Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pathologie pp 403–445Cite as

Trauma

  • Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Das Kapitel behandelt die Klinik, Pathogenese, Biomechanik und Pathologie von Duraverletzungen (epidurale und subdurale Hämatome), offenen und gedeckten Hirnverletzungen, Gefäßverletzungen, Fett- und Luftembolie, Hirnstamm- und Rückenmarksverletzungen sowie von nicht-mechanischen Traumen des Nervensystems, wie thermisches Trauma (Hypo- und Hyperthermie), Elektrotrauma, Strahlenschäden, akustisches Trauma und Barotrauma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   359.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Adams JH, Scott G, Parker LS, Graham DI, Doyle D (1980) The contusion index: a quantitative approach to cerebral contusions in head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 6: 319–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams JH, Graham DI, Muray LS, Scott G (1982) Diffuse axonal injury due to non-missile head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol 12: 557–563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Adams JH, Doyle D, Graham DI et al. (1985) The contusion index: a reappraisal in human and experimental nonmissile head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 11: 299–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adams JH, Doyle D, Graham DI, Lawrence AE, McLellan DR (1986) Deep intracerebral (basal ganglia) haematomas in fatal nonmissile head injury in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 1039–1043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Adams JH (1992) Head injury. In: Adams JH, Duchen LW (eds) Greenfields neuropathology. Arnold, London, pp 106–152

    Google Scholar 

  6. Albuquerque FC, Giannotta SL (1997) Arachnoid cyst rupture producing subdural hygroma and intracranial hypertension: case reports. Neurosurgery 41: 951–955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Alexander L (1938) Electrical injuries to central nervous system. Med Clin North Am 22: 663–688

    Google Scholar 

  8. Alm P, Sharma HS, Hedlund S, Sjöquist P-O, Westman J (1998) Nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of hyperthermic brain injury. Influence of a new anti-oxidant compound H-290/51. Amino Acids 14: 95–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrews CJ, Eadie M, ten Duis HJ (1992) Pathophysiology of lightning injury. In: Andrews CJ, Cooper MA, Darveniza M, Mackerras D (eds) Lightning injuries: electrical, medical and legal aspects. CRC, Boca Raton/FL, pp 71–114

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aström KE, Bell E, Ballantine HT Jr, Heidensleben E (1961) An experimental neuropathological study of the effects of high frequency focused ultrasound on the brain of the cat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 20: 484–520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bach W (1950) Hirnorganische Dauerfolgen nach Verletzung durch Blitzschlag. Nervenarzt 21: 16–20

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bakay L, Lee JC, Lee GC, Peng JR (1977) Experimental cerebral contusion. J Neurosurg 47: 525–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bandak FA (1997) Impact traumatic brain injury: a mechanical perspektive. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 59–83

    Google Scholar 

  14. Barnes GR, Madie P, Blackmore DK (1996) Assessment of the human aspects of electric lancing of whales by measurement of current densities in the brain and heart of dead animals. Med Biol Eng Comput 34: 436–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Barratt-Boyes BG, Neutze JM, Clarkson PM, Shardey GC, Brandt PWT (1976) Repair of ventricular septal defect in the first two years of life using profound hypothermia-circulatory arrest techniques. Ann Surg 184: 376–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Basnyat B, Murdoch DR (2003) High altitude illness. Lancet 361: 1967–1974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Behrmann S, Mandybur T, McMenemey WH (1962) Un cas de maladie Creutzfeld-Jakob à la suite d’un traumatisme cérébrale. Rev Neurol 107: 453–459

    Google Scholar 

  18. Benson J, Adkinson C, Collier R (2003) Haperbaric oxygen therapy of iatrogenic cerebral arterial gas embolism. Undersea Hyperb Med Summer 30: 117–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Berry H (2000) Chronic whiplash syndrome as a functional disorder. Arch Neurol 57: 592–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Blount BW (1990) Lightning injuries. Am Fam Physician 42: 405–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, Wainwright H, Simpson DA, McLean AJ (1995) Topography of axonal injury as defined by amyloid precursor protein and the sector scoring method in mild and severe closed head injury. J Neurotrauma 12: 565–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bogduk N, Teasell R (2000) Whiplash – The evidence for an organic etiology. Arch Neurol 57: 590–591

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Boulant JA (1991) Thermoregulation. Raven, New York, pp 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bratzke H (1997) The origin of brain stem hemorrhages. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 93–104

    Google Scholar 

  25. Breig A (1978) Adverse mechanical tension in the central nervous system. Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  26. Brinkmann K, Schaefer H (1982) Der Elektrounfall. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 139–202

    Google Scholar 

  27. Brown PL, Wise RA, Kiyatkin EA (2003) Brain hyperthermia is induced by methamphetamine and exacerbated by social interaction. J Neurosci 23: 3924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Büchner F (1962) Allgemeine Pathologie, 4. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cave WS (1983) Acute nontraumatic subdural hematoma of arterial origin. J Forensic Sci 28: 786–789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cernak I, Wang Z, Jiang J, Bian X, Savic J (2001) Ultrastructural and functional characteristics of blast injuryinduced neurotrauma. J Trauma 50: 695–706

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cervos-Navarro J. Sharma HS, Westman J. Bongcam-Rudloff E (1998) Glial reactions in the central nervous system following heat stress. Progr Brain Res 115: 241–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chan YL, Yeung DK, Leung SF, Cao G (1999) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of late delayed radiation-induced injury of the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 10: 130–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cherington H, Yarnell PR, London SF (1995) Neurologic complications of lightning injuries. West J Med 162: 413–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chien A, Eliav E, Sterling M (2008) Whiplash (grade II) and cervical radiculopathy ahare a similar sensory presentation: an investigation using quantitative sensory testing. Clin J Pain 24: 595–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cooper GJ, Dudley HAE, Gann DS, Little RA, Maynard RL (1997) Scientific foundations of trauma. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  36. Corbett D, Thornhill J (2000) Temperature modulation (hypothermic and hyperthermic conditions) and its influence on histological and behavioural outcomes following cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol 10: 145–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Corsellis JAN, Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D (1973) The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med 3: 270–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Corsellis JAN (1989) Boxing and the brain. BMJ 298: 105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. D’Avella D, Cicciarello R, Cagliardi ME, Albiero F, Mesiti M, Russi E, D’Aquino A, Tomasello F (1994) Progressive pertubations in cerebral energy metabolism after experimental whole-brain radiation in the therapeutic range. J Neurosurg 81: 774–779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Davies JWL (1997) Interactions of heat with tissues. In: Cooper GJ, Dudley HAF, Gann DS, Little RA, Maynard RL (eds) Scientific foundations of trauma. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 389–409

    Google Scholar 

  41. Dick JPR (1992) Hazards of lumbar puncture. In: Chritchley E, Eisen A (eds) Diseases of the spinal cord. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 35–40

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dirnhofer R, Patschneider H (1977) Zur Entstehung von Hirnstammverletzungen. Z Rechtsmed 79: 25–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Döpper T, Spaar FW, Orthner H (1972) Zur Neuropathologie des posttraumatischen Hirndrucks im Kindesalter. Z Neurol 202: 37–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Dotzauer G (1974) Zum Problem des sog. Brandhämatoms. Z Rechtsmed 75: 21–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dotzauer G, Jacob H (1952) Über Hirnschäden unter akutem Verbrennungstod. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 41: 129–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Erecinska M, Thoresen M, Silver IA (2003) Effects of hypothermia on energy metabolism in mammalian central nervous system. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23: 513–530

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Flamm ES, Demopoulos HV, Seligman MI, Thomasula JJ, De Crescito V, Ransohoff J (1977) Ethanol potentiation of central nervous system trauma. J Neurosurg 46: 328–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Freytag E (1963) Autopsy findings in head injuries from blunt forces. Statistical evaluation of 3367 cases. Arch Pathol 75: 402–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fröscher W (1976) Die Strahlenschädigung des Rückenmarks. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 44: 94–135

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fujita MO, Oritani S, Zhu B-L, Quan L, Ishida K Maeda H (1998) Post-mortem blood acetone concentration in forensic autopsy. In: Abstracts of the 6th Indo-Pacific Congress on Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Kobe, PS 3–6

    Google Scholar 

  51. Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Beer TW, Ellison DW (1997) The diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury: implications for forensic practice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 23: 339–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Geddes JF, Whitwell HL, Graham DI (2000) Traumatic axonal injury: practical issues for diagnosis in medicolegal cases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 26: 105–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Geddes JF, Hachshow AK, Vowles GH, Nicols CO, Whitewell HL (2001) Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. I Patterns of brain damage. Brain 124: 1290–1298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Hachshow AK, Nicols CO, Scott IS, Whitewell HL (2001) Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. II. Microscopic brain injury in infantss. Brain 124: 1299–1306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Geddes JF, Tasker RC, Hackshaw SK, Nickols CD, Adams GG, Whitwell HL, Scheimberg I (2003) Dural haemorrhage in non-traumatic infant death: does it explain the bleeding in „shaken baby syndrome“? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 29: 14–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gennarelli TA, Spielman GM, Langfitt TW et al. (1982) Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 56: 26–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gentleman D, North F, Macpherson P (1989) Diagnosis and management of delayed traumatic haematomas. Brit J Neurosurg 3: 367–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Graham DI, Roberts GW (1992) Deposition of bA4 amyloid protein in the brain following severe head trauma. Clin Neuropathol 11: 137–185

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gentleman SM, Nash AJ, Sweeting CJ, Graham DI, Roberts GW (1993) b-Amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) as a marker of axonal injury after head injury. Neuroscience Letters 160: 139–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Gentleman SM, Graham DI (1997) Head injury and Alzheimer-type pathology: some forensic considerations. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms. (Research in legal medicine, vol. 17) Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 161–171

    Google Scholar 

  61. Gerling I, Meißner, C, Reiter A, Oehmichen M (2000) Tod durch thermische Einwirkung. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. (Research in legal medicine, vol 21). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 241–264

    Google Scholar 

  62. Geserick G (1997) Extraordinary types of contrecoup injury. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 85–92

    Google Scholar 

  63. Graeber MB, von Eitzen U, Grasbon-Frodl E, Egensperger R, Kösel S (1997) Microglia: a „sensor“ of pathology in the human CNS. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms. (Research in legal medicine, vol 17) Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 239–252

    Google Scholar 

  64. Graham DI, Ford I, Adams JH, Doyle D, Teasdale GM, Lawrence AE, McLellan, DR (1989) Ischaemic brain damage is still common in fatal non-missile head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52: 346–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Graham DJ, Gennarelli TA, McIntosh TK (2002) Trauma. In Graham DI, Lantos PL (eds) Greenfield’s neuropathology, 7th edn, vol 1. Arnold, London New York New Dehli, pp 823–898

    Google Scholar 

  66. Grimberg L (1934) Paralysis agitans and trauma. J Nerv Ment Dis 79: 14–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Gross AG (1958) A new theory on the dynamics of brain concussion and brain injury. J Neurosurg 15: 548–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gurdjian ES (1975) Impact head injury. Thomas, Springfield/IL

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hagedorn M, Pfrime B, Mittermayer C, Sandritter W (1975) Intravitale und pathologisch-anatomische Beobachtungen beim Verbrennungsschock des Kaninchens. Beitr Pathol 155: 398–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hellbusch LC (2007) Benign extracerebral fluid collections in infancy: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. Neurosurgery 107 (Suppl 2): 119–125

    Google Scholar 

  71. Henn R (1989) Schädeltrauma In: Cervos-Navarro J, Ferszt R (Hrsg) Klinische Neuropathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 299–319

    Google Scholar 

  72. Heyck H, Höpker W (1952) Hirnveränderungen bei der Ratte nach Ultraschall. Monatsschr Psychiat Neurol 123: 42–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hiss J, Kahana T, Kugel C (1994) Fatal classic and exertional heat stroke – report of four cases. Med Sci Law 34: 339–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hjelde A, Bolstad G, Brubakk AO (2002) The effect of air bubbles on rabbit blood barrier. Undersea Hyperb Med 29: 31–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hollander D, Strich SJ (1970) Atypical Alzheimer’s disease with congophilic angiophathy presenting with dementia of acute onset. In: Wolstenholme GEW, O’Connor M (eds) Alzheimer’s disease and related conditions. Churchill, London, pp 105–124

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hopewell JW (1979) Late radiation damage to the central nervous system: a radiobiological interpretation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 5: 329–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Horsburgh K, Cole GM, Yang F et al. (2000) β-Amyloid (Abeta)42(43), abeta42, abeta40 and apoE immunostaining of plaques in fatal head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 26: 124–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hughes JT (1978) Pathology of the spinal cord. Lloyd-Luke, London

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hussenbocus SM, Wilby MJ, Cain C, Hall D (2009) Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: a case report and literature review. J Emerg Med (Epub ahead of print)

    Google Scholar 

  80. IEC (1987) International Electrotechnical Commission. Effects of current passing through the human body – Part 2: Special aspects. Technical Report IEC 479–2, Genf

    Google Scholar 

  81. IEC (2005) International Electrotechnical Commission. Effects of current on human beings and lifestock – Part 1: General aspects. Technical Report IEC TS 60479-1, Genf

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ishibashi A, Yokokura Y, Miyagi J (1994) Clinical analysis of nineteen patients with traumatic subdural hygromas. Kurume Med J 41: 81–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Jacob H (1955) Wärme- und Kälteschädigungen des Zentralnervensystems. In: Lubarsch O, Henke F, Rössle R (Hrsg) Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Bd XII/3. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg, S 288–326

    Google Scholar 

  84. Jacobsen PL, Farmer TW (1979) The „hypernormal“ CT scan in dementia: Bilateral isodense subdural hematoms. Neurology 29: 1522–1524

    Google Scholar 

  85. Janssen W (1967) Zur Pathogenese und forensischen Bewertung von Hirnblutungen nach cerebraler Luftembolie. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 61: 62–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Janzon B (1997) Projectile-material interactions: simulants. In: Cooper GJC, Dudley HAF, Gann DS, Little RA, Maynard RL (eds) Scientific foundations of trauma. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 26–36

    Google Scholar 

  87. Janzon B, Hull JB, Ryan JM (1997) Projectile-material interactions: soft tissue and bone. In: Cooper GJC, Dudley HAF, Gann DS, Little RA, Maynard RL (eds) Scientific foundations of trauma. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 37–52

    Google Scholar 

  88. Jelkmann W (2000) Physiologische Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Wärmeabwehr. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. (Research in legal medicine, vol 21). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 63–77

    Google Scholar 

  89. Jennett B, Snoek J, Bond MR, Brooks N (1981) Disability after severe head injury: oberservations on the use of the Glasgow outcome scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 44: 285–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kaiser Ch, Schnabel A, Berkefeld J, Bratzke H (2008) Traumatic rupture of the intracranial vertebral artery due to rotational acceleration. Forensic Sci Int 182: 15–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Kallenberg K, Dehnert C, Dörfler A, Schellinger PD, Balley DM, Knauth M, Bärtsch PD (2008) Microhemorrhages in nonfatal high-attitude cerebral edem. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28: 1635–1642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kaur B, Rutty GN, Timperley WR (1999) The possible role of hypoxia in the formation of axonal bulbs. J Clin Pathol 52: 203–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Kelley KM, Tkachenko TA, Pliskin NH, Fink JW, Lee RC (1999) Life after electrical injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 888: 356–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kilbourne EM (1997) Heat waves and hot environments. In: Noji EK (ed) The public health consequences of disasters. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 245–269

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kirkpatrick JB, Pearson J (1978) Fatal cerebral injury in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 26: 489–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kiyatkin EA (2004) Brain hyperthermia as physiological and pathological phenomena. Curr Neurovascular Res 1: 77–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Klein H (1975) Körperschäden und Tod durch Hitze. In: Mueller B (Hrsg) Gerichtliche Medizin, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 504–533

    Google Scholar 

  98. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Sem Neurol 15: 323–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kleiter I, Luerding R, Diendorfer G, Rek H, Bogdahn U, Schalke B (2007) A lightning strike to the head causing a visual cortex defect with simple and complex visual hallucinations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 78: 423–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Koeppen S, Pranse F (1955) Klinische Elektropathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  101. König HG, Pedal I (1983) Analyse eines Blitzunfalls. In: Barz J, Bösche J, Frohberg H, Joachim H, Käppner R, Mattern R (Hrsg) Fortschritte der Rechtsmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 77–88

    Google Scholar 

  102. Kornberger E, Mair P (1996) Important aspects in the treatment of severe accidental hypothermia: the Innsbruck experience. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 8: 83–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Koslowski L, Krause F (1970) Kälte und Wärme. In: Siegenthaler W (Hrsg) Klinische Pathophysiologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 970–982

    Google Scholar 

  104. Koszyca B, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Wainwright H et al.(1998) Widespread axonal injury in gunshot wounds to the head using amyloid precursor protein as a marker. J Neurotrauma 15: 675–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Krauland W (1961) Über die Quellen des akuten und chronischen subduralen Hämatoms. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  106. Krauland W, Stögbauer R (1961) Zur Kenntnis der Schlagaderverletzungen am Hirngrund bei gedeckten stumpfen Gewalteinwirkungen. Beitr Gerichtl Med 21: 171–180

    Google Scholar 

  107. Krauland W (1982) Verletzungen der intrakraniellen Schlagadern. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  108. Kureshi SA, Hofman FM, Schneider JH, Chin LS, Apuzzo ML, Hinton DR (1999) Cytokine expression in radiationinduced delayed cerebral injury. Neurosurgery 35: 822–829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Lahl R (1974) Hirngefäße und Insolation. In: Schulze HAF (Hrsg) Zerebrovaskuläre Insuffizienz. Fischer, Jena

    Google Scholar 

  110. Larach MG (1995) Accidental hypothermia. Lancet 345: 493–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lassmann H (1997) In situ staging of CNS white matter lesions. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 253–259

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lee KS, Bae WK, Doh JW, Bae HG, Yun IG (1998) Origin of chronic subdural haematoma und relation to traumatic subdural lesions. Brain Inj 12: 901–910

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lee RC (1997) Injury by electrical forces: pathophysiology, manifestations, and therapy. Curr Probl Surg 34: 677–764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Leestma JE (2008) Forensic neuropathology. Boca Raton/ FL, CRC Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  115. Lende RA, Erickson TC (1961) Growing skull fractures of childhood. J Neurosurg 18: 479–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Leshem E, Pandey P, Shlim DR, Hiramatsu K, Sidi Y, Schwartz E (2008) Clinical features of patients with severe altitude illness in Nepal. J Travel Med 15: 315–322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Leung LY, VandeVord PJ, Dal Cengio AL, Bir C, Yang KH, King AI (2008) Blast related neurotrauma: a review of cellular injury. Mol Cell Biomech 5: 155–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Levine NS, Atkins A, McKee DW, Peck SD, Pruitt BA (1975) Spinal cord injury following electrical accidents: case reports. J Trauma 15: 459–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Li GL, Ahlgren S, Farooque M, Holtz A, Olsson Y (1997) Lesions of axons and dendrites in spinal cord trauma. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 187–201

    Google Scholar 

  120. Lifschultz BD, Donoghue MD, Donoghue ER (1993) Deaths caused by lightning. J Forens Sci 38: 353–358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Lindenberg R, Freytag E (1957) Morphology of cortical contusions. Arch Pathol 63: 23–42

    Google Scholar 

  122. Lindenberg R, Freytag E (1969) Morphology of brain lesions from blunt trauma in early infancy. Arch Pathol 87: 298–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Linder A, Carlsson A, Svensson MY, Siegmund GP (2008) Dynamic responses of females and male volunteers in rear impact. Traffic Inj Prev 9: 592–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Liu HC, Lee JC, Bakay L (1979) Experimental cerebral concussion. Acta Neurochir 47: 105–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Lizzi FL, Ostromogilsky M (1987) Analytical modelling of ultrasonically induced tissue heating. Ultrasound Med Biol 13: 707–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Locher T, Walpoth BH, Pfluger D, Althaus U (1991) Kasuistik und prognostische Faktoren. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 121: 1020–1028

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Lossemore M, Knowles DH, Whyte GP (2007) Amateur boxing and risk of chronic traumatic brain injury: systematic review of observational studies. Brit Med J 335: 809–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Lubock P, Goldsmith W (1980) Experimental cavitation studies in a model head-neck system. J Biomechanics 13: 1041–1052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Mackerras D (1992) Occurrence of lightning death and injury. In: Andrews CJ, Cooper MA, Darveniza M, Mackerras D (eds) Lightning injuries: electrical, medical and legal aspects. CRC, Boca Raton/FL, pp 39–46

    Google Scholar 

  130. MacPherson P, Teasdale E, Dhaker S, Allerdyce G, Galbraith S (1986) The significance of traumatic haematoma in the region of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 1039–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Maiti P, Singh SB, Muthuraju S, Veleri S, Ilavazhagan G (2007) Hypobaric hypoxia damages the hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res 1175: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Martin EM, Lu WC, Heimick K, French L, Warden DL (2008) Traumatic brain injuries sustained in the Afghanistan and Iraq war. J Trauma Nurs 15: 94–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Mastaglia FL, Savas S, Kakulas BA (1969) Intracranial thrombosis of the internal carotid artery after closed head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 32: 382–388

    Google Scholar 

  134. Matakas FL (1975) Zur Genese sekundärer Hirnstammblutungen. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 119: 223

    Google Scholar 

  135. Maxeiner H (1997) Detection of ruptured cerebral bridging veins at autopsy. Foresic Sci Int 89: 103–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Maxeiner H (2009) Subduralblutungen. Ursachen, Arten, Folgen und forensische Aspekte. Rechtsmedizin 19: 111–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Mayer ET (1967) Zentrale Hirnschäden nach Einwirkung stumpfer Gewalt auf den Schädel. Arch Psychiat Z Neurol 210: 238–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. McDermott M, Fleming JFR, Vanderlinden RG, Tucker WS (1984) Spontaneous arterial subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery 14: 13–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Mealey J (1960) Acute extradural hematomas without demonstrable skull fractures. J Neurosurg 17: 27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Mehta, KM, Ott, A, Kalmijn S, Slooter AJC, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Breteler MMB (1999) Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease – The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 53: 1959–1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Meikle J, Bird S, Naghtingale JJ, White N (2008) Detection and management of epidural hematomas related to anaesthesia in the UK: a rationa survey of current praxis. Br J Anaesh 101: 400–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Mellen PF, Weedn VW, Kao G (1992) Electrocution: a review of 155 cases with emphasis on human factors. J Forensic Sci 37: 1016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Messmer BJ, Schallberger U, Gattiker R, Senning A (1976) Psychomotor and intellectual development after deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest in early infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 72: 495–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Meyermann R, Engel S, Wehner H-D, Schlüsener HJ (1997) Microglial reactions in severe closed head injury. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 261–278

    Google Scholar 

  145. Minns RA, Brown JK (2005) Neurological perspectives of non-accidental head injury and whiplash/shaken baby sndrome: an overview. In Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children. Cambridg, University Press, pp 1–105

    Google Scholar 

  146. Morgan ZV, Headly RN, Alexander EA, Sawyer CG (1958) Atrial fibrillation and epidural hematoma associated with lightning stroke. N Engl J Med 259: 956–959

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Mørk SJ, Morild I, Brubakk AO, Eidsvik S, Nyland H (1994) A histopathologic and immunocytochemical study of the spinal cord in amateur and professional divers. Undersea Hyperb Med 21: 391–402

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC (1977) Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. Proc 21th Stapp Car Crash Conf: 339–366

    Google Scholar 

  149. Nicoll JAR, Graham DI (1997) Apolipoprotein E and head injury. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 155–160

    Google Scholar 

  150. Nilsson B, Nordström CH (1977) Experimental head injury in the rat. J Neurosurg 47: 262–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Novomeský F (1994) Histopathologic features of severe decompression shock: an animal model. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. (Research in legal medicine, vol 6). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 51–59

    Google Scholar 

  152. O’Connor MM, Mayberg MR (2000) Effects of radiation on cerebral vasculature: a review. Neurosurgery 46: 138–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Oehmichen M, Wiethölter H, Grüninger G, Wolburg W (1982) Time-dependency of the lymphatic efflux of intracerebrally applied corpuscular tracers. Light and electron microscopic investigations. Lymphology 15: 112–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Oehmichen M, Eisenmenger W, Raff G, Berghaus G (1986) Brain macrophages in human cortical contusions as indicator of survival period. Forens Sci Int 30: 281–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Oehmichen M, van Laak U (1994) Der tödliche Tauchunfall und seine Begutachtung. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. (Research in legal medicine, vol 6). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 195–204

    Google Scholar 

  156. Oehmichen M, Meissner, C, Schmidt V, Pedal I, König HG (1997) Axonal injury (AI) in a forensic-neuropathological material. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 203–224

    Google Scholar 

  157. Oehmichen M, Meissner, C, Schmidt V, Pedal I, König HG, Saternus KS (1998) Axonal injury – a diagnostic tool in forensic neuropathology? A review. Forensic Sci Int 95: 67–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Oehmichen M, Meissner C, Schmidt V, Pedal I, König HG (1999) Pontine axonal injury after brain trauma and nontraumatic hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Int J Legal Med 112: 261–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Oehmichen M, Theuerkauf I, Meissner C (1999) Is traumatic axonal injury (AI) associated with an early microglial activtion? Application of a double-labeling technique for simultaneous detection of microglia and AI. Acta Neuropathol 97: 491–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Oehmichen M, Meissner C (1999) Traumatic induced total myelomalacia of the cervical spinal cord associated with a space-occupying subdural hematoma. Clin Neuropathol 18: 308–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Oehmichen M (2000) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid im rechtsmedizinischen Aufgabenspektrum. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. (Research in legal medicine, vol 21). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 15–25

    Google Scholar 

  162. Oehmichen M, Meissner C, König HG (2000) Brain injury after gunshot wounding: morphometric analysis of cell destruction caused by temporary cavitation. J Neurotrauma 17: 155–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Oehmichen M, Meissner C, König HG (2001) Brain injury after survived gunshot to the head: reactive alterations at sites remote from the missile track. Forens Sci Int 115: 189–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Oehmichen M, Walter T, Meissner C (2003) Time course of cortical hemorrhages flollowing closed traumatic brain injury. Stzatistical analysis of posttraumatic histomorphological alterations. J Neurotrauma 20: 87–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Oehmichen M, Meissner C, König HG, Gehl HB (2004) Gunshot injuries to the head and brain caused by low velocity hand guns and rifles. A review. Forensic Sci Int 146: 111–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Oehmichen M, Meissner C. Saternus K-S (2005) Fall or shaken: traumatic brain injury in children caused by falls or abuse at home. A review on biomechanics and diagnosis. Neuropediatrics 36: 240–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Oehmichen M, Schleiss D, Pedal I, Saternus K-S, Gerling I, Meissner C (2008) Shaken baby syndrome: re-examination of diffuse axonal injury as cause of death. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 116: 317–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Oehmichen M, Auer RN, König HG (2009) Forensic neuropathology and associated neurology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  169. Oehmichen M, Jakob S, Mann S, Saternus K-S, Pedal I, Meissner C (2009) Macrophage subsets in mechanical brain injury (MBI). Legal Med 11: 118–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Osyoka P (1963) Messtechnische Untersuchungen über Stromstärke, Einwirkungsdauer und Stromweg bei elektrischen Wechselstromunfällen an Menschen und Tier. Bedeutung und Auswertung für Strakstromanlagen. Elektromed 8: 153–179

    Google Scholar 

  171. Palmer AC, Calder IM, Yates PO (1992) Cerebral vasculopathy in divers. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 18: 113–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Panse F (1975) Electrical trauma. In: Braakman (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 23/1. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 683–729

    Google Scholar 

  173. Patel A, Lo R (1993) Electric injury with cerebral venous thrombosis. Case report and review of the literature. Stroke 24: 903–905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Pedal I (1994) Autopsie und Histologie nach Todesfällen beim Sporttauchen. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. (Research in legal medicine, vol 6). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 129–147

    Google Scholar 

  175. Peiffer J (1977) Neuropathologische Grundlagen. In: Anders G, Felten R, Kirsch A (Hrsg) Boxen und Gesundheit. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln, S 173–180

    Google Scholar 

  176. Peters G (1970) Klinische Neuropathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  177. Petropoulos EA, Timiras PS (1974) Biological effects of high altitude as related to increased solar radiation, temperature fluctuations and reduced partial pressure of oxygen. Prog Biometeorol 1: 295–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Petty CP, Parkin G (1986) Electrical injury to the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 19: 282–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Pfander F, Bongartz H, Brinkmann H (1975) Das Knalltrauma. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  180. Pliskin NH, Capelli-Schellpfeffer M, Law RT, Malina AC, Kelley KM, Lee RC (1998) Neuropsycological symptom presentation after electrical injury. J Trauma 44: 709–715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Pliskin NH, Fink J, Malina A, Moran S, Kelley KM, Capelli-Schellpfeffer M, Lee R (1999) The neuropsychological effects of electrical injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 888: 140–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Miller JD, Jenkins LW, Dietrich WD (1979) The morphopathologic substrates of concussion? Acta Neuropathol 47: 1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Povlishock JT (1997) The pathogenesis and implications of axonal injury in traumatically injured animal and human brain. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 175–185

    Google Scholar 

  184. Prokop O, Göhler W (1976) Forensische Medizin. Fischer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  185. Raghupathi R, Saatman KE, Smith DH, McIntosh TK (1997) Genomic responses to experimental brain injury: implications for therapeutic intervention. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 143–153

    Google Scholar 

  186. Reece RM, Ludwig S (eds) (2001) Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Baltimore New York

    Google Scholar 

  187. Roach RC, Hackett PH (2001) Frontiers of hypoxia research: acute mountain sickness. J Exp Biol 204: 3161–3170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Roberts GW, Allsop D, Bruton C (1990) The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 373–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Rössle R (1948) Über die ersten Veränderungen des menschlichen Gehirns nach arterieller Luftembolie. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 315: 461–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Ruan JS, Khabil TB, King AI (1993) Finite element modeling of direct head impact. Proc 37th Stapp Car Crash Conf. 69–81

    Google Scholar 

  191. Sances A, Thomas DJ, Ewing CL, Larson SJ, Unterharnscheid F (eds) (1986) Mechanisms of head and spine trauma. Aloray Publ Goshen, New York

    Google Scholar 

  192. Saternus KS (1977) Die Verletzungen von Halswirbelsäule und von Halsweichteilen. Hippokrates, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  193. Schaller MD, Fischer AP, Perret CH (1990) Hyperkalemia: a prognostic factor during acute severe hypothermia. JAMA 264: 1842–1845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Schmitt HP (1983) Die physikalischen Schäden des ZNS und seiner Hüllen. (Pathologie des Nervensystems II). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 657–902

    Google Scholar 

  195. Scholz W, Ducho EG, Breit A (1959) Experimentelle Röntgenschäden am Rückenmark des erwachsenen Kaninchens. Psychiatr Neurol Jap 61: 417–441

    Google Scholar 

  196. Schumacher M, Oehmichen M, König HG, Einighammer H, Bien S (1985) Computertomographische Untersuchungen zur Wundballistik kranialer Schußverletzungen. Beitr Gerichtl Med 43: 95–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Schwab W (1925) Über Hirnveränderungen bei Sonnenstich. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 6: 33–38

    Google Scholar 

  198. Sellier K, Kneubuehl B (2001) Wundballistik und ihre ballistischen Grundlagen, 2. Aufl., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  199. Sellier K, Unterharnscheidt F (1963) Mechanik und Pathomorphologie der Hirnschäden nach stumpfer Gewalteinwirkung auf den Schädel. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg (Hefte zur Unfallheilkunde 76)

    Google Scholar 

  200. Semenza JC, Rubin CH, Falter KH, Selanikio JD, Flanders WD, Howe HL, Wilhelm JL (1996) Heat-related deaths during the july 1995 heat wave in Chicago. New Engl J Med 335: 84–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Semple-Rowland SL, Miller RC, Hurley SD, Streit WJ (1997) Cytokine gene transcription profiles in contused spinal cord. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 121–142

    Google Scholar 

  202. Sharma HS, Westman J (2000) Pathophysiology of hyperthermic brain injury. Current concepts, molecular mechanisms and pharmacological strategies. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. (Research in legal medicine, vol 21). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 79–120

    Google Scholar 

  203. Sharp JW, Sagar SM, Hisanaga K, Jasper P, Sharp FR (1990) The NMDA receptor mediates cortical induction of fos and fos-related antigens following cortical injury. Exp Neurology 109: 323–332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Sheriff FE, Bridges LR, Sivaloganatham S (1994) Early detection of axonal injury after human head trauma using immunocytochemistry for β-amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathol 87: 55–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Sherman R, Copes R, Stewart RK, Dowling G, Guidotti TL (1989) Occupational death due to heat stroke: report of two cases. CMAJ 140: 1057–1058

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Shibolet S, Coll R, Gilat T, Sohar E (1967) Heat stroke: its clinical picture and mechanism in 36 cases. Q J Med 36: 525–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Silversides J (1964) The neurological sequelae of electric injury. Can Med Ass 91: 195–204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Sinha A, O’Shea L (2008) Subdural hygroma after dural puncture. Anaesth Intensive Care 36: 124–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Snoek J, Jennett B, Adams JH, Graham I, Doyle D (1979) Computerised tomography after recent severe head injury and patients without acute intracranial haematoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42: 215–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Sohal RS, Sun SC, Colcolough HL, Burch GE (1968) Heat stroke. An electron microscopic study of endothelial cell damage and disseminated vascular coagulation. Arch Intern Med 122: 43–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Stalhammar DA (1990) Mechanism of brain injuries. In: Braakman R (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 13/57: Headinjury. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 17–41

    Google Scholar 

  212. Stanley LD, Suss RA (1985) Intracerebral hematoma secondary to lightning stroke: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 16: 686–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Stevenson LD (1942) Electrical injuries to the nervous system. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 48: 179–186

    Google Scholar 

  214. Strauss RH, Prockop LD (1973) Decompression sickness among scuba divers. J Am Med Assoc 223: 637–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Strich SJ (1976) Cerebral trauma. In: Blackword W, Corsellis JAN (eds) Greenfield’s neuropathology, 3rd edn. Arnold, London, pp 327–360

    Google Scholar 

  216. Sundaresan N, Guiterrez FA, Larsen MB (1978) Radiation myelopathy in children. Ann Neurol 4: 47–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Sure U, Kleihues P (1997) Intracerebral venous thrombosis and hematoma secondary to high-voltage brain injury. J Trauma 42: 1161–1164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Talbert DG (2009) Shaken baby syndrome: Does it exist? Med Hypotheses 72: 131–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Tedeschi CG, Eckert WG, Tedeschi LG (eds) (1977) Forensic medicine: Study in trauma und environmental hazzards. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  220. Tetzlaff K, Friege L, Hutzelmann A, Reuter M, Holl D, Leplow B (1999) Magnetic resonance signal abnormalities and neuropsyhcological deficits in elderly compressed-air divers. Eur Neurol 42: 194–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Thiele RH, Hage ZA, Surdell DL, Ondra SL, Batjer HH, Bendok BR (2008) Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma of unknown etiology: case report and literature review. Neurocrit Care 9: 242–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Tipton M, Eglin C, Genser M, Golden F (1999) Immersion deaths and deterioration in swimming performance in cold water. Lancet 354: 626–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Tokuda T, Ikeda S, Yanagisawa N, Ihara Y, Glenner GG (1991) Reexamination of ex-boxers’ brains using immunohistochemistry with antibodies to amyloid β-protein and tau protein. Acta Neuropathol 82: 280–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Tsong TY, Su Z-D (1999) Biological effects of electric shock and heat denaturation and oxidation of molecules, membranes, and cellular functions. Ann NY Acad Sci 888: 211–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Tucci KA, Landy HJ, Green BA, Eismont FJ (1992) Trauma and paraplegia. In: Chritchley E, Eisen A (eds) Diseases of the spinal cord. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 409–427

    Google Scholar 

  226. Unterharnscheidt F (1992, 1993, 1994) Traumatologie von Hirn und Rückenmark. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (Hrsg) Spezielle pathologische Anatomie, Bd XIII/6a–c, 7. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

    Google Scholar 

  227. Vinken PJ, Bryn GW, Klawan HL, Braakman R (eds) (1990) Head injury. (Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 57). Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  228. Voigt GE, Löwenhielm CGP, Ljung CBA (1977) Rotational cerebral injuries near the superior margin of the brain. Acta Neuropathol 39: 201–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP et al. (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337: 1500–1505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Walter T, Meissner C, Oehmichen M (2009) Pathomorphological staging of subdural hemorraghes. Statistical analysis of posttraumatic histomorphological alterations. Legal Med 11: S56–S62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Weller RO, Djuanda E, Yow H-Y, Carare RO (2009) Lymphatic drainage of the brain and pathophysiology of neurological disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 117: 1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Westman J, Sharma HS (1998) Heat shock response in the central nervous system following hyperthermia. Progr Brain Res 115: 207–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. White AH, Panjabi MM (1978) Clinical biomechanics of the spine. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  234. Williams AJ, Hartings JA, Lu XC, Rolli ML, Tortella FC (2005) Penetrating ballistic-like brain injury in the rat: differential time courses of hemorrhage, cell death, inflammation, and remote degeneration. J Neurotrauma 23: 1828–1846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  235. Williams AJ, Wei HH, Dave JR, Tortella FC (2007) Acute and delayed neuroinflammatory response following experimental penetrating ballistic brain injury in the rat. J Neuroinflammation 4: 17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Williams AN, Sunderland R (2002) Neonatal shaken baby syndrome: an aetiological view from Down Under. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 86: F29–F30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  237. Winkelman MD, Galloway PG (1992) Central nervous system complications of thermal burns: a postmortem study of 139 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 71: 271–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Wilson MH, Milledge J (2008) Direct measurement of intracranial pressure at high altitude and correlation of ventricular size with acute mountain sickness: Brain Cummins’ results from the 1985 Kishtwar expedition. Neurosurgery 63: 970–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Wilson MH, Newman S, Zmray CH (2009) The cerebral effects of ascent to high altitudes. Lancet Neurol 8: 175–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Wippold FJ (1996) Definition and pathophysiogy of subdural hygroma. Am J Roentgenol 167: 1061

    Google Scholar 

  241. Wolf HK, Moon RE, Mitchell PR, Burger PC (1990) Barotrauma and air embolism in hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Am J Forens Med Pathol 11: 149–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Yakovlev AG, Faden AL (1997) Traumatic brain injury regulates expression of ced-related genes modulating neuronal apoptosis. In: Oehmichen M, König HG (eds) Neurotraumatology – biomechanic aspects, cytologic and molecular mechanisms (Research in legal medicine, vol 17). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 107–120

    Google Scholar 

  243. Yang T, Wu S-L, Liang J-C, Rao Z-R, Ju G (2000) Timedependent astroglial changes after gamma knife radiosurgerey in the rat forebrain. Neurosurgery 47: 407–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Young PG, Morfey CL (1998) Intracranial pressure transients caused by head impacts. Proc Int IRCOBI Conf: 391–403

    Google Scholar 

  245. Zhang J, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA (2005) Temporal cavitzy and pressure distribution in a brain simulant following ballistic penetration. J Neurotrauma 22: 1335–1347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Im Brandebaumer Feld 39, 23564, Lübeck, Deutschland

    Manfred Oehmichen

  2. Eberhardstraße 4, 72138, Kirchentellinsfurt, Deutschland

    Hans Günter König

Authors
  1. Manfred Oehmichen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hans Günter König
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Pathologie Konsultationszentrum für Pankreas- und Endokrine Tumore, TU München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland

    Günter Klöppel (Werkherausgeber) (Werkherausgeber)

  2. Zentrum Pathologie und Rechtsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland

    Hans H. Kreipe (Werkherausgeber) (Werkherausgeber)

  3. Institut für Pathologie, Kliniken der Landeshauptstadt, Ludwig-Erhard-Straße 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Deutschland

    Wolfgang Remmele (Werkherausgeber) (Werkherausgeber)

  4. Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstraße 19, 48149, Münster, Deutschland

    Werner Paulus (Bandherausgeber) (Bandherausgeber)

  5. Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland

    J. Michael Schröder (Bandherausgeber) (Bandherausgeber)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oehmichen, M., König, H. (2012). Trauma. In: Klöppel, G., Kreipe, H., Remmele, W., Paulus, W., Schröder, J. (eds) Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02324-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02324-8_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02323-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-02324-8

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation