Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Views on Fuzzy Sets and Systems from Different Perspectives pp 37–65Cite as

Fuzzy Systems and Scientific Method – Meta-level Reflections and Prospects

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing ((STUDFUZZ,volume 243))

Abstract

Despite the great success of fuzzy systems in various applications, we still need their further studies from the standpoint of their metatheory, methodology and the philosophy of science. This objective means that in the context of fuzzy systems we should consider more such aspects as the role of scientific outlooks and research paradigms, concept analysis, scientific argumentation, hypothesis assessment, theory formation, scientific explanation and ethics. Below we consider these subject matters at a general level and we also attempt to subsume them under Lotfi Zadeh’s recent ideas on approximation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Axelrod, R.: Structure of Decision: the Cognitive Maps of Political Elites. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Barabási, A.-L.: Linked. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Benacerraf, P., Putnam, H. (eds.): Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Carnap, R.: The Logical Foundations of Probability. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cohen, L., Manion, L.: Research Methods in Education. Routledge, London (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Denzin, N., Lincoln, Y.: Handbook of Qualitative Research. Sage, Thousand Oaks (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dimitrov, V., Hodge, B.: Social Fuzziology – Study of Fuzziness of Social Complexity. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dubois, D., Lang, J., Prade, H.: Fuzzy Sets in Approximate Reasoning, Part 2: Logical Approaches. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 40, 203–244 (1991)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Dubois, D., Prade, H.: Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Theory and Applications. Academic Press, New York (1980)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Dubois, D., Prade, H.: Fuzzy Sets in Approximate Reasoning, Part 1: Inference with Possibility Distributions. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 40, 143–202 (1991)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Dubois, D., Prade, H.: The Three Semantics of Fuzzy Sets. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 90(2), 141–150 (1997)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Fetzer, J.: Philosophy of Science. Paragon House, New York (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gadamer, H.-G.: Truth and Method. Sheed & Ward, London (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Grzegorzewski, P., et al. (eds.): Soft Methods in Probability, Statistics and Data Analysis. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg (2002)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Guilford, J., Fruchter, B.: Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education. McGraw-Hill, London (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Haack, S.: Philosophy of Logics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hamlyn, D.: A History of Western Philosophy. Viking, London (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hempel, C.: Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. The Free Press, New York (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hempel, C.: Philosophy of Natural Science. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hintikka, J., Suppes, P. (eds.): Information and Inference. Reidel, Dordrecht (1970)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaplan, A.: The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Sciences. Chandler, New York (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kakkuri-Knuuttila, M.-L.: Argumentti ja kritiikki (Argument and Criticism). Tammer-Paino, Tampere (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kerlinger, F.: Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, London (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kleene, S.: Mathematical Logic. Wiley, New York (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Levi, I.: Gambling with Truth: An Essay on Induction and the Aims of Science. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nagel, E.: The Structure of Science. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Niiniluoto, I.: Tieteellinen päättely ja selittäminen (Scientific Reasoning and Explanation). Keuruu, Otava (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Niiniluoto, I.: Johdatus tieteenfilosofiaan (Introduction to Philosophy of Science). Keuruu, Otava (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Niiniluoto, I.: Truthlikeness. Reidel, Dordrecht (1987)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Niskanen, V.A.: Soft Computing Methods in Human Sciences. In: Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol. 134. Springer, Berlin (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Novak, J.: Learning, Creating and Using Knowledge, Concept Maps as Faciliative Tools in Schools and Corporations. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Osgood, C., et al.: The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pedrycz, W. (ed.): Granular Computing, An Emerging Paradigm. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg (2001)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Pietarinen, J.: Tutkijan ammattietiikan perusta (A basis for researcher’s professional ethics). In: Tutkijan ammattietiikka (Researcher’s professional ethics), The Finnish Ministry of Education, pp. 6–12 (1999), http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Julkaisut/1999/liitteet/tutkijan_ammattietiikka_99.pdf?lang=fi

  35. Popper, K.: Conjectures and Refutations. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Popper, K.: The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson, London (1959)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  37. Putnam, H.: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1975)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Rescher, N.: Empirical Inquiry. The Athlone Press, London (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Rescher, N.: Scientific Explanation. The Free Press, New York (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Runes, D. (ed.): Dictionary of Philosophy. Littlefield, Adams & Co., Totowa (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sainsbury, R.: Paradoxes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Scriven, M.: Reasoning. McGraw-Hill, New York (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Seising, R.: The Fuzzification of Systems. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol. 216. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Suppes, P.: Introduction to Logic. Van Nostrand, New York (1957)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Winch, P.: The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wittgenstein, L.: Philosophical Investigations, vol. 1. McMillan, New York (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  47. VisuwordsTM online graphical dictionary, http://www.visuwords.com/

  48. Wright von, G.H.: Explanation and Understanding. Cornell University Press, Cornell (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wright von, G.H.: The Logical Foundations of Probability. Blackwell, Oxford (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zadeh, L.A.: Computation with Imprecise Probabilities. Plenary lecture. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty for Knowledge-Based Systems (IPMU), Malaga, Spain, June 22-27 (to appear, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Zadeh, L.A.: From Search Engines to Question Answering Systems? The Problems of World Knowledge, Relevance, Deduction and Precisiation. In: Sanchez, E. (ed.) Fuzzy Logic and the Semantic Web. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy Logic and Approximate Reasoning. Synthese 30, 407–428 (1975)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy Logic = Computing with Words. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 2, 103–111 (1996)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  54. Zadeh, L.A.: Toward a Theory of Fuzzy Information Granulation and Its Centrality in Human Reasoning and Fuzzy Logic. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 90(2), 111–127 (1997)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  55. Zadeh, L.A.: From Computing with Numbers to Computing with Words – From Manipulation of Measurements to Manipulation of Perceptions. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 45, 105–119 (1999)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  56. Zadeh, L.A.: Toward a Perception-Based Theory of Probabilistic Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 105(2), 233–264 (2002)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. No Affiliations,  

    Vesa A. Niskanen

Authors
  1. Vesa A. Niskanen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical University of Vienna, Austria

    Rudolf Seising

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Niskanen, V.A. (2009). Fuzzy Systems and Scientific Method – Meta-level Reflections and Prospects. In: Seising, R. (eds) Views on Fuzzy Sets and Systems from Different Perspectives. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol 243. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93802-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93802-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-93801-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-93802-6

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation