Abstract
In normal eukaryotic cells, the concentration of free Ca2+ in the cytosol ([Ca2+]i) is actively kept much lower (100–200 nM) than extracellular (1–2 mM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (0.5 mM) Ca2+ concentrations [1]. The cytosol, with its very low concentration of free calcium, is located at the interface of these two highly calcium-rich environments. This results in the cytosol, being a site of major and rapid variations in [Ca2+]i in response to the transfer of small quantities of Ca2+ from the extracellular medium or intracellular storage compartments [2]. These variations in [Ca2+]i (“calcium signals”), induced by agonists such as hormones and neurotransmitters, constitute a kind of language which is translated into physiological responses by the cells. Such calcium signals, highly organized in space and time, orchestrate a wide array of physiological processes from the subcellular to the whole tissue levels [2 –4].
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Tordjmann, T. (2010). Calcium Signaling. In: Dufour, JF., Clavien, PA. (eds) Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00150-5_30
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