Endoscopy often allows direct visualization of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) that involves the pharyngeal mucosal surface, with a definitive histo-pathologic diagnosis achieved through biopsy of the lesion. However, staging of the disease is primarily dependent on imaging, which delineates the full extent of the submucosal, osseous, or intracranial tumor infil-tration, as well as the nodal and visceral metastases. Accurate tumor mappings on imaging enable precise radiotherapy treatment planning and administration, which in turn effectively improve the outcomes of patients (Cellai et al. 1990; Emami et al. 2003).
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Ong, C.K., Chong, V.F.H. (2010). Imaging in the Diagnosis and Staging of Carcinoma of Nasopharynx. In: Lu, J.J., Cooper, J.S., Lee, A.W.M. (eds) Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92810-2_8
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