Abstract
As pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) survival increases, it becomes increasingly important to consider the short- and long-term outcomes of those children who survive critical illness. Critical illness affects many domains of the developing child, including physical, psychological, neurocognitive, and social development. It also has a significant impact on the quality of life of the family unit. Because of the normal and broad variability that occurs during normal child development, it is challenging to assess the long-term outcomes after recovery from critical illness in children. Given that most children survive their episode of acute respiratory failure, methods to measure the long-term effects of critical illness and mechanical ventilation in children are essential.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Griffin M, Clermont G, Clark RH (2001) Epidemiology of neonatal respiratory failure in the US: projections from California and New York. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1154–1160
Balcells Ramírez J, López-Herce Cid J, Modesto Alapont V (2004) [Prevalence of mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units in Spain]. An Pediatr (Barc) 61:533–541
Banwell BL, Mildner RJ, Hassall AC, Becker LE et al (2003) Muscle weakness in critically ill children. Neurology 61:1779–1782
Ben-Abraham R, Weinbroum AA, Roizin H, Efrati O et al (2002) Long-term assessment of pulmonary function tests in pediatric survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Med Sci Monit 8:CR153–CR157
Bender BG, Annett RD, Ikle D, DuHamel TR, Rand C, Strunk RC (2000) Relationship between disease and psychological adaptation in children in the Childhood Asthma Management Program and their families. CAMP Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:706–713
Bigham MT, Amato R, Bondurrant P, Fridriksson J et al (2009) Ventilator –associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: characterizing the problem and implementing a sustainable solution. J Pediatr 154:582–587
Butt W, Shann F, Tibballs J et al (1990) Long-term outcome of children after intensive care. Crit Care Med 18:961–965
Census 2000 Summary File 1: age groups and sex (2002) U.S. Census website. 31 May 2003. Ref Type: Electronic Citation
Chiang BL, Hsieh CT, Wang LC, Lee JH et al (2009) Clinical course and outcome of children with status asthmaticus treated in a pediatric intensive care unit: a 15-year review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 42:488–493
Cichetti D, Gamey N (1993) Prospects and promises in the study of resilience. Dev Psychopathol 5:497–502
Colville G, Kerry S, Pierce C (2008) Children’s factual and delusional memories of intensive care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:976–982
Conlon N, Breatnach C, O’Hare B, Mannion D et al (2009) Health-related quality of life after prolonged pediatric intensive care unit stay. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:41–44
Czaja AS, Scanlon MC, Kuhn EM, Jeffries HE (2011) Performance of the pediatric index of mortality 2 for pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 12:184–189
Dahlem O, van Aalderen WM, Hamaker ME, Dijkgraaf MG, Bos AP (2003) Incidence and short-term outcome of acute lung injury in mechanically ventilated children. Eur Respir J 22:980–985
Davydow DS, Richardson LP, Zatzick DF, Kato WJ (2010) Psychiatric morbidity in pediatric critical illness survivors: a comprehensive review of the literature. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:377–385
Erickson S, Schibler A, Numa A, Nuthall G, Yung M et al (2007) Paediatric Study Group; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:317–323
Farias JA, Frutos-Vivar F, Casado-Flores J, Siaba A, Retta A et al (2006) Factors associated with the prognosis of mechanically ventilated infants and children. Med Intensiva 9:425–431
Fedora M, Kroupová L, Kosut P, Fanta I et al (2005) Mechanical ventilation on paediatric intensive care units in Czech Republic. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 40(3):173–178
Fiser DH (1992) Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 121:68–74
Fiser DH, Tilford JM, Roberson PK (2000) Relationship of illness severity and length of stay to functional outcomes in the pediatric intensive care unit: a multi-institutional study. Crit Care Med 28:1173–1179
Flori HR, Glidden DV, Rutherford GW, Mattay MA (2005) Pediatric acute lung injury: prospective evaluation of risk factors associated with mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:995–1001
Frankenburg WK, Dodds JB (1967) The Denver developmental screening test. J Pediatr 71:181–191
Gemke RJ, Bonsel GJ, van Vught AJ (1995) Long-term survival and state of health after paediatric intensive care. Arch Dis Child 73:196–201
Gomes Cordeiro AM, Fernandes JC, Troster EJ (2004) Possible risk factors associated with moderate or severe airway injuries in children who underwent endotracheal intubation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:364–368
Hack M, Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Taylor GH, Schluchter M, Fanaroff AA (2000) Neurodevelopment and predictors of outcomes of children with birth weights of less than 1000 g: 1992–1995. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:725–731
Harris SR, Langkamp DL (1994) Predictive value of the Bayley mental scale in the early detection of cognitive delays in high-risk infants. J Perinatol 14:275–279
Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G (2008) Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care 12:238
Hough CL, Steinberg KP, Thompson TB, Rubenfeld GD et al (2009) Intensive care unit-acquired neuromyopathy and corticosteroids in survivors of persistent ARDS. Intensive Care Med 35:63–68
Jorgenson J, Wei JL, Sykes KJ, Klem SA et al (2007) Incidence of and risk factors for airway complications following endotracheal intubation for bronchiolitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137:394–399
Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS (1987) The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. Adv Clin Rehabil 1:6–18
Knoester H, Grootenhuis M, Bos A (2007) Outcomes of paediatric intensive care survivors. Eur J Pediatr 166:1119–1128
Lacroix J, Cotting J, Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network et al (2005) Severity of illness and organ dysfunction scoring in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6:126–134
Le Gall JR, Klar J, Lemeshow S et al (1996) The logistic organ dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. ICU Scoring Group. JAMA 276:802–810
Leteurtre S, Martinot A, Duhamel A et al (1999) Development of a pediatric multiple organ dysfunction score: use of two strategies. Med Decis Making 19:399–410
Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, Bernard GR, Sprung CL, Sibbald WJ (1995) Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 23:1638–1652
Morrison AL, Gillis J, O’Connell AJ, Schell DN, Dossetor DN, Mellis C (2002) Quality of life of survivors of pediatric intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med 3:1–5
Msall ME, DiGaudio K, Rogers BT et al (1994) The Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). Conceptual basis and pilot use in children with developmental disabilities. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 33:421–430
Pinhu L, Whitehead T, Evans T, Griffiths M (2003) Ventilator-associated lung injury. Lancet 261:332–340
Pollack MM, Ruttimann UE, Getson PR (1988) Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score. Crit Care Med 16:1110–1116
Pollack MM, Patel KM, Rittman UE (1996) PRISM III: an updated pediatric risk of mortality score. Crit Care Med 24:743–752
Pollack MM, Holubkov PG, Glass P, Dean M et al (2009) Functional status scale: New pediatric outcome measure. Pediatrics 124:e18–e28
Proulx F, Fayon M, Farrell CA, Lacroix J, Gauthier M (1996) Epidemiology of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in children. Chest 109:1033–1037
Randolph AG (2009) Management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in children. Crit Care Med 37:2448–2454
Raymond J, Aujard Y (2000) Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients. A European, multicenter prospective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21:260–263
Rees G, Gledhill J, Garralda ME, Nadel S (2004) Psychiatric outcome following paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission: a cohort study. Intensive Care Med 30:1607–1614
Rennick JE, Rashotte J (2009) Psychological outcomes in children following pediatric intensive care unit hospitalization: a systematic review of the research. J Child Health Care 13:128–149
Rennick JE, Johnston CC, Dougherty G, Platt R, Ritchie JA (2002) Children’s psychological responses after critical illness and exposure to invasive technology. J Dev Behav Pediatr 23:133–144
Rivera R, Tibballs J (1992) Complications of endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in infants and children. Crit Care Med 20:193–199
Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV (2002) Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 303:581–585
Rubenfeld GD, Herridge MS (2007) Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury. Chest 131:554–562
Ruttimann UE, Pollack MM, Fiser DH (1996) Prediction of three outcome states from pediatric intensive care. Crit Care Med 24:78–85
Shann F, Pearson G, Slater A, Wilkinson K (1997) Paediatric index of mortality (PIM): a mortality prediction model for children in intensive care. Intensive Care Med 23:201–207
Sheridan RL, Hinson MI, Liang MH et al (2000) Long-term outcomes of children surviving massive burns. JAMA 283:69–73
Taylor A, Butt W, Ciardulli M (2003) The functional outcome and quality of life of children after admission to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 29:795–800
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2004) Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 351:327–336
Typpo KV, Petersen NJ, Petersen LA, Mariscalco MM (2010) Children with chronic illness return to their baseline functional status after organ dysfunction on the first day of admission in the pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr 157:108–113
Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J et al (1996) The SOFA (Sepsis–related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. Intensive Care Med 22:707–710
Waters E, Doyle J, Wolfe R, Wright M, Wake M, Salmon L (2000) Influence of parental gender and self-reported health and illness on parent-reported child health. Pediatrics 106:1422–1428
Watson RS, Linde-Zwirble WT, Hartman ME, Clermont G, Angus DC (2002) Epidemiology of mechanical ventilation in non-infant US children. Abstract Crit Care Med (Suppl) [12], A131. Ref Type: Abstract
Weiss I, Ushay HM, DeBruin W, O’Loughlin J (1996) Respiratory and cardiac function in children after acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 24:148–154
Williams S, Horrocks IA, Ouvrier RA, Gillis J et al (2007) Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in pediatric intensive care: a review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:18–22
Zimmerman JJ, Akhtar SR, Caldwell E, Rubenfeld GD (2010) Incidence and outcomes of pediatric acute lung injury. Pediatrics 124:87–95
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Valentine, S.L., Randolph, A.G. (2015). Long-Term Outcomes After Mechanical Ventilation in Children. In: Rimensberger, P. (eds) Pediatric and Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_64
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_64
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01218-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-01219-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)