Abstract
In this chapter, a robust image watermarking algorithm in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain for stereo image coding is presented. First, a disparityimage is computed from the pair of stereo images using a frequency domain based matching criteria. Later, this disparity-image is used as a watermark and embedded into the left stereo image based on a modifying singular values concept. The strength of watermark is optimized using a real coded genetic algorithm to achieve the task of invisibility and robustness. The proposed scheme can achieve the following three main advantages. Any illegal user can not extract any information from the watermarked image since the host image is degraded using the ZIG-ZAG sequence. The second is that a legal user can retrieve the embedded watermark (disparity-image) and so able to recover 3-D information and right image of the stereo-pair. The third advantage is its robustness to the various attacks. Experimental results are presented to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithm in terms of accuracy and robustness.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aslantas, V.: A singular-value decomposition-based image watermarking using genetic algorithm. Int. Journal on Electronics Communications 62, 386–394 (2008)
Aydinoglu, H., Kossentini, F., Jiang, Q., Hayes, M.H.: Region-based stereo image coding. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing, vol. 2, pp. 57–61 (1995)
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., Cappellini, V., Piva, A.: Copyright protection of digital images by embedded unpercievable marks. Image and Vision Computing 16(12), 897–906 (1998)
Brown, M., Burschka, D., Hager, G.D.: Advances in Computational Stereo. IEEE Tras. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 25(8), 993–1008 (2003)
Campisi, P.: Object-oriented stereo-image digital watermarking. Journal of Electron. Imaging 17(4), 043024 (2008)
Caronni, G.: Assuring ownership rights for digital images, Reliable IT Systems VIS95. Viewreg Publishing Company, Germany (1995)
Chen, B., Wornell, G.W.: Dither modulation: a new approach to digital watermarking and information embedding. In: SPIE Proc. on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, San Jose, CA, USA, vol. 3657 (1999)
Coltuc, D.: On stereo embedding by reversible watermarking. Int. Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems 2, 1–4 (2007)
Cox, I., Kilian, J., Leighton, F., Shamoon, T.: Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing 6(12), 1673–1687 (1997)
Cox, I.J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F.T., Sjamoon, T.: A Secure Robust Watermarking for Multimedia. In: Anderson, R. (ed.) IH 1996. LNCS, vol. 1174, pp. 185–206. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Cun, X., Jiasheng, H.: Stereo matching algorithm using wavelet transform. In: SPIE proc. on the Int. Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 4221, pp. 225–229 (2000)
Davis, K.J., Najarian, K.: Maximizing strength of digital watermarks using neural networks. In: Proc. of the IEEE Int. Joint Conference on Neural networks, Washington, DC, USA, vol. 4, pp. 2893–2898 (2001)
Deep, K., Thakur, M.: A new crossover operator for real coded genetic algorithms. Applied Mathematics and Computation 188(1), 895–911 (2007)
Deep, K., Thakur, M.: A new mutation operator for real coded genetic algorithms. Applied Mathematics and Computation 193(1), 211–230 (2007)
Duarte, M.H.V., Carvalho, M.B., Silva, E.A., et al.: Stereo image coding using multiscale recurrent patterns. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing, Rochester, New York, vol. 2, pp. 661–664 (2002)
Eggers, J.J., Su, J.K., Girod, B.: A blind watermarking scheme based on structured codebooks. In: IEE Colloquium: Secure Images and Image Authentication, London, UK (2000)
Fornaro, C., Sanna, A.: Public key watermarking for authentication of CSG models. Computer-Aided Design 32(12), 727–735 (2000)
Frajka, T., Zeger, K.: Residual image coding for stereo image compression. Optical Engineering 42(1), 182–189 (2003)
Fu, Y.G., Shen, R.M., Lu, H.T.: Watermarking scheme based on support vector machine for colour images. Electron Letters 40, 986–993 (2004)
Gabor, D.: Theory of communication. Journal of I.E.E. 93, 429–441 (1946)
Goldberg, D.E.: Genetic Algorithm in search Optimization and Machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1989)
Grossmann, A., Morlet, J.: Decomposition of Hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape. SIAM Journal of Mathematical Analysis 15, 723–736 (1984)
He, H.J., Zhang, J., Tai, M.: A wavelet-based fragile watermarking scheme for secure image authentication. In: Shi, Y.Q., Jeon, B. (eds.) IWDW 2006. LNCS, vol. 4283, pp. 422–432. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Hsu, C.T., Wu, J.L.: Hidden digital watermarks in images. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing 8(1), 58–68 (1999)
Hwang, D.C., Bae, K.H., Lee, M.H., Kim, E.S.: Real-time stereo image watermarking using discrete cosine transform and adaptive disparity maps. In: SPIE Proc. on Multimedia Systems and Applications VI, Orlando, Florida, USA, vol. 5241, pp. 233–242 (2003)
wang, D.C., Bae, K.H., Lee, M.H., Kim, E.S.: Stereo image watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform and adaptive disparity estimation. In: SPIE Proc. on Mathematics of Data/Image Coding, Compression, and Encryption VI, with Applications, vol. 5208, pp. 196–205 (2004)
Jiang, Q., Lee, J.J., Hayes, M.H.: A wavelet based stereo image coding algorithm. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Civic Plaza, Hyatt Regebcy, Phoenix, Arizona, vol. 6, pp. 3157–3160 (1999)
Kankanhalli, M.S., Rajmohan, K.R.: Adaptive Visible Watermarking of Images. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia Computing Systems, ICMCS 1999, Cento Affari, Florence, Italy, vol. 1, pp. 568–573 (1999)
Kim, Y.S., Lee, J.J., Ha, Y.H.: Stereo matching algorithm based modefied wavelet decomposition process. Pattern Recognition 30(6), 929–952 (1997)
Kim, K.S., Lee, H.Y., Lee, H.K., et al.: Practical, Real-Time, and Robust Watermarking on the Spatial Domain for High-Definition Video Contents. IEICE Trans. on Information and Systems: Special Section on Information and Communication System Security, 1359–1368 (2008)
Kutter, M., Jordan, F., Bossen, F.: Digital signature of color images using amplitude modulation. In: SPIE proc. on Software and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pp. 518–526 (1997)
Kutter, M., Petitcolas, F.: A fair benchmark for image watermarking systems. In: SPIE proc. of Electronic Imaging: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Content, San Jose, California USA, vol. 3657 (1999)
Lim, H., Lee, M.E., Park, S.Y., et al.: Robust watermarking using a block operator for secure copyright protection of digital images. Applied Informatics, 351–265 (2002)
Liu, J.L., Lou, D.C., Chang, M.C., et al.: A robust watermarking scheme using self-reference image. Comput. Standards Interfaces 28, 356–367 (2006)
Mallat, S.G.: A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 11, 674–693 (1989)
Marnel, L.M., Boncelet, C.G., Retter, C.T.: Spread spectrum image steganography. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing 8(8), 1075–1083 (1999)
Meyer, Y.: Wavelets. In: Combes, J.M., et al (eds.). Springer, Berlin (1989)
Mohanty, S.P.: Digital watermarking: A tutorial review. Technical Reprot (1999), http://www.cse.unt.edu/~smohanty/research/OtherPublications/MohantyWatermarkingSurvey1999
Mohanty, S.P., Guturu, P., Kougianos, E., Pati, N.: A Novel Invisible Color Image Watermarking Scheme Using Image Adaptive Watermark Creation and Robust Insertion-Extraction. In: Proc. of Eighth IEEE Int. Symposium on Multimedia (ISM 2006), pp. 153–160 (2006)
Mohanty, S.P., Ramakrishnan, K.R., Kankanhalli, M.: A Dual Watermarking Technique for Images. In: Proc. of 7th ACM Int. Multimedia Conference, ACM-MM 1999, Orlando, USA, vol. 2, pp. 49–51 (1999)
Nasir, I., Weng, Y., Jiang, J.: A New Robust Watermarking Scheme for Color Image in Spatial Domain. In: Proc. of third IEEE Int. Conference on Signal-Image Technologies and Internet-Based System, Shanghai, China, pp. 942–947 (2007)
Nikolaidis, N., Pitas, I.: Copyright protection of images using robust digital signatures. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 2168–2171 (1996)
O-Ruanaidh, J., Petersen, H., Herrigel, A., Pereira, S., Pun, T.: Cryptographic copyright protection for digital images based on watermarking techniques. Theoretical Computer Science 226(1), 117–142
Pen, H.P.: General stereo image matching using symmetric complex wavelets. In: SPIE proc. on Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing IV, vol. 2825, pp. 697–720 (1996)
Pitas, I.: A Method for signature casting on digital images. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 215–218 (1996)
Sang, J., Alam, M.S.: A Neural Network Based Lossless Digital Image Watermarking in the Spatial Domain. In: Wang, J., Liao, X.-F., Yi, Z. (eds.) ISNN 2005. LNCS, vol. 3497, pp. 772–776. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Sharkas, M., El-Shafie, D., Hamdy, N.: A Dual Digital-Image Watermarking Technique. Proc. of World Academy of science, Engineering and Technology 5, 136–139 (2005)
Shen, R.M., Fu, Y.G., Lu, H.T.: A novel image watermarking scheme based on support vector regression. Journal of Systems Software 78, 1–8 (2005)
Shih, F.Y., Wu, Y.T.: Enhancement of image watermark retrieval based on genetic algorithm. Jornal on Vision Communication and Image Representation 16, 115–133 (2005)
Su, J.K., Eggers, J.J., Girod, B.: Analysis of digital watermarks subjected to optimum linear filtering and additive noise. Signal Processing 81(6), 1141–1175 (2001)
Swanson, M., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.: Transparent robust image watermarking. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 211–214 (1996)
Voloshynovskiy, S., Pereira, S., Pun, T.: Attacks on digital watermarks: classification, estimation-based attacks and benchmarks. IEEE Magzine on Communications 39(8), 118–126 (2001)
Wang, Z., Bovik, A.C.: Embedded foveation image coding. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing 10(10), 1397–1410 (2001)
Wu, Y.T., Shih, F.Y.: Genetic algorithm based methodology for breaking the steganalytic systems. IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. Part B: Cybernet. 36, 24–31 (2006)
Yu, P.T., Tsai, H.H., Lin, J.S.: Digital watermarking based on neural networks for color images. Signal Processing 81, 663–671 (2001)
Zhang, F., Zhang, H.: Applications of a neural network to watermarking capacity of digital image. Neurocomputing 67, 345–349 (2005)
Zheng, D., Liu, Y., Zhao, J.: RST Invariant digital image watermarking based on a new phase-only filtering method. Signal Processing 85(12), 2354–2370 (2005)
Zhong, N., He, Z., Kuang, J., Zhou, Z.: An optimal wavelet-based image watermarking via genetic algorithm. In: Proc. of third IEEE Int. Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC), vol. 3, pp. 103–107 (2007)
Zhoua, J., Xu, Y., Yanga, X.: Quaternion wavelet phase based stereo matching for uncalibrated images. Pattern Recogination Letters 28(12), 1509–1522 (2007)
Zhu, W., Xiong, Z., Zhang, Y.Q.: Multiresolution Watermarking for Images and Video: A Unified Approach. In: Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, vol. 1, pp. 465–468 (1998)
Zhu, W., Xiong, Z., Zhang, Y.Q.: Multiresolution Watermarking for Images and Video. IEEE Tran. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 9(4), 545–550 (1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar, S., Balasubramanian, R. (2009). An Optimally Robust Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Stereo Image Coding. In: Grgic, M., Delac, K., Ghanbari, M. (eds) Recent Advances in Multimedia Signal Processing and Communications. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 231. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02900-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02900-4_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02899-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-02900-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)