Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) biodiversity from 30 sites throughout the Phoenix, USA, metropolitan area was compared to determine the impact of urbanization on AMF communities. Spores from pot cultures started with soil collected from non-indigenous and indigenous plants at urban sites and from indigenous plants at desert sites were identified. The total number of species detected, number of species per plant and species richness (no. of AMF species/sampling site) were fewer at the urban sites in comparison to desert sites, but were similar between urban sites with indigenous plants and those with non-indigenous plants. There was a significant overlap in the species composition between desert and urban sites with about 70% of the species detected at both urban and desert locations. The relative frequency of AMF species varied between desert and urban sites with several frequently detected species from desert areas (detected in 蠅40% of collected samples) detected in fewer than 10% of samples from urban areas. Although it appears that urbanization has an impact on AMF communities, this effect does not appear to be linked to the presence of non-indigenous plant species in these areas. Future studies will be needed to determine the drivers of alterations in AMF community structure in urban areas.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott LK, Gazey C (1994) An ecological view of the formation of VA mycorrhizas. Plant Soil 159:69–78
Abbott LK, Robson AD (1991) Factors influencing the occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 35:121–150
Austin AT (2004) The human footprint in ecology – past, present and future. New Phytol 164:419–422
Azcón-Aguilar C, Palenzuela J, Roldán A, Bautista S, Vallejo R, Barea JM (2003) Analysis of the mycorrhizal potential in the rhizosphere of representative plant species from desertification-threatened Mediterranean shrublands. Appl Soil Ecol 22:29–37
Baxter JW, Pickett STA, Carreiro MM, Dighton J (1999) Ectomycorrhizal diversity and community structure in oak forest stands exposed to contrasting anthropogenic impacts. Can J Bot 77:771–782.
Beauchamp VB, Stromberg JC, Stutz JC (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Populus. -Salix stands in a semi arid riparian ecosystem New Phytol 170:369–380
Bever JD, Morton JB, Antonovics J, Schultz PA (1996) Host-dependent sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a mown grassland. J Ecol 84:71–82
Brundrett MC, Abbott LK, Jasper DA (1999) Glomalean mycorrhizal fungi from tropical Australia I. Comparison of the effectiveness and specificity of different isolation procedures. Mycorrhiza 8:305–314
Colwell RK, Mao CX, Chang J (2004) Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85:2717–2727
Cook WM, Faeth SH (2006) Irrigation and land use drive ground arthropod community patterns in urban desert. Environ Entomol 35:1532–1540
Cousins JR, Hope D, Gries C, Stutz JC (2003) Preliminary assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community structure in an urban ecosystem. Mycorrhiza 13:319–326.
Daniels BA, Skipper HD (1982) Methods for the recovery and quantitative estimation of propagules from soil. Schenck NC Methods and principles of mycorrhizal research. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN 29–35
Egerton-Warburton LM, Allen EB (2000) Shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient. Ecol Appl 10:484–496
Faeth SH, Warren PS, Shochat E, Marussich WA (2005) Trophic dynamics in urban communities. BioScience 55:399–407
Grimm NB, Redman CL (2004) Approaches to the study of urban ecosystems: The case for central-Phoenix. Urban Ecosyst 7:199–213
Grimm NB, Grove JM, Pickett ST, Redman CL (2000) Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. BioScience 50:571–584
Hope D, Gries C, Zhu W, Fagan WF, Redman CL, Grimm NB, Neson AL, Martin C, Kinzig A (2003) Socioeconomics drive urban plant diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8788–8792
Jacobson KM (1997) Moisture and substrate stability determine VA-mycorrhizal fungal community distribution and structure in an arid grassland. J Arid Environ 35:59–75
Johnson D, Vandenkoornhuyse PJ, Leake JR, Gilbert L, Booth RE, Grime JP, Young JPW, Read DJ (2003) Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms. New Phytol 161:503–515
Johnson NC (1993) Can fertilization of soil select less mutualistic mycorrhizae? Ecol Appl 3:749–757
Johnson NC, Tilman D, Wedin D (1992) Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities. Ecology 73:2034–2042
Johnson NC, Wolf J, Reyes MA, Panter A, Koch GW, Redman A (2005) Species of plants and associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate mycorrhizal responses to CO2. enrichment Global Change Biol 11:1156–1166
Kaye JP, Groffman PM, Grimm NB, Baker LA, Pouyat RV (2006) A distinct urban biogeochemistry? Trends Ecol Evol 21:192–199
Koske RE, Tessier B (1983) A convenient, permanent slide mounting medium. Mycol Soc Am Newsl 34:59
McIntyre NE (2000) Ecology of urban arthropods: a review and a call to action. Ann Entomol Soc Am 93:825–835
McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. BioScience 52:883–890
Merryweather J, Fitter A (1998) The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Hyacinthoides non-scripta. I Diversity of fungal taxa. New Phytol 138:117–129
Oehl F, Sieverding E, Ineichen K, Mäder P, Boller T, Wiemken A (2003) Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2816–2824
Pickett ST, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Nilon CH, Pouyat RV, Zipperer WC, Costanza R (2001) Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial, ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas. Ann Rev Ecol System 32:127–157
Shochat E, Warren PS, Faeth SH, McIntyre NE, Hope D (2006) From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 21:186–191
Smith SE, Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 2nd Edition. Academic, San Diego, CA
Stabler LB, Martin CA, Stutz JC (2001) Effect of urban expansion on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mediation of landscape tree growth. J Arbor 27:193–201
Stutz JC, Martin C (1998) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity associated with ash trees in urban landscapes in Arizona. Phytopathology 88:586
Stutz JC, Morton JB (1996) Successive pot cultures reveal high species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in arid ecosystems. Can J Bot 74:1883–1889
Stutz JC, Copeman R, Martin CA, Morton JB (2000) Patterns of species composition and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in arid regions of southwestern North America and Namibia, Africa. Can J Bot 78:237–245
Szlavecz KS, Placella A, Pouyat RV, Groffman PM, Csuzdi C, Yesilonis I (2006) Invasive earthworm species and nitrogen cycling in remnant forest patches. Appl Soil Ecol 32:54–62
Tao L, Zhiwei Z (2005) Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a hot and arid ecosystem in southwest China. Appl Soil Ecol 29:135–141
Turner RM, Brown DE (1994) Sonoran desert scrub. Brown DE Biotic communities: Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah 181–222
Uhlmann E, Görke C, Petersen A, Oberwinkler F (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizae from arid parts of Namibia. J Arid Environ 64:221–237
United Nations Population Division (1997) Urban and rural areas 1950–2030 (the 1996 revision). New York, United Nations
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of the earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499
Whitcomb S, Stutz JC (2007) Assessing diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a local community: role of sampling effort and spatial heterogeneity. Mycorrhiza 17: 429–437
Zhang Y, Guo L-D, Liu R-J (2004) Survey of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in deforested and natural forestland in the subtropical region of Dujiangyan, southwest China. Plant Soil 261:257–263
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-0423704, Central Arizona – Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendation expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bills, R., Stutz*, J. (2009). AMF Associated with Indigenous and Non-indigenous Plants at Urban and Desert Sites in Arizona. In: Azcón-Aguilar, C., Barea, J., Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (eds) Mycorrhizas - Functional Processes and Ecological Impact. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87978-7_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87978-7_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87977-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87978-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)