Abstract
Positive spatial autocorrelation is a tendency for similar values of a single variable Y to be present in nearby locations on a map; it is displayed when observations contained in data sets are locationally tagged to the earth’s surface (i.e., georeferenced data sets). The prevailing nature and degree of spatial autocorrelation may be denoted by ρ, while the self-covariation of n geographically neighboring values within a variable may be represented with the n × n matrix V−1ρ2, which is a function of ρ. This geographic dependency feature of georeferenced data is captured by the auto-Gaussian log-likelihood function:
where det(V), superscript T, and ln, respectively, denote the matrix determinant and transpose operations and the natural logarithm, Y is an nx1 vector of georeferenced values, X is an n x (p+1) matrix of p corresponding predictor variables coupled with a vector of ones, and vector β?and scalar ρ, respectively, denote the standard nonconstant mean and constant variance. The parameters of (9.1) most often are estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) techniques.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barry, R., & Pace, R. (1999). Monte Carlo estimates of the log determinant of large sparse matrices. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 289, 41–54.
Cressie, N. (1991). Statistics for spatial data. New York: Wiley.
Griffith, D. (1988). Advanced spatial statistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Griffith, D. (1990). A numerical simplification for estimating parameters of spatial autoregressive models. In D Griffith (Ed.), Spatial statistics: Past, present, and future (pp. 185–195). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Mathematical Geography.
Griffith, D. (1992). Simplifying the normalizing factor in spatial autoregressions for irregular lattices. Papers in Regional Science, 71, 71–86.
Griffith, D. (1993). Advanced spatial statistics for analyzing and visualizing geo-referenced data. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 7, 107–123.
Griffith, D. (1996). Spatial statistical analysis and GIS: exploring computational simplifications for estimating the neighborhood spatial forecasting model. In P. Longley & M. Batty (Eds.), Spatial analysis: Modelling in a GIS environment (pp. 255–268). London: Longman GeoInformation.
Griffith, D. (1999). Statistical and mathematical sources of regional science theory: map pattern analysis as an example, Papers in Regional Science, 78, 21–45.
Griffith, D. (2000). Eigenfunction properties and approximations of selected incidence matrices employed in spatial analyses. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 321, 95–112.
Griffith, D. (2004a). ‘Extreme eigenfunctions of adjacency matrices for planar graphs employed in spatial analyses. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 388, 201–219
Griffith, D. (2004b). Faster maximum likelihood estimation of very large spatial autoregressive models: an extension of the Smirnov-Anselin result. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 74, 855–866
Griffith, D., & Layne, L. (1997). Uncovering relationships between geo-statistical and spatial autoregressive models. In the (1996) Proceedings on the Section on Statistics and the Environment, American Statistical Association, pp. 91–96.
Griffith, D., & Sone, A. (1995). Trade-offs associated with normalizing constant computational simplifications for estimating spatial statistical models. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 51, 165–183.
Hamilton, D., & Watts, D. (1985). A quadratic design criterion for precise estimation in nonlinear regression models,' Technometrics, 27, 241–250.
Kiernan, V. (1998). Most social scientists shun free use of supercomputers.' Chronicle of Higher Education, 45 (September 11): A25.
Martin, R. (1993). Approximations to the determinant term in Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation of some spatial models.' Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods, 22, 189–205.
Ord, J. (1975). Estimating methods for models of spatial interaction. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 120–126.
Pace, R., & LeSage, J. (2002). Semiparametric maximum likelihood estimates of spatial dependence. Geographical Analysis, 34, 76–90.
Ripley, B. (1990). Gibbsian interaction models. In D Griffith (Ed.) Spatial statistics: Past, present, and future (pp. 3–25). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Mathematical Geography.
Smirnov, O., & Anselin, L. (2001). Fast maximum likelihood estimation of very large spatial autoregressive models: a characteristic polynomial approach. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 35, 301–319.
Upton, G., & Fingleton, B. (1985). Spatial Data Analysis by Example (vol. 1). NY: Wiley.
Whittle, P. (1954). On stationary processes in the plane, Biometrika, 41, 434–449.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Griffith, D.A. (2009). Quick but not so Dirty ML Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Models. In: Sonis, M., Hewings, G. (eds) Tool Kits in Regional Science. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00627-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00627-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-00626-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-00627-2
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)