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International Workshop on Computational Forensics

IWCF 2009: Computational Forensics pp 116–124Cite as

Using the ENF Criterion for Determining the Time of Recording of Short Digital Audio Recordings

  • Conference paper

Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNIP,volume 5718)

Abstract

The Electric Network Frequency (ENF) Criterion is a recently developed forensic technique for determining the time of recording of digital audio recordings, by matching the ENF pattern from a questioned recording with an ENF pattern database. In this paper we discuss its inherent limitations in the case of short – i.e., less than 10 minutes in duration – digital audio recordings. We also present a matching procedure based on the correlation coefficient, as a more robust alternative to squared error matching.

Keywords

  • ENF
  • authentication
  • integrity

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References

  1. Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity, Homepage, http://www.ucte.org

  2. Grigoras, C.: Digital audio recording analysis – the electric network frequency criterion. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 12(1), 63–76 (2005)

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  3. Kajstura, M., Trawinska, A., Hebenstreit, J.: Application of the Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) Criterion – A case of a Digital Recording. Forensic Science International 155, 165–171 (2005)

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  4. Cooper, A.J.: The electric network frequency (ENF) as an aid to authenticating forensic digital audio recordings – an automated approach, Conference paper. In: AES 33rd International Conference, USA (2008)

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  5. Brixen, E.B.: Techniques for the authentication of digital audio recordings. In: Presented at the AES 122nd Convention, Vienna (2007)

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departement Digital Evidence and Biometrics, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497, GB, DEN HAAG, Netherlands

    Maarten Huijbregtse & Zeno Geradts

Authors
  1. Maarten Huijbregtse
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  2. Zeno Geradts
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Zeno J. M. H. Geradts

  2. Norwegian Information Security Laboratory, Gjøvik University College, Norway

    Katrin Y. Franke

  3. Digital Technology & Biometrics Department, Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Cor J. Veenman

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© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Cite this paper

Huijbregtse, M., Geradts, Z. (2009). Using the ENF Criterion for Determining the Time of Recording of Short Digital Audio Recordings. In: Geradts, Z.J.M.H., Franke, K.Y., Veenman, C.J. (eds) Computational Forensics. IWCF 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5718. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03521-0_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03521-0_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03520-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03521-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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