Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Leukemia

  • Chapter
Book cover Pediatric Oncology Nursing

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

Abstract

Leukemia is the most common malignancy that affects children, accounting for approximately one-third of cancer diagnoses. It may be defined as a neoplastic disease that affects the blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2003) Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Pediatrics112(1 Pt 1):191–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad K (2002) Agent Orange no longer linked to childhood AML. The Lancet Oncology 3(4):199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander FE, Boyle P, Carli PM, Coebergh JW, Ekbom A, Levi F, McKinney PA, McWhirter W, Michaelis J, Peris-Bonet R, Petridou E, Pompe-Kirn V, Plesko I, Pukkala E, Rahu M, Stiller CA, Storm H, Terracini B, Vatten L, Wray N (1999) Population density and childhood leukaemia: results of the EUROCLUS Study. European Journal of Cancer 35(3):439–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alston RD, Tatevossian RG, McNally RJ, Kelsey A, Birch JM, Eden TO (2007) Incidence and survival of childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Northwest England from 1954 to 1998. Pediatric Blood Cancer 48(5):555–560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annels NE, Da Costa CE, Prins FA, Willemze A, Hogendoorn ERM (2003) Aberrant chemokine receptor expression and chemokine production by Langerhans cells underlies the pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 197(10):1385–1390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auvinen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Salonen L (2002)Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drink ing water and risk of leukemia: a case-cohort study in Fin land. Cancer Causes and Control 13(9):825–829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barredo J, Devidas M, Lauer S, Billett A, Marymount M, Pullen J, Camitta B, Winick N, Carroll W, Ritchey K (2006) Isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with intensive systemic chemotherapy and delayed CNS radiation: a pediatric oncology group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24(19):3142–3149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bener A, Hoffmann GF, Afify Z, Rasul K, Tewfik I (2008) Does prolonged breastfeeding reduce the risk for childhood leukemia and lymphomas? Minerva Pediatrica 60(2): 155–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergh T, Ericson A, Hillensjo T, Nygren KG, Wennerholm UB (1999) Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilization in Sweden 1982–1995: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 354(9190):1579–1585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia S, Sather HN, Heerema NA, Trigg ME, Gaynon PS, Robison LL (2002) Racial and ethnic differences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100(6):1957–1964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutou O, Guizard AV, Slama R, Pottier D, Spira A (2002) Population mixing and leukaemia in young people around the la Hague nuclear waste reprocessing plant. British Journal of Cancer 87(7):740–745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown P, Smith FO (2008) Molecularly targeted therapies for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: progress to date. Paedi-atric Drugs 10(2):85–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champagne MA, Capdeville R, Krailo MWQ, Peng B, Rosamilia M, TherrienM,ZoellnerU,BlaneySM,BernsteinM(2004)Ima-tinib mesylate (STI571) for the treatment of children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia: results from a children's oncology group phase 1 study. Blood 104(9): 2655–2660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chessells JM, Harrison G, Richards SM, Gibson BE, Bailey CC, Hill FG, Hann IM (2002) Failure of a new protocol to improve treatment results in paediatric lymphoblastic leukaemia: lessons from the UK Medical Research Council trials UKALL X and UKALL XI. British Journal of Haema-tology118(2):445–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Couto E, Chen B, Hemminki K (2005) Association of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cancers in family members. British Journal of Cancer 93(11):1307–1309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deininger M, Buchdunger E, Druker BJ (2005) The development of imatinib as a therapeutic agent for chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 105(7):2640–2653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson HO, Hammal DM, Dummer TJB, Parker L, Bithell JF (2003)Childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lym- phoma in relation to proximity to railways. British Journal of Cancer 88(5):695–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Wakeford R (1997) Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation. The British Journal of Radiology 70:130–139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Druker J, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, Gathmann I, Kantarjian H, Gattermann N, Deininger MW, Silver RT, Goldman JM, Stone RM, Cervantes F, Hochhaus A, Powell BL, Gabrilove JL, Rousselot P, Reifers J, Cornelissen JJ, Hughes T, Agis H, Fisher T, Verhoef G, Shepherd J, Saglio G, Gratwohl A, Nielsen JL, Radich JP, Simonsson B, Taylor K, Baccarani M, So C, Letvak L, Larson RA (2006) Five year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 355(23):2408–2417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eden OB, Harrison G, Richards S, Lilleyman JS, Bailey CC, Ches-sells JM, Hann IM, Hill FG, Gibson BE, on behalf of Medical Research Council Childhood Leukaemia Working Party (2000) Long-term follow-up of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council protocols for childhood acute lympho-blastic leukaemia, 1980–1997. Leukemia 14(12):2307–2320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egeler RM, Annels NE, Hogendoorn PC (2004) Langherhans cell histiocytosis: a pathological combination of oncogen-esis and immune dysregulation. Pediatric Blood Cancer 42(5):401–403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel A, Lamm SH (2008) Arsenic exposure and childhood cancer-a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Environmental Health 71(3):12–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman MH (1994) Chronic myelocytic leukemia in infancy and childhood. In: Pochedly C (ed) Neoplastic diseases of childhood, vol 1. Harwood Academic, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Harrison PL, Sandlund JT, Rivera GK, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Razzouk B, Relling MV, Evans WE, Boyett JM, Pui CH (2000) Traumatic lumbar puncture at diagnosis adversely affects outcome in childhood acute lymphoblas-tic leukemia. Blood 96(10):3381–3384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaynon P (2005) Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and relapse. British Journal of Hematology 131:579–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves MF,Maia AT, WiemelsJL, Ford AM (2003) Leukemia in twins: lessons in natural history. Blood 102(7):2321–2333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grifo AH (2009) Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Children. Journal of Pediatric Oncology 26(1):41–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harned TM, Gaynon P (2008) Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: current status and future opportunities. Current Oncology Reports 10(6):453–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasle H, Clemmensen IH, Mikelsen M (2000) Risks of leukemia and solid tumours in individuals with Down's syndrome. Lancet 355(9199):165–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Head DR (2002) Proposed changes in the definitions of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: are they helpful? Current Opinion in Oncology 14(1):19–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Histiocytosis Association of America (2009) LCH in Children.http://www.histio.org/site/c.kiKTL4PQLvF/b.1764433/k.8BCD/LCH_in_Children.htm. Accessed 09 January 2009

  • Jarup L, Briggs D, de Hoogh C, Morris S, Hurt C, Lewin A, Maitland I, Richardson S, Wakefield J, Elliott P (2002) Cancer risks in population living near landfill sites in Great Britain. British Journal of Cancer 86(11):1732–1736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeha S, Gandhi V, Chan KW, McDonald L, Ramirez I, Madden R, Rytting M, Brandt M, Keating M, Plunkett W, Kantarjian H (2004) Clofarabine, a novel nucleoside analog, is active in pediatric patients with advanced leukemia. Blood 103(3):784–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadan-Lottick NS, Dinu I, Wasilewski-Masker K, Kaste S, Meacham LR, Mahajan A, Stovall M, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Sklar CA (2008) Osteonecrosis in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26(18):3038–3045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaatsch P, Mergenthaler A (2008) Incidence, time trends and regional variation of childhood leukaemia in Germany and Europe. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 132(2):107–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinlen LJ (1995) Epidemiological evidence for an infective basis in childhood leukaemia. British Journal of Cancer 71(1):1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klip H, Burger CW, de Kraker J, van Leeuwen FE, OMEGA-proj-ect group (2001) Risk of cancer in the offspring of women who underwent ovarian stimulation for IVF. Human Reproduction 16(11):2451–2458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knox EG (2006) Roads, railways, and childhood cancers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60(2):136–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan ML, Metayer C, Crouse V, Buffler PA (2007) Maternal illness and drug/medication use during the period surrounding pregnancy and risk of childhood leukemia among offspring. American Journal of Epidemiology 165(1):27–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancashire RJ, Sorahan T, OSCC (2003) Breastfeeding and childhood cancer risks: OSCC data. British Journal of Cancer 88(7):1035–1037

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KM, Ward MH, Han S, Ahn HS, Kang HJ, Choi HS, Shin HY, Koo HH, Seo JJ, Choi JE, Ahn YO, Kang D (2009) Paternal smoking, genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and childhood leukemia risk. Leukemia Research 33(2):250–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lightfoot T, Bunch K, Ansell P, Murphy M (2005) Ovulation induction, assisted conception and childhood cancer. European Journal of Cancer 41(5):715–724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Buffler PA, Gunier RB, Dahl G, Smith MT, Reinier K, Reynolds P (2002) Critical windows of exposure to household pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia. Environmental Health Perspective 110(9):955–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur AC, McBride ML, Spinelli JJ, Tamaro S, Gallagher RP, Theriault G (2008) Risk of childhood leukemia associated with parental smoking and alcohol consumption prior to conception and during pregnancy: the cross-Canada childhood leukemia study. Cancer Causes Control 19(3): 283–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madureira ABM, Rocha V, Teira P, Champagne M, O'Brien TA, Vora A, Stein J, Olive T, Bonfim CS, Stary J, Bertrand Y, Garnier F, Ionescu I, Niemeyer C, Gluckman E, Locatelli F (2007) Unrelated cord blood transplantation for children with JMML. Bone Marrow Transplantation 39(Suppl 1):10

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda K, Shimada A, Yoshida N, Ogawa A, Watanabe A, Yajima S, Iizuka S, Koike K, Yanai F, Kawasaki K, Yanagi-machi M, Kikuchi A, Ohtusuka Y, Hidaka E, Yamauchi K, Tanaka M, Yanagisawa R, Nakazawa Y, Shiohara M, Manabe A, Kojima S, Koike K (2007) Spontaneous improvement of hematologic abnormalities in patients having juvenile myleomonocytic leukemia with RAS mutations. Blood 109: 5477–5480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MattanoLA,HarlandNS,TriggME,Nachman JB (2000) Osteone-crosis as a complication of treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18(18):3262–3272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClain KL (2005) Drug therapy for the treatment of langer-hans cell histiocytosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacother-apy 6:2435–2441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney PA, Feltbower RG, Parslow RC, Lewis IJ, Picton S, Kinsey SE, Bailey CC (1999) Survival from childhood cancer in Yorkshire, UK: Effect of ethnicity and socio-economic status. European Journal of Cancer 35(13):1816–1823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney PA, Feltbower RG, Parslow RC, Lewis IJ, Glaser AW, Kinsey SE (2003) Patterns of childhood cancer by ethnic group in Bradford, UK 1974–1997. Eur J Cancer. 39(1):92–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellemkjaer L, Alexander F, Olsen JH (2000) Cancer among children of parents with autoimmune diseases. British Journal of Cancer 82(7):1353–1357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menegaux F, Ripert M, Hémon D, Clavel J (2007) Maternal alcohol and coffee drinking, parental smoking and childhood leukaemia: a French population-based case-control study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 21(4):293–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizutani S (1998) Recent advances in the study of the hereditary and environmental basis of childhood leukemia. Int J Hematol. 68(2):131–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millot F, Brice P, Phillipe N, Thyss A, Demeoq F, Wetterwald M, Boccara JM, Vilque J-P, Guyotat D, Guilhot J, Guilhot F (2002)a-Interferon in combination with cytarabine in children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology24(1):18–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naumburg E, Bellocco R, Cnattinigius S, Jonzon A, Ekbom A (2000) Prenatal ultrasound examinations and risk of childhood leukaemia: case-control study. British Medical Journal 320(7230):282–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naumburg E, Bellocco R, Cnattinigius S, Jonzon A, Ekbom A (2002a) Supplementary oxygen and risk of childhood lymphatic leukaemia. Acta Paediatrica 91(12):1328–1333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naumburg E, Bellocco R, Cnattinigius S, Jonzon A, Ekbom A (2002b) Perinatal exposure to infection and risk to childhood leukemia. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 38(6):391–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niemeyer C, Kratz C (2008) Paediatric myelodysplastic syndromes and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: molecular classification and treatment options. British Journal of Haematology 140:610–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, Gathmann I, Baccarani M, Cervantes F, Cornelissen JJ, Fisher T, Hochaus A, Hughes T, Lechner K,Nielsen JL, Rousselot P, Reiffers J, Saglio G, Shepherd J, Simonsson B, Gratwohl A, Goldman JM, Kantarjian H, Taylor K, Verhoef G, Bolton AE, Capdeville R, Druker BJ (2003)Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase myeloid leu kemia. New England Journal of Medicine 348(11):994–1004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang D, McNally R, Birch JM on behalf of the UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators (2003) Parental smoking and childhood cancer: results from the United King-dom Childhood Cancer Study. British Journal of Cancer 88(3):373–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker L, Cole M, Craft AW, Hey EN (1998) Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England: retrospective case-control study. British Medical Journal 316(7126):189–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passmore SJ, Draper G, Brownbill P, Kroll M (1998) Case-control studies of relation between childhood cancer and neonatal vitamin K administration. British Medical Journal 316(7126):178–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perea G, Lasa A, Aventin A, Domingo A, Villamor N, Queipo P, de Llano M, Llorente A, Junca J, Palacios C, Fernandez C, Gallart M, Font L, Tormo M, Florensa L, Bargay J, Vivancos P, Torres P, Berlanga JJ, Badell I, Brunet S, Sierra J,Nomdedeu JF (2006) Prognostic value of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with favorable cytogenetics (t(8:21) and inv 16). Leukemia 20:87–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pieters R, Shrappe M, De Lorenzo P, Han I, De Rossi G, Felice M, Hovi L, Leblanc T, Szczepanski T, Ferster A, Janka F, Rubnitz J, Silverman L, Stary J, Campbell M, Li C, Mann G, Suppiah R, Biondi A, Vora A, Valseckli M (2007) A treatment protocol for infants younger than 1 year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Interfant99):an observational study and a mulitcentre randomized trial. Lancet 370(9583):240–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pui CH, Evans WE (2006) Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 354(2): 166–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pui CH, Pei D, Sandlund JT, Campana D, Ribeiro R, Razzouk B, Rubnitz J, Howard S, Hijiya N, Jeha S, Cheng C, Downing J, Evans W, Relling M, Hudson M (2005) Risk of adverse events after completion of therapy for childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23(31):7936–7941

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rech A, de Carvalho GP, Meneses CF, Hankins J, Howard S, Brunetto AL (2005) The influence of traumatic lumbar puncture and timing of intrathecal therapy on outcome of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Hema-tology and Oncology 22(6):483–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riberiro R (2006) Update of the management of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia. Clinical Advances in Hema-tology and Oncology 4(4):263–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman E, Fear NT, Ansell P, Bull D, Draper G, McKinney P, Michaelis J, Passmore SJ, von Kries R (2002) Vitamin K and childhood cancer: analysis of individualpatient data from six case-control studies. British Journal of Cancer 86(1):63–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum PF, Buck GM, Brecher ML (2005) Allergy and infectious disease histories and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiology 19(2):152–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JA, Davies SM (2000) Vitamin Kprophylaxis and childhood cancer. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 34(6):434–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubnitz J, Gibson B, Smith F (2008) Acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:21–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruccione KS,WaskerwitzM, Buckley J, Perin G, Hammond GD (1994) What caused my child's cancer? Parents' responses to an epidemiology study of childhood cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 11(2):71–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudant J, Menegaux F, Leverger G, Baruchel A, Lambilliotte A, Bertrand Y, Patte C, Pacquement H, Vérité C, Robert A, Michel G, Margueritte G, Gandemer V, Hémon D, Clavel J (2008) Childhood hematopoietic malignancies and parental use of tobacco and alcohol: the ESCALE study (SFCE). Cancer Causes & Control 19(10):1277–1290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudant J, Menegaux F, Leverger G, Baruchel A, Nelken B, Bertrand Y, Patte C, Pacquement H, Vérité C, Robert A, Michel G, Margueritte G, Gandemer V, Hémon D, Clavel J (2007) Household exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood hematopoietic malignancies: The ESCALE study (SFCE). Environmental Health Perspectives 115(12):1787–1793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggiero A, Ridola V, Puma N, Molinari F, Coccia P, De Rosa G, Riccardi R (2008) Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in childhood. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 25(4):261–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salotti JA, Nanduri V, Pearce MS, Parker L, Lynn RM, Wind-ebank KP (2009) Incidence and clinical features of langer-hans cell histiocytosis in the UK and Ireland. Archives of Disease in Childhood 94(5):376–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz K, Pullen J, Sather H, Shuster J, Devidas M, Borowitz M, Carroll A, Heerema N, Rubnitz J, Loh M, Raetz E, Winick N, Hunger S, Carroll W, Gaynon P, Camitta B (2007) Risk and response-based classification of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a combined analysis of prognostic markers from the pediatric oncology group (POG) and the childrens cancer group (CCG). Blood 109(3): 926–935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schüz J, Svendsen AL, Linet MS, McBride ML, Roman E, Feychting M, Kheifets L, Lightfoot T, Mezei G, Simpson J, Ahlbom A (2007) Nighttime exposure to electromagnetic fields and childhood leukemia: an extended pooled analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 166(3):263–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuz J, Morgan G, Bohler E, Kaatsch P, Michaelis J (2003) Atopic disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. International Journal of Cancer 105(2):255–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharathkumar A, Thornley I, Saunders EF, Calderwood S, Freedman MH, Doyle J (2002) Allogenic bone marrow transplantation in children with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 24(3): 215–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shu XO, Linet MS, Steinbuch M, Wen WQ, Buckley JD, Neglia JP, Potter JD, Reaman GH, Robison LL (1999) Breast feeding and risk of childhood acute leukemia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91(20):1765–1772

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner J, Mee TJ, Blackwell RP, Maslanyj MP, Simpson J, Allen SG, Day NE, Cheng KK, Gilman E, Williams D, Cart-wright R, Craft A, Birch JM, Eden OB, McKinney PA, Deacon J, Peto J, Beral V, Roman E, Elwood P, Alexander FE, Mott M, Chilvers CE, Muir K, Doll R, Taylor CM, Greaves M, Goodhead D, Fry FA, Adams G, Law G (2002) Exposure to power frequency electric fields and the risk of childhood cancer in the UK. British Journal of Cancer 87(11):1257–1266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbach D, Lengemann J, Voigt A, Hermann J, Zintl F, Sauer-brey A (2003) Response to chemotherapy and expression of the genes encoding the multidrug resistance-associated proteins MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP5, and SMRP in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Clinical Cancer Research 9(3):1083–1086

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller CA, Kroll ME, Boyle PJ, Feng Z (2008) Population mixing, socioeconomic status and incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in England and Wales: analysis by census ward. British Journal of Cancer 98(5):1006–1011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung L, Bucktein R, Doyle JJ, Crump M, Detsky AS (2003) Treatment options for patients with acute myeloid leukemia with a matched sibling donor: a decision analysis. Cancer 97(3):592–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swensen AR, Ross JA, Shu XO, Reaman GH, Steinbuch M, Robison LL (2001) Pet ownership and childhood acute leukemia (USA and Canada). Cancer Causes & Control 12(4):301–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomizawa D, Koh K, Sato T, Kinukawa N, Morimoto A, Isoyama K, Kosaka Y, Oda T, Oda M, Hayashi Y, Equali M, Horibe K, Nakahata T, Mizutansi S, Ishii E (2007) Outcome of risk-based therapy for infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with or without an MLL gene rearrangement, with emphasis on late effects: a final report of two consecutive studies, MLL96 and MLL98, of the Japan Infant Leukemia Group. Leukemia 21(11):2258–2263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thapa PB, Whitlock JA, Brockman Worrell KG, Gideon P, Mitchel EF Jr, Roberson P, Pais R, Ray WA (1998) Prenatal exposure to metronidazole and risk of childhood cancer: a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 5 years. Cancer 83(7):1461–1468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators (2001) Breastfeeding and childhood cancer. British Journal of Cancer 85(11):1685–1694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods WG, Kobrinsky N, Buckley JD, Lee JW, Sanders J, Neudorf S, Gold S, Barnard DR, DeSwarte J, Dusenbery K, Kalousek D, Arthur DC, Lange BJ (1996) Timed-sequential induction therapy improves postremission outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 87(12):4979–4989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan M, Reinhardt D, Hitzler J, Vyas P (2008) Acute leuke-mias in children with down syndrome. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:53–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Sue Zupanec

  2. Dip Cancer Nursing, Child Health Evaluative Services, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Deborah Tomlinson

Authors
  1. Sue Zupanec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Deborah Tomlinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dip Cancer Nursing, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluative, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Deborah Tomlinson

  2. Department of Nursing, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Nancy E. Kline (Director, Research and Evidence-Based Practice) (Director, Research and Evidence-Based Practice)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zupanec, S., Tomlinson, D. (2010). Leukemia. In: Tomlinson, D., Kline, N.E. (eds) Pediatric Oncology Nursing. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87984-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87984-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87983-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87984-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation