Constitutive Equations of Metals

Abstract

The plasticity has highly developed through the prediction of deformation of metals up to date. The reason would be caused from the fact that, among various materials exhibiting plastic deformation, metals are used most widely as engineering materials and exhibit the simplest plastic deformation behavior without a pressure dependence, a plastic incompressibility, an independence of the third invariant of deviatoric stress and a softening. Thus, the elastoplastic constitutive equation of metals has developed to the highest level. Nevertheless, metals exhibit various particular aspects, e.g. the kinematic hardening and the stagnation of isotropic hardening in a cyclic loading. Explicit constitutive equations of metals will be delineated in this chapter, which have been formulated based on the general elastoplastic constitutive equations studied in the preceding chapters.