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Prenatal Development of Cardiovascular Regulation in Avian Species

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Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates

Abstract

The pulsatile rhythm of the avian embryonic heart is not under autonomic control until late in development, nor are the blood vessels that nourish the different vascular beds of the growing embryo and fetus. Thus, during early development cardiovascular control is mostly dependent on the release of local or systemic vasoactive and cardioactive molecules. It is only in late development that the rapid reflex regulatory mechanisms that characterize adult cardiovascular control start functioning. The current review focuses on how the transition from an aneural cardiovascular system to a neural adult-like system occurs in the chicken fetus, which is the best (and at times the only) known avian species. First, we review the appearance of the different molecular components of a regulatory loop, i.e., nerve fibers, neurotransmitters or receptors. Second, we take a look at the functional integration and maturation of the different afferent and efferent pathways. Third and last, we offer a general overview of humoral and local effectors of cardiovascular control.

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Abbreviations

αAR:

α adrenoceptor

ACE:

Angiotensin converting enzyme

ANP:

Atrial natriuretic peptide

AT:

Angiotensin II

AT1R:

Angiotensin type 1 receptor

AT2R:

Angiotensin type 2 receptor

βAR:

β adrenoceptor

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BNP:

B-type natriuretic peptide

BRS:

Baroreflex sensitivity

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CAM:

Chorioallantoic membrane

CNP:

C-type natriuretic peptide

CNS:

Central nervous system

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CPI-17:

Protein kinase c potentiated inhibitor protein-17 kDa

DA:

Ductus arteriosus

EC50 :

Half maximal effective concentration

EHDF:

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

ETC:

Electron transport chain

HH:

Hamburger-Hamilton stage

HPV:

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

MLC20 :

Myosin light chain

MLCK:

Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase

MLCP:

Myosin light chain phosphatase

NO:

Nitric oxide

NP:

Natriuretic peptide

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

PGI2 :

Prostaglandin I2

PKC:

Protein kinase C

pO2 :

Partial pressure of oxygen

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

sGC:

Soluble guanylate cyclase

SNP:

Sodium nitroprusside

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  1. Biology Section Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, University of Linköping, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden

    J. Altimiras

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  1. J. Altimiras
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  2. D.A. Crossley II
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  1. Fac. Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14040-901, Brazil

    Mogens L. Glass

  2. School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, U.S.A.

    Stephen C. Wood

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Altimiras, J., Crossley, D., Villamor, E. (2009). Prenatal Development of Cardiovascular Regulation in Avian Species. In: Glass, M., Wood, S. (eds) Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6_16

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