J.J., Balakrishnan, R.: Peephole pointing: Modeling acquisition of dynamically revealed targets. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2008), pp. 1699–1709. ACM Press, New York (2008)
Chapuis, O.: Gestion des fenêtres: enregistrement et visualisation de l’interaction. In: Proc. Journées Francophones d’Interaction Homme-Machine (IHM 2005), pp. 255–258. ACM, New York (2005)
Cockburn, A., Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S.: A predictive model of menu performance. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2007), pp. 627–636. ACM Press, New York (2007)
Faure, G., Chapuis, O., Roussel, N.: Power tools for copying and moving: Useful stuff for your desktop. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2009), pp. 1675–1678. ACM Press, New York (2009)
Fitts, P.M.: The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology 47, 381–391 (1954)
Flash, T., Henis, E.: Arm trajectory modifications during reaching towards visual targets. J. Cognitive Neuroscience 3(3), 220–230 (1991)
Gonzalez, C.: Does animation in user interfaces improve decision making? In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 1996), pp. 27–34. ACM Press, New York (1996)
Hinckley, K., Guimbretiere, F., Baudisch, P., Sarin, R., Agrawala, M., Cutrell, E.: The springboard: multiple modes in one spring-loaded control. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2006), pp. 181–190. ACM Press, New York (2006)
Hoffmann, E.R.: Capture of moving targets: a modification of Fitts’ law. Ergonomics 34, 211–220 (1991)
Hornof, A.J., Kieras, D.E.: Cognitive modeling demonstrates how people use anticipated location knowledge of menu items. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 1999), pp. 410–417. ACM Press, New York (1999)
Jeannerod, M.: The neural and behavioural organization of goal directed movements. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1988)
Kurtenbach, G., Buxton, W.: Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. In: Proc. User Interface Software and Technology (UIST 1991), pp. 137–144. ACM Press, New York (1991)
MacKenzie, I.S.: Fitts’ law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction 7, 91–139 (1992)
Meyer, D., Smith, J., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R., Wright, C.: Optimality in human motor performance: Ideal control of rapid aimed movements. Psych. Review 95, 340–370 (1988)
Mould, D., Gutwin, C.: The effects of feedback on targeting with multiple moving targets. In: Proc. Graphics Interface (GI 2004), Canadian Hum.-Comp. Comm. Soc., pp. 25–32 (2004)
Obendorf, H., Weinreich, H., Herder, E., Mayer, M.: Web page revisitation revisited: Implications of a long-term click-stream study of browser usage. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2007), pp. 597–606. ACM, New York (2007)
Plamondon, R., Alimi, A.: Speed/accuracy trade-offs in target-directed movements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20(2), 279–349 (1997)
Schlienger, C., Conversy, S., Chatty, S., Anquetil, M., Mertz, C.: Improving users’ comprehension of changes with animation and sound: An empirical assessment. In: Baranauskas, C., Palanque, P., Abascal, J., Barbosa, S.D.J. (eds.) INTERACT 2007. LNCS, vol. 4662, pp. 207–220. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Tabard, A., Mackay, W., Roussel, N., Letondal, C.: Pagelinker: integrating contextual bookmarks within a browser. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2007), pp. 337–346. ACM Press, New York (2007)
Thomas, B.H., Calder, P.: Animating direct manipulation interfaces. In: Proc. User Interface Software and Technology (UIST 1995), pp. 3–12. ACM Press, New York (1995)
Welford, A.T., Norris, A.H., Shock, N.W.: Speed and accuracy of movement and their changes with age. Acta. Psychologica 30, 3–15 (1969)
Zhai, S., Conversy, S., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., Guiard, Y.: Human on-line response to target expansion. In: Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2003), pp. 177–184. ACM, New York (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
About this paper
Cite this paper
Faure, G., Chapuis, O., Beaudouin-Lafon, M. (2009). Acquisition of Animated and Pop-Up Targets. In: Gross, T., et al. Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2009. INTERACT 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5727. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03658-3_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03658-3_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03657-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03658-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)