Advertisement

Virological and Cellular Roles of the Transcriptional Coactivator LEDGF/p75

Chapter
Part of the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology book series (CT MICROBIOLOGY, volume 339)

Abstract

The chromatin-associated cellular proteins LEDGF/p75 and LEDGF/p52 have been implicated in transcriptional regulation, cell survival and autoimmunity. LEDGF/p75 also appears to act as a chromatin-docking factor or receptor for HIV-1 and other lentiviruses and to play a role in leukemogenesis. For both the viral and cellular roles of this protein, a key feature is its ability to act as a molecular adaptor and tether proteins to the chromatin fiber. This chapter reviews the emerging roles of LEDGF/p75 and LEDGF/p52 in diverse cellular processes and disease states.

Keywords

Nuclear Localization Signal Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Strand Transfer Chromatin Binding 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Notes

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for support from N.I.H. grants 1SC2GM082301 to M. L. and AI77344 to E.M.P. We thank P. Spearman for editorial advice, and patience.

References

  1. Ahuja HG, Hong J, Aplan PD, Tcheurekdjian L, Forman SJ, Slovak ML (2000) t(9;11)(p22;p15) in acute myeloid leukemia results in a fusion between NUP98 and the gene encoding transcriptional coactivators p52 and p75-lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF). Cancer Res 60(22):6227–6229PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Ahuja P, Caffe AR, Holmqvist I, Soderpalm AK, Singh DP, Shinohara T, van Veen T (2001) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) delays photoreceptor degeneration in explants of rd/rd mouse retina. Neuroreport 12(13):2951–2955PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Argiropoulos B, Humphries RK (2007) Hox genes in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Oncogene 26(47):6766–6776PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Bao KK, Wang H, Miller JK, Erie DA, Skalka AM, Wong I (2003) Functional oligomeric state of avian sarcoma virus integrase. J Biol Chem 278(2):1323–1327PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Bartholomeeusen K, De Rijck J, Busschots K, Desender L, Gijsbers R, Emiliani S, Benarous R, Debyser Z, Christ F (2007) Differential Interaction of HIV-1 Integrase and JPO2 with the C Terminus of LEDGF/p75. J Mol Biol 372(2):407–421PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Bartholomeeusen K, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Hendrix J, Rain JC, Emiliani S, Benarous R, Debyser Z, De Rijck J (2009) Lens epithelium derived growth factor/p75 interacts with the transposase derived DDE domain of pogZ. J Biol Chem 284(17):11467–11477PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Brown PO, Bowerman B, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (1989) Retroviral integration: structure of the initial covalent product and its precursor, and a role for the viral IN protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(8):2525–2529PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Brown-Bryan TA, Leoh LS, Ganapathy V, Pacheco FJ, Mediavilla-Varela M, Filippova M, Linkhart TA, Gijsbers R, Debyser Z, Casiano CA (2008) Alternative splicing and caspase-mediated cleavage generate antagonistic variants of the stress oncoprotein LEDGF/p75. Mol Cancer Res 6(8):1293–1307PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Busschots K, Vercammen J, Emiliani S, Benarous R, Engelborghs Y, Christ F, Debyser Z (2005) The interaction of LEDGF/p75 with integrase is lentivirus-specific and promotes DNA binding. J Biol Chem 280(18):17841–17847PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Busschots K, Voet A, De Maeyer M, Rain JC, Emiliani S, Benarous R, Desender L, Debyser Z, Christ F (2007) Identification of the LEDGF/p75 binding site in HIV-1 integrase. J Mol Biol 365(5):1480–1492PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Busschots K, De Rijck J, Christ F, Debyser Z (2009) In search of small molecules blocking interactions between HIV proteins and intracellular cofactors. Mol Biosyst 5(1):21–31PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Cherepanov P (2007) LEDGF/p75 interacts with divergent lentiviral integrases and modulates their enzymatic activity in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 35(1):113–124PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Cherepanov P, Maertens G, Proost P, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Engelborghs Y, De Clercq E, Debyser Z (2003) HIV-1 integrase forms stable tetramers and associates with LEDGF/p75 protein in human cells. J Biol Chem 278(1):372–381PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Cherepanov P, Devroe E, Silver PA, Engelman A (2004) Identification of an evolutionarily conserved domain in human lens epithelium-derived growth factor/transcriptional co-activator p75 (LEDGF/p75) that binds HIV-1 integrase. J Biol Chem 279(47):48883–48892PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Cherepanov P, Ambrosio AL, Rahman S, Ellenberger T, Engelman A (2005a) Structural basis for the recognition between HIV-1 integrase and transcriptional coactivator p75. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(48):17308–17313PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Cherepanov P, Sun ZY, Rahman S, Maertens G, Wagner G, Engelman A (2005b) Solution structure of the HIV-1 integrase-binding domain in LEDGF/p75. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12(6):526–532PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Chiu TK, Davies DR (2007) Structure and function of HIV-1 integrase: an update. Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry 3(7):1–20Google Scholar
  18. Ciuffi A, Bushman FD (2006) Retroviral DNA integration: HIV and the role of LEDGF/p75. Trends Genet 22(7):388–395PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Ciuffi A, Llano M, Poeschla E, Hoffmann C, Leipzig J, Shinn P, Ecker JR, Bushman F (2005) A role for LEDGF/p75 in targeting HIV DNA integration. Nature Medicine 11:1287–1289PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Daugaard M, Kirkegaard-Sorensen T, Ostenfeld MS, Aaboe M, Hoyer-Hansen M, Orntoft TF, Rohde M, Jaattela M (2007) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor is an Hsp70–2 regulated guardian of lysosomal stability in human cancer. Cancer Res 67(6):2559–2567PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. De Rijck J, Vandekerckhove L, Gijsbers R, Hombrouck A, Hendrix J, Vercammen J, Engelborghs Y, Christ F, Debyser Z (2006) Overexpression of the lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 integrase binding domain inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication. J Virol 80(23):11498–11509PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Dietz F, Franken S, Yoshida K, Nakamura H, Kappler J, Gieselmann V (2002) The family of hepatoma-derived growth factor proteins: characterization of a new member HRP-4 and classification of its subfamilies. Biochem J 366(Pt 2):491–500PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Du L, Zhao Y, Chen J, Yang L, Zheng Y, Tang Y, Shen X, Jiang H (2008) D77, one benzoic acid derivative, functions as a novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the interaction between integrase and cellular LEDGF/p75. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375(1):139–144PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Emiliani S, Mousnier A, Busschots K, Maroun M, Van Maele B, Tempe D, Vandekerckhove L, Moisant F, Ben-Slama L, Witvrouw M, Christ F, Rain JC, Dargemont C, Debyser Z, Benarous R (2005) Integrase mutants defective for interaction with LEDGF/p75 are impaired in chromosome tethering and HIV-1 replication. J Biol Chem 280(27):25517–25523PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Engelman A (1999) In vivo analysis of retroviral integrase structure and function. Adv Virus Res 52:411–426PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Engelman A, Cherepanov P (2008) The lentiviral integrase binding protein LEDGF/p75 and HIV-1 replication. PLoS Pathog 4(3):e1000046PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Fatma N, Singh DP, Shinohara T, Chylack LT Jr (2001) Transcriptional regulation of the antioxidant protein 2 gene, a thiol-specific antioxidant, by lens epithelium-derived growth factor to protect cells from oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 276(52):48899–48907PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Fatma N, Kubo E, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T, Akagi Y, Singh DP (2004) LEDGF regulation of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in lens epithelial cells: stimulation of retinoic acid production and protection from ethanol toxicity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287(2):C508–C516PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Fatma N, Kubo E, Sharma P, Beier DR, Singh DP (2005) Impaired homeostasis and phenotypic abnormalities in Prdx6-/-mice lens epithelial cells by reactive oxygen species: increased expression and activation of TGFbeta. Cell Death Differ 12(7):734–750PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Faure A, Calmels C, Desjobert C, Castroviejo M, Caumont-Sarcos A, Tarrago-Litvak L, Litvak S, Parissi V (2005) HIV-1 integrase crosslinked oligomers are active in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 33(3):977–986PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Fletcher TM 3rd, Soares MA, McPhearson S, Hui H, Wiskerchen M, Muesing MA, Shaw GM, Leavitt AD, Boeke JD, Hahn BH (1997) Complementation of integrase function in HIV-1 virions. Embo J 16(16):5123–5138PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Ganapathy V, Casiano CA (2004) Autoimmunity to the nuclear autoantigen DFS70 (LEDGF): what exactly are the autoantibodies trying to tell us? Arthritis Rheum 50(3):684–688PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Ganapathy V, Daniels T, Casiano CA (2003) LEDGF/p75: a novel nuclear autoantigen at the crossroads of cell survival and apoptosis. Autoimmun Rev 2(5):290–297PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Ge H, Si Y, Roeder RG (1998a) Isolation of cDNAs encoding novel transcription coactivators p52 and p75 reveals an alternate regulatory mechanism of transcriptional activation. Embo J 17(22):6723–6729PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Ge H, Si Y, Wolffe AP (1998b) A novel transcriptional coactivator, p52, functionally interacts with the essential splicing factor ASF/SF2. Mol Cell 2(6):751–759PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Grand FH, Koduru P, Cross NC, Allen SL (2005) NUP98-LEDGF fusion and t(9;11) in transformed chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 29(12):1469–1472PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Guiot E, Carayon K, Delelis O, Simon F, Tauc P, Zubin E, Gottikh M, Mouscadet JF, Brochon JC, Deprez E (2006) Relationship between the oligomeric status of HIV-1 integrase on DNA and enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 281(32):22707–22719PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Hare S, Shun MC, Gupta SS, Valkov E, Engelman A, Cherepanov P (2009) A novel co-crystal structure affords the design of gain-of-function lentiviral integrase mutants in the presence of modified PSIP1/LEDGF/p75. PLoS Pathog 5(1):e1000259PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Heuer TS, Brown PO (1998) Photo-cross-linking studies suggest a model for the architecture of an active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase-DNA complex. Biochemistry 37(19):6667–6678PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Hindmarsh P, Ridky T, Reeves R, Andrake M, Skalka AM, Leis J (1999) HMG protein family members stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and avian sarcoma virus concerted DNA integration in vitro. J Virol 73(4):2994–3003PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Hombrouc A, De Rijck J, Hendrix J, Vandekerckhove L, Voet A, Maeyer MD, Witvrouw M, Engelborghs Y, Christ F, Gijsbers R, Debyser Z (2007) Virus Evolution Reveals an Exclusive Role for LEDGF/p75 in Chromosomal Tethering of HIV. PLoS Pathog 3(3):e47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Hou Y, McGuinness DE, Prongay AJ, Feld B, Ingravallo P, Ogert RA, Lunn CA, Howe JA (2008) Screening for antiviral inhibitors of the HIV integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction using the AlphaScreen luminescent proximity assay. J Biomol Screen 13(5):406–414PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Huang TS, Myklebust LM, Kjarland E, Gjertsen BT, Pendino F, Bruserud O, Doskeland SO, Lillehaug JR (2007) LEDGF/p75 has increased expression in blasts from chemotherapy-resistant human acute myelogenic leukemia patients and protects leukemia cells from apoptosis in vitro. Mol Cancer 6:31PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Hussey DJ, Moore S, Nicola M, Dobrovic A (2001) Fusion of the NUP98 gene with the LEDGF/p52 gene defines a recurrent acute myeloid leukemia translocation. BMC Genet 2(1):20PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Kubo E, Fatma N, Sharma P, Shinohara T, Chylack LT Jr, Akagi Y, Singh DP (2002) Transactivation of involucrin, a marker of differentiation in keratinocytes, by lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF). J Mol Biol 320(5):1053–1063PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Li M, Mizuuchi M, Burke TR Jr, Craigie R (2006) Retroviral DNA integration: reaction pathway and critical intermediates. Embo J 25(6):1295–1304PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Llano M, Delgado S, Vanegas M, Poeschla EM (2004a) LEDGF/p75 prevents proteasomal degradation of HIV-1 integrase. J Biol Chem 279(53):55570–55577PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Llano M, Vanegas M, Fregoso O, Saenz DT, Chung S, Peretz M, Poeschla EM (2004b) LEDGF/p75 determines cellular trafficking of diverse lentiviral but not murine oncoretroviral integrase proteins and is a component of functional lentiviral pre-integration complexes. J Virol 78(17):9524–9537PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Llano M, Saenz DT, Meehan A, Wongthida P, Peretz M, Walker WH, Teo W, Poeschla EM (2006a) An essential role for LEDGF/p75 in HIV integration. Science 314(5798):461–464PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Llano M, Vanegas M, Hutchins N, Thompson D, Delgado S, Poeschla EM (2006b) Identification and characterization of the chromatin binding domains of the HIV-1 integrase interactor LEDGF/p75. J Mol Biol 360:760–773PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Machida S, Chaudhry P, Shinohara T, Singh DP, Reddy VN, Chylack LT Jr, Sieving PA, Bush RA (2001) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor promotes photoreceptor survival in light-damaged and RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(5):1087–1095PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Maertens G, Cherepanov P, Pluymers W, Busschots K, De Clercq E, Debyser Z, Engelborghs Y (2003) LEDGF/p75 is essential for nuclear and chromosomal targeting of HIV-1 integrase in human cells. J Biol Chem 278(35):33528–33539PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Maertens G, Cherepanov P, Debyser Z, Engelborghs Y, Engelman A (2004) Identification and characterization of a functional nuclear localization signal in the HIV-1 integrase (IN) interactor LEDGF/p75. J Biol Chem 279(32):33421–33429PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Maertens G, Vercammen J, Debyser Z, Engelborghs Y (2005) Measuring protein-protein interactions inside living cells using single color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Application to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and LEDGF/p75. Faseb J 19((8):1039–1041Google Scholar
  55. Maertens GN, Cherepanov P, Engelman A (2006) Transcriptional co-activator p75 binds and tethers the Myc-interacting protein JPO2 to chromatin. J Cell Sci 119(Pt 12):2563–2571PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Marshall HM, Ronen K, Berry C, Llano M, Sutherland H, Saenz D, Bickmore W, Poeschla E, Bushman FD (2007) Role of PSIP1/LEDGF/p75 in lentiviral infectivity and integration targeting. PLoS ONE 2(12):e1340PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Matsui H, Lin LR, Singh DP, Shinohara T, Reddy VN (2001) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor: increased survival and decreased DNA breakage of human RPE cells induced by oxidative stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(12):2935–2941PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. McKee CJ, Kessl JJ, Shkriabai N, Dar MJ, Engelman A, Kvaratskhelia M (2008) Dynamic modulation of HIV-1 integrase structure and function by cellular LEDGF protein. J Biol Chem 283(46):31802–31812PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Morerio C, Acquila M, Rosanda C, Rapella A, Tassano E, Micalizzi C, Panarello C (2005) t(9;11)(p22;p15) with NUP98-LEDGF fusion gene in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 29(4):467–470PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Mousnier A, Kubat N, Massias-Simon A, Segeral E, Rain JC, Benarous R, Emiliani S, Dargemont C (2007) von Hippel Lindau binding protein 1-mediated degradation of integrase affects HIV-1 gene expression at a postintegration step. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(34):13615–13620PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Muro Y, Sugiura K, Morita Y, Tomita Y (2008) High concomitance of disease marker autoantibodies in anti-DFS70/LEDGF autoantibody-positive patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease. Lupus 17(3):171–176PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Nakamura T (2005) NUP98 fusion in human leukemia: dysregulation of the nuclear pore and homeodomain proteins. Int J Hematol 82(1):21–27PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Nakamura M, Singh DP, Kubo E, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (2000) LEDGF: survival of embryonic chick retinal photoreceptor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41(5):1168–1175PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Nishizawa Y, Usukura J, Singh DP, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (2001) Spatial and temporal dynamics of two alternatively spliced regulatory factors, lens epithelium-derived growth factor (ledgf/p75) and p52, in the nucleus. Cell Tissue Res 305(1):107–114PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Ochs RL, Muro Y, Si Y, Ge H, Chan EK, Tan EM (2000) Autoantibodies to DFS 70 kd/transcription coactivator p75 in atopic dermatitis and other conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105(6 Pt 1):1211–1220PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Ogawa Y, Sugiura K, Watanabe A, Kunimatsu M, Mishima M, Tomita Y, Muro Y (2004) Autoantigenicity of DFS70 is restricted to the conformational epitope of C-terminal alpha-helical domain. J Autoimmun 23(3):221–231PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Pandey KK, Sinha S, Grandgenett DP (2007) Transcriptional coactivator LEDGF/p75 modulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase-mediated concerted integration. J Virol 81(8):3969–3979PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Poeschla EM (2008) Integrase, LEDGF/p75 and HIV replication. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:1403–1424PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Raghavendra NK, Engelman A (2007) LEDGF/p75 interferes with the formation of synaptic nucleoprotein complexes that catalyze full-site HIV-1 DNA integration in vitro: implications for the mechanism of viral cDNA integration. Virology 360(1):1–5PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Rahman S, Lu R, Vandegraaff N, Cherepanov P, Engelman A (2007) Structure-based mutagenesis of the integrase-LEDGF/p75 interface uncouples a strict correlation between in vitro protein binding and HIV-1 fitness. Virology 357(1):79–90PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Roudaia L, Speck NA (2008) A menage a trois in leukemia. Cancer Cell 14(1):3–5PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Schroder AR, Shinn P, Chen H, Berry C, Ecker JR, Bushman F (2002) HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots. Cell 110(4):521–529PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Sharma P, Singh DP, Fatma N, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (2000) Activation of LEDGF gene by thermal-and oxidative-stresses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276(3):1320–1324PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Sharma P, Fatma N, Kubo E, Shinohara T, Chylack LT Jr, Singh DP (2003) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor relieves transforming growth factor-beta1-induced transcription repression of heat shock proteins in human lens epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 278(22):20037–20046PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Shin JH, Piao CS, Lim CM, Lee JK (2008) LEDGF binding to stress response element increases alphaB-crystallin expression in astrocytes with oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 435(2):131–136PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Shinohara T, Singh DP, Fatma N (2002) LEDGF, a survival factor, activates stress-related genes. Prog Retin Eye Res 21(3):341–358PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Shun MC, Raghavendra NK, Vandegraaff N, Daigle JE, Hughes S, Kellam P, Cherepanov P, Engelman A (2007) LEDGF/p75 functions downstream from preintegration complex formation to effect gene-specific HIV-1 integration. Genes Dev 21(14):1767–1778PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Shun MC, Botbol Y, Li X, Di Nunzio F, Daigle JE, Yan N, Lieberman J, Lavigne M, Engelman A (2008) Identification and characterization of PWWP domain residues critical for LEDGF/p75 chromatin binding and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity. J Virol 82(23):11555–11567PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Singh DP, Ohguro N, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (1999) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor: increased resistance to thermal and oxidative stresses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(7):1444–1451PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Singh DP, Kimura A, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (2000a) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and p52 are derived from a single gene by alternative splicing. Gene 242(1–2):265–273PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Singh DP, Ohguro N, Kikuchi T, Sueno T, Reddy VN, Yuge K, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (2000b) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor: effects on growth and survival of lens epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267(1):373–381PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Singh DP, Fatma N, Kimura A, Chylack LT Jr, Shinohara T (2001) LEDGF binds to heat shock and stress-related element to activate the expression of stress-related genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283(4):943–955PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Singh DP, Kubo E, Takamura Y, Shinohara T, Kumar A, Chylack LT Jr, Fatma N (2006) DNA binding domains and nuclear localization signal of LEDGF: contribution of two helix-turn-helix (HTH)-like domains and a stretch of 58 amino acids of the N-terminal to the trans-activation potential of LEDGF. J Mol Biol 355(3):379–394PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Sinha S, Pursley MH, Grandgenett DP (2002) Efficient concerted integration by recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase without cellular or viral cofactors. J Virol 76(7):3105–3113PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Slape C, Aplan PD (2004) The role of NUP98 gene fusions in hematologic malignancy. Leuk Lymphoma 45(7):1341–1350PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, Eron JE, Schechter M, Markowitz M, Loutfy MR, Lennox JL, Gatell JM, Rockstroh JK, Katlama C, Yeni P, Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Zhao J, Chen J, Ryan DM, Rhodes RR, Killar JA, Gilde LR, Strohmaier KM, Meibohm AR, Miller MD, Hazuda DJ, Nessly ML, DiNubile MJ, Isaacs RD, Nguyen BY, Teppler H (2008) Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 359(4):339–354PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Sutherland HG, Newton K, Brownstein DG, Holmes MC, Kress C, Semple CA, Bickmore WA (2006) Disruption of Ledgf/Psip1 results in perinatal mortality and homeotic skeletal transformations. Mol Cell Biol 26(19):7201–7210PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Takamura Y, Fatma N, Kubo E, Singh DP (2006) Regulation of heavy subunit chain of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lens epithelial cells: role of LEDGF/p75. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290(2):C554–C566PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Turlure F, Maertens G, Rahman S, Cherepanov P, Engelman A (2006) A tripartite DNA-binding element, comprised of the nuclear localization signal and two AT-hook motifs, mediates the association of LEDGF/p75 with chromatin in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 34(5):1663–1675CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Van Maele B, Busschots K, Vandekerckhove L, Christ F, Debyser Z (2006) Cellular co-factors of HIV-1 integration. Trends Biochem Sci 31(2):98–105PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Vandegraaff N, Devroe E, Turlure F, Silver PA, Engelman A (2006) Biochemical and genetic analyses of integrase-interacting proteins lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 and hepatoma-derived growth factor related protein 2 (HRP2) in preintegration complex function and HIV-1 replication. Virology 346(2):415–426PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Vandekerckhove L, Christ F, Van Maele B, De Rijck J, Gijsbers R, Van den Haute C, Witvrouw M, Debyser Z (2006) Transient and stable knockdown of the integrase cofactor LEDGF/p75 reveals its role in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 80(4):1886–1896PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Vanegas M, Llano M, Delgado S, Thompson D, Peretz M, Poeschla E (2005) Identification of the LEDGF/p75 HIV-1 integrase-interaction domain and NLS reveals NLS-independent chromatin tethering. J Cell Sci 118(Pt 8):1733–1743PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Watanabe A, Kodera M, Sugiura K, Usuda T, Tan EM, Takasaki Y, Tomita Y, Muro Y (2004) Anti-DFS70 antibodies in 597 healthy hospital workers. Arthritis Rheum 50(3):892–900PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Wu X, Liu H, Xiao H, Conway JA, Hunter E, Kappes JC (1997) Functional RT and IN incorporated into HIV-1 particles independently of the Gag/Pol precursor protein. Embo Journal 16(16):5113–5122PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Wu X, Daniels T, Molinaro C, Lilly MB, Casiano CA (2002) Caspase cleavage of the nuclear autoantigen LEDGF/p75 abrogates its pro-survival function: implications for autoimmunity in atopic disorders. Cell Death Differ 9(9):915–925PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. Yan N, Cherepanov P, Daigle JE, Engelman A, Lieberman J (2009) The SET complex acts as a barrier to autointegration of HIV-1. PLoS Pathog 5(3):e1000327PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Yokoyama A, Cleary ML (2008) Menin critically links MLL proteins with LEDGF on cancer-associated target genes. Cancer Cell 14(1):36–46PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Zhao H, Wang Y, Yin ZQ (2008a) A comparison of LEDGFp52 and CNTF on the in vitro growth of rat retinal ganglion cell neurites. Neurosci Lett 440(1):9–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Zhao HS, Chen SJ, Wu N, Wang XQ, Yin ZQ, Wang Y (2008b) LEDGFp52 controls rat retinal ganglion cell neurite growth in culture and regulates specific neuronal growth-associated genes and protein production. J Int Med Res 36(4):815–829PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious DiseasesMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterUSA
  2. 2.Biological Sciences DepartmentUniversity of TexasEl PasoUSA

Personalised recommendations