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Sex Steroid Receptors in Immune Cells

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Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection

Abstract

Lymphocytes and myeloid cells express estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors, and studies show that sex steroid hormones directly modulate their activation, lifespan, and functional response during innate and adaptive immunity. Hematopoietic progenitors also express estrogen and androgen receptors, and profound effects of sex hormones on development of lymphoid and myeloid cells have been reported. The sex steroid receptors act as nuclear transcription factors, via multiple ligand-dependent or ligand-independent mechanisms. Sex steroid receptors also mediate rapid signaling events that synergize with membrane receptor signaling. The basis of sex-based differences in immunity will be clarified by determination of the potentially diverse molecular mechanisms by which sex steroid receptor signaling regulates immune cell development and function.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. John Knight for expert editorial assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA

    Susan Kovats

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  1. Susan Kovats
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  2. Esther Carreras
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  3. Hemant Agrawal
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Correspondence to Susan Kovats .

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  1. School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, N. Wolfe Street 615, Baltimore, 21205, U.S.A.

    Sabra L. Klein

  2. Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Taylor Street 27, Glasgow, G4 0NR, United Kingdom

    Craig Roberts

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Kovats, S., Carreras, E., Agrawal, H. (2010). Sex Steroid Receptors in Immune Cells. In: Klein, S., Roberts, C. (eds) Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_3

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