Abstract
Current steganalytic schemes for JPEG steganography are in favor of extracting features in DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) domain and/or spatial domain. A recently proposed compressed frequency domain based universal steganalytic algorithm [21] showed concern over the statistics of Huffman compressed stream. The authors claimed that it was very effective in detecting stego images embedded by JPEG steganographic tools, including JPHide, F5 and OutGuess. Even though only several bytes were embedded, the scheme was still able to work, thus demonstrating astonishing steganalysis capability. By carefully controlled studies on the factors which may have impact on the new steganalytic method, we find out the truly cause of the powerfulness of this “payload-independent” steganalyzer. Experimental results reveal that different coding patterns used in cover and stego images, rather than the Avalanche Criterion [24] explained by its authors, have led to great detection efficiency. When the same coding pattern is employed in both cover and stego images, the performance of the newly devised steganalyzer has greatly dropped. Implication from this paper is that we should ensure the difference between the cover and stego images is only caused by data embedding itself in steganography and steganalysis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/crypt/steganography/jpeg-jsteg-v4.diff.gz
Latham, A.: Steganography: JPHIDE and JPSEEK (1999), http://linux01.gwdg.de/~alatham/stego.html
Westfeld, A.: F5 – A steganographic algorithm (high capacity despite better steganalysis). In: Moskowitz, I.S. (ed.) IH 2001. LNCS, vol. 2137, pp. 289–302. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Provos, N.: Defending against statistical steganalysis. In: 10th USENIX Security Symposium (2001)
Sallee, P.: Model-based steganography. In: Kalker, T., Cox, I., Ro, Y.M. (eds.) IWDW 2003. LNCS, vol. 2939, pp. 154–167. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Sallee, P.: Model-based methods for steganography and steganalysis. International Journal of Image and Graphics 5, 167–189 (2005)
Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Soukal, D.: Perturb quantization steganography using wet paper codes. In: Dittman, J., Fridrich, J. (eds.) Proceedings ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop, pp. 4–15. ACM Press, New York (2004)
Kim, Y., Duric, Z., Richards, D.: Modified matrix encoding for minimal distortion steganography. In: Information Hiding: 8th International Workshop (2006)
Westfeld, A., Pfitzmann, A.: Attacks on steganographic systems. In: Pfitzmann, A. (ed.) IH 1999. LNCS, vol. 1768, pp. 61–75. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Provos, N., Honeyman, P.: Detecting steganographic content on the Internet. CITI Technical Report, pp. 01–11 (2001)
Westfeld, A.: Detecting low embedding rates. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) IH 2002. LNCS, vol. 2578, pp. 324–339. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Hogea, D.: New methodology for breaking steganographic techniques for JPEGs. In: Delp III, E.J., Wong, P.W. (eds.) Proceedings SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography of Multimedia Contents V, San Jose, CA, January 20-24, vol. 5020, pp. 143–155 (2003)
Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Hogea, D.: Steganalysis of JPEG images: Breaking the F5 algorithm. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) IH 2002. LNCS, vol. 2578, pp. 310–323. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Hogea, D.: Attacking the OutGuess. In: Proceedings ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security (2002)
Böhme, R., Westfeld, A.: Breaking Cauchy model-based JPEG steganography with first order statistic. In: Samarati, P., Ryan, P.Y.A., Gollmann, D., Molva, R. (eds.) ESORICS 2004. LNCS, vol. 3193, pp. 125–140. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Farid, H.: Detecting steganographic messages in digital images. Technical Report, TR2001-412, Dartmouth College, Computer Science (2001)
Avcibas, I., Memon, N., Sankur, B.: Image steganalysis with binary similarity measures. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Rochester, New York, vol. 3, pp. 45–648 (2002)
Fridrich, J.: Feature-based steganalysis for JPEG images and its implications for future design of steganographic schemes. In: Fridrich, J. (ed.) IH 2004. LNCS, vol. 3200, pp. 67–81. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Shi, Y.Q., Chen, C., Chen, W.: A Markov process based approach to effective attacking JPEG steganography. In: 8th Information Hiding Workshop (2006)
Pevny, T., Fridrich, J.: Merging Markov and DCT features for multi-class JPEG steganalysis. In: Proc. SPIE Electronic Imaging, Photonics West (2007)
Barbier, J., Filiol, E., Mayoura, K.: Universal JPEG steganalysis in the compressed frequency domain. In: Shi, Y.Q., Jeon, B. (eds.) IWDW 2006. LNCS, vol. 4283, pp. 253–267. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Barbier, J., Filiol, E., Mayoura, K.: New features for specific JPEG Steganalysis. Transactions on Engineering, Computing and Technology 16, 72–77 (2006)
Wallace, G.K.: The JPEG still picture compression standard. Communication of ACM 34(4), 30–44 (1991)
Feistel, H.: Cryptography and computer privacy. Scientific American 228(5), 15–23 (1973)
Cover, T.M., Thomas, J.A.: Elements of Information Theory. Wiley Interscience, New York (1991)
Schaefer, G., Stich, M.: UCID – An uncompressed colour image database. In: Proceedings SPIE, Storage and Retrieval Methods and Applications for Multimedia, San Jose, USA, pp. 472–480 (2004)
Sallee, P.: Matlab JPEG Toolbox (2003), http://redwood.ucdavis.edu/phil/demos/jpegtbx/jpegtbx.htm
Kharrazi, M., Sencar, H.T., Memon, N.: Benchmarking steganographic and steganalysis techniques. In: Delp III, E.J., Wong, P.W. (eds.) Proceedings SPIE Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VII, January 16-20, vol. 5681, pp. 252–263 (2005)
Shi, Y.Q., Chen, C., Chen, W., Kaundinya, M.P.: Effect of recompression on attacking JPEG steganographic schemes – An experimental study. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (2007)
Westfeld, A.: Steganalysis in the presence of weak cryptography and encoding. In: Shi, Y.Q., Jeon, B. (eds.) IWDW 2006. LNCS, vol. 4283, pp. 19–34. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Li, B., Huang, F., Tan, S., Huang, J., Shi, Y.Q. (2008). Effect of Different Coding Patterns on Compressed Frequency Domain Based Universal JPEG Steganalysis. In: Shi, Y.Q., Kim, HJ., Katzenbeisser, S. (eds) Digital Watermarking. IWDW 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5041. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92238-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92238-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-92237-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-92238-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)