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Resonant Biochemical Sensors Based on Photonic Bandgap Waveguides and Fibers

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Optical Guided-wave Chemical and Biosensors II

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors ((SSSENSORS,volume 8))

Abstract

I describe photonic bandgap (PBG) fiber-based resonant optical sensors of analyte’s refractive index which have recently invoked strong interest due to the development of novel fiber types and of techniques for the activation of fiber microstructure with functional materials. Particularly, I consider two sensors types. One employs hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers where the core-guided mode is confined in the analyte’s filled core through resonant effect in the surrounding periodic reflector. The other employs metallized photonic bandgap waveguides and fibers, where core-guided mode is phase-matched with a plasmon wave propagating at the fiber/analyte interface. In resonant sensors, one typically employs fibers with strongly nonuniform spectral transmission characteristics that are sensitive to changes in the real part of the analyte’s refractive index. Moreover, if narrow absorption lines are present in the analyte transmission spectrum, due to Kramers–Kronig relation, this will also result in strong variation in the real part of the refractive index in the vicinity of an absorption line. Therefore, resonant sensors allow detection of minute changes both in the real part of the analyte’s refractive index (\( {10^{ - 6}} - {10^{ - 4}}{\hbox{ RIU}} \)) and in the imaginary part of the analyte’s refractive index in the vicinity of absorption lines. Although the operational principle of almost all PBG fiber-based sensors relies on strong sensitivity of the PBG fiber losses to the value of the analyte’s refractive index, particular transduction mechanisms for biodetection vary significantly. Finally, I detail various sensor implementations, modes of operation, as well as analysis of sensitivities for some of the common transduction mechanisms for biosensing applications.

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Abbreviations

FOS:

Fiber-optic sensors

PBG:

Photonic band gap

PCF:

Photonic crystal fiber

PCR:

Polymerize chain reaction

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

TIR:

Total internal reflection

\( d \) :

Layer thickness in a multilayer waveguide

\( dA \) :

Area differential in the transverse cross section of a waveguide

\( {{\rm E}} \) :

Electric field vector

\( {{{\rm E}}_t} \) :

Transverse electric field vector

\( f \) :

Overlap factor

\( {{\rm H}} \) :

Magnetic field vector

\( {{{\rm H}}_t} \) :

Transverse magnetic field vector

\( L \) :

Waveguide length

\( n \) :

Refractive index

\( P \) :

Power of guided light

\( R_{\rm{core}} \) :

Fiber core diameter

\( R_{\rm{bend}} \) :

Fiber bending radius

\( {S_{\rm{a}}} \) :

Amplitude sensitivity

\( {S_\lambda } \) :

Spectral sensitivity

\( {{ \hat {\rm z}}} \) :

Vector along the waveguide direction

\( \alpha \) :

Waveguide loss coefficient per unit of length

\( \varepsilon \) :

Relative permittivity

\( \lambda \) :

Wavelength of light in vacuum

\( \delta \) :

Small parameter characterizing changes in the measurand

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3A7

    Maksim Skorobogatiy

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  1. Maksim Skorobogatiy
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Correspondence to Maksim Skorobogatiy .

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  1. GDG Environnement Ltée, 430, rue St-Laurent, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, G8T 6H3, Canada

    Mohammed Zourob

  2. INRS Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada

    Mohammed Zourob

  3. Dept. Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, SA, 16802, USA

    Akhlesh Lakhtakia

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Skorobogatiy, M. (2010). Resonant Biochemical Sensors Based on Photonic Bandgap Waveguides and Fibers. In: Zourob, M., Lakhtakia, A. (eds) Optical Guided-wave Chemical and Biosensors II. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02827-4_3

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