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Pediatric CNS Tumors pp 49–65Cite as

Brainstem Gliomas

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Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

Historically, brainstem gliomas (BSGs) were regarded as a homogeneous category of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms with a uniformly poor prognosis. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), BSGs are now recognized as a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinct subtypes that vary widely with respect to prognosis and growth patterns. They can be classified broadly into two categories: the diffuse intrinsic gliomas and the nondiffuse brainstem tumors (Table 3.1). The diffuse intrinsic gliomas, which constitute the majority of brainstem tumors and conform to the stereotype of BSGs, occur most often in the ventral pons, infiltrate throughout the brainstem, and have a uniformly poor prognosis. The nondiffuse brainstem tumors include focal midbrain, dorsally exophytic, and cervicomedullary tumors. Almost all these tumors are slow-growing, low-grade neoplasms that have a more favorable prognosis and response to treatment (specifically surgery) than the diffuse intrinsic gliomas. The management plan for these tumors is individualized to each distinct brainstem tumor type and is based strongly upon their MRI characteristics, suspected histology, and clinical presentations. It should be appreciated that nonneoplastic conditions such as brain abscess, neuroepithelial cyst, and demyelinating disorders can also present with lesions in the brainstem, but these entities are rare and will not be discussed further.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 North Third Avenue, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA

    Nader Sanai

  2. Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Rm A808, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0372, USA

    Michael Prados

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  1. Nader Sanai
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Correspondence to Nader Sanai .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Rm M779, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA

    Nalin Gupta

  2. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0106, USA

    Anuradha Banerjee

  3. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115-1708, USA

    Daphne Haas-Kogan

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Sanai, N., Prados, M. (2010). Brainstem Gliomas. In: Gupta, N., Banerjee, A., Haas-Kogan, D. (eds) Pediatric CNS Tumors. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87979-4_3

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