Skip to main content

Long-Term Outcomes After Mechanical Ventilation in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric and Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation

Abstract

As pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) survival increases, it becomes increasingly important to consider the short- and long-term outcomes of those children who survive critical illness. Critical illness affects many domains of the developing child, including physical, psychological, neurocognitive, and social development. It also has a significant impact on the quality of life of the family unit. Because of the normal and broad variability that occurs during normal child development, it is challenging to assess the long-term outcomes after recovery from critical illness in children. Given that most children survive their episode of acute respiratory failure, methods to measure the long-term effects of critical illness and mechanical ventilation in children are essential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Griffin M, Clermont G, Clark RH (2001) Epidemiology of neonatal respiratory failure in the US: projections from California and New York. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1154–1160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balcells Ramírez J, López-Herce Cid J, Modesto Alapont V (2004) [Prevalence of mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units in Spain]. An Pediatr (Barc) 61:533–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banwell BL, Mildner RJ, Hassall AC, Becker LE et al (2003) Muscle weakness in critically ill children. Neurology 61:1779–1782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Abraham R, Weinbroum AA, Roizin H, Efrati O et al (2002) Long-term assessment of pulmonary function tests in pediatric survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Med Sci Monit 8:CR153–CR157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender BG, Annett RD, Ikle D, DuHamel TR, Rand C, Strunk RC (2000) Relationship between disease and psychological adaptation in children in the Childhood Asthma Management Program and their families. CAMP Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:706–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigham MT, Amato R, Bondurrant P, Fridriksson J et al (2009) Ventilator –associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: characterizing the problem and implementing a sustainable solution. J Pediatr 154:582–587

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butt W, Shann F, Tibballs J et al (1990) Long-term outcome of children after intensive care. Crit Care Med 18:961–965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Census 2000 Summary File 1: age groups and sex (2002) U.S. Census website. 31 May 2003. Ref Type: Electronic Citation

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang BL, Hsieh CT, Wang LC, Lee JH et al (2009) Clinical course and outcome of children with status asthmaticus treated in a pediatric intensive care unit: a 15-year review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 42:488–493

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cichetti D, Gamey N (1993) Prospects and promises in the study of resilience. Dev Psychopathol 5:497–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colville G, Kerry S, Pierce C (2008) Children’s factual and delusional memories of intensive care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:976–982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conlon N, Breatnach C, O’Hare B, Mannion D et al (2009) Health-related quality of life after prolonged pediatric intensive care unit stay. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:41–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja AS, Scanlon MC, Kuhn EM, Jeffries HE (2011) Performance of the pediatric index of mortality 2 for pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 12:184–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlem O, van Aalderen WM, Hamaker ME, Dijkgraaf MG, Bos AP (2003) Incidence and short-term outcome of acute lung injury in mechanically ventilated children. Eur Respir J 22:980–985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davydow DS, Richardson LP, Zatzick DF, Kato WJ (2010) Psychiatric morbidity in pediatric critical illness survivors: a comprehensive review of the literature. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:377–385

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson S, Schibler A, Numa A, Nuthall G, Yung M et al (2007) Paediatric Study Group; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:317–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farias JA, Frutos-Vivar F, Casado-Flores J, Siaba A, Retta A et al (2006) Factors associated with the prognosis of mechanically ventilated infants and children. Med Intensiva 9:425–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fedora M, Kroupová L, Kosut P, Fanta I et al (2005) Mechanical ventilation on paediatric intensive care units in Czech Republic. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 40(3):173–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiser DH (1992) Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 121:68–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiser DH, Tilford JM, Roberson PK (2000) Relationship of illness severity and length of stay to functional outcomes in the pediatric intensive care unit: a multi-institutional study. Crit Care Med 28:1173–1179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flori HR, Glidden DV, Rutherford GW, Mattay MA (2005) Pediatric acute lung injury: prospective evaluation of risk factors associated with mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:995–1001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenburg WK, Dodds JB (1967) The Denver developmental screening test. J Pediatr 71:181–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gemke RJ, Bonsel GJ, van Vught AJ (1995) Long-term survival and state of health after paediatric intensive care. Arch Dis Child 73:196–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes Cordeiro AM, Fernandes JC, Troster EJ (2004) Possible risk factors associated with moderate or severe airway injuries in children who underwent endotracheal intubation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:364–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hack M, Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Taylor GH, Schluchter M, Fanaroff AA (2000) Neurodevelopment and predictors of outcomes of children with birth weights of less than 1000 g: 1992–1995. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:725–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris SR, Langkamp DL (1994) Predictive value of the Bayley mental scale in the early detection of cognitive delays in high-risk infants. J Perinatol 14:275–279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G (2008) Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care 12:238

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hough CL, Steinberg KP, Thompson TB, Rubenfeld GD et al (2009) Intensive care unit-acquired neuromyopathy and corticosteroids in survivors of persistent ARDS. Intensive Care Med 35:63–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson J, Wei JL, Sykes KJ, Klem SA et al (2007) Incidence of and risk factors for airway complications following endotracheal intubation for bronchiolitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137:394–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS (1987) The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. Adv Clin Rehabil 1:6–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knoester H, Grootenhuis M, Bos A (2007) Outcomes of paediatric intensive care survivors. Eur J Pediatr 166:1119–1128

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix J, Cotting J, Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network et al (2005) Severity of illness and organ dysfunction scoring in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6:126–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Gall JR, Klar J, Lemeshow S et al (1996) The logistic organ dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. ICU Scoring Group. JAMA 276:802–810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leteurtre S, Martinot A, Duhamel A et al (1999) Development of a pediatric multiple organ dysfunction score: use of two strategies. Med Decis Making 19:399–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, Bernard GR, Sprung CL, Sibbald WJ (1995) Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 23:1638–1652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AL, Gillis J, O’Connell AJ, Schell DN, Dossetor DN, Mellis C (2002) Quality of life of survivors of pediatric intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med 3:1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Msall ME, DiGaudio K, Rogers BT et al (1994) The Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). Conceptual basis and pilot use in children with developmental disabilities. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 33:421–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinhu L, Whitehead T, Evans T, Griffiths M (2003) Ventilator-associated lung injury. Lancet 261:332–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack MM, Ruttimann UE, Getson PR (1988) Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score. Crit Care Med 16:1110–1116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack MM, Patel KM, Rittman UE (1996) PRISM III: an updated pediatric risk of mortality score. Crit Care Med 24:743–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack MM, Holubkov PG, Glass P, Dean M et al (2009) Functional status scale: New pediatric outcome measure. Pediatrics 124:e18–e28

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proulx F, Fayon M, Farrell CA, Lacroix J, Gauthier M (1996) Epidemiology of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in children. Chest 109:1033–1037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph AG (2009) Management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in children. Crit Care Med 37:2448–2454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond J, Aujard Y (2000) Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients. A European, multicenter prospective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21:260–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees G, Gledhill J, Garralda ME, Nadel S (2004) Psychiatric outcome following paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission: a cohort study. Intensive Care Med 30:1607–1614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rennick JE, Rashotte J (2009) Psychological outcomes in children following pediatric intensive care unit hospitalization: a systematic review of the research. J Child Health Care 13:128–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rennick JE, Johnston CC, Dougherty G, Platt R, Ritchie JA (2002) Children’s psychological responses after critical illness and exposure to invasive technology. J Dev Behav Pediatr 23:133–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera R, Tibballs J (1992) Complications of endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in infants and children. Crit Care Med 20:193–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV (2002) Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 303:581–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenfeld GD, Herridge MS (2007) Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury. Chest 131:554–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruttimann UE, Pollack MM, Fiser DH (1996) Prediction of three outcome states from pediatric intensive care. Crit Care Med 24:78–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shann F, Pearson G, Slater A, Wilkinson K (1997) Paediatric index of mortality (PIM): a mortality prediction model for children in intensive care. Intensive Care Med 23:201–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan RL, Hinson MI, Liang MH et al (2000) Long-term outcomes of children surviving massive burns. JAMA 283:69–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor A, Butt W, Ciardulli M (2003) The functional outcome and quality of life of children after admission to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 29:795–800

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2004) Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 351:327–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Typpo KV, Petersen NJ, Petersen LA, Mariscalco MM (2010) Children with chronic illness return to their baseline functional status after organ dysfunction on the first day of admission in the pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr 157:108–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J et al (1996) The SOFA (Sepsis–related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. Intensive Care Med 22:707–710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters E, Doyle J, Wolfe R, Wright M, Wake M, Salmon L (2000) Influence of parental gender and self-reported health and illness on parent-reported child health. Pediatrics 106:1422–1428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RS, Linde-Zwirble WT, Hartman ME, Clermont G, Angus DC (2002) Epidemiology of mechanical ventilation in non-infant US children. Abstract Crit Care Med (Suppl) [12], A131. Ref Type: Abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss I, Ushay HM, DeBruin W, O’Loughlin J (1996) Respiratory and cardiac function in children after acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 24:148–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams S, Horrocks IA, Ouvrier RA, Gillis J et al (2007) Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in pediatric intensive care: a review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:18–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman JJ, Akhtar SR, Caldwell E, Rubenfeld GD (2010) Incidence and outcomes of pediatric acute lung injury. Pediatrics 124:87–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stacey L. Valentine MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Valentine, S.L., Randolph, A.G. (2015). Long-Term Outcomes After Mechanical Ventilation in Children. In: Rimensberger, P. (eds) Pediatric and Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_64

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_64

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01218-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-01219-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics