Abstract
We investigate verbal learning and cognitive map development of simulated layouts using a non-visual interface called a virtual verbal display (VVD). Previous studies have questioned the efficacy of VVDs in supporting cognitive mapping (Giudice, Bakdash, Legge, & Roy, in revision). Two factors of interface fidelity are investigated which could account for this deficit, spatial language vs. spatialized audio and physical vs. imagined rotation. During training, participants used the VVD (Experiments 1 and 2) or a visual display (Experiment 3) to explore unfamiliar computer-based layouts and seek-out target locations. At test, participants performed a wayfinding task between targets in the corresponding real environment. Results demonstrated that only spatialized audio in the VVD improved wayfinding behavior, yielding almost identical performance as was found in the visual condition. These findings suggest that learning with both modalities led to comparable cognitive maps and demonstrate the importance of incorporating spatial cues in verbal displays.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Taylor, H.A., Tversky, B.: Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language 31, 261–292 (1992)
Denis, M., et al.: Spatial Discourse and Navigation: An analysis of route directions in the city of Venice. Applied Cognitive Psychology 13, 145–174 (1999)
Lovelace, K., Hegarty, M., Montello, D.: Elements of good route directions in familiar and unfamiliar environments. In: Freksa, C., Mark, D.M. (eds.) Spatial information theory: Cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, pp. 65–82. Springer, Berlin (1999)
Tversky, B.: Spatial perspective in descriptions. In: Bloom, P., et al. (eds.) Language and Space, pp. 463–492. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
Loomis, J.M., et al.: Assisting wayfinding in visually impaired travelers. In: Allen, G.L. (ed.) Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology, pp. 179–202. Erlbaum, Mahwah (2007)
Giudice, N.A.: Navigating novel environments: A comparison of verbal and visual learning, Unpublished dissertation, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (2004)
Giudice, N.A.: Wayfinding without vision: Learning real and virtual environments using dynamically-updated verbal descriptions. In: Conference and Workshop on Assistive Technologies for Vision and Hearing Impairment, Kufstein, Austria (2006)
Giudice, N.A., et al.: Spatial learning and navigation using a virtual verbal display. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (in revision)
Giudice, N.A., Bakdash, J.Z., Legge, G.E.: Wayfinding with words: Spatial learning and navigation using dynamically-updated verbal descriptions. Psychological Research 71(3), 347–358 (2007)
Giudice, N.A., Legge, G.E.: Comparing verbal and visual information displays for learning building layouts. Journal of Vision 4(8), 889 (2004)
Ruddle, R.A., Payne, S.J., Jones, D.M.: Navigating buildings in “desk-top” virtual environments: Experimental investigations using extended navigational experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 3(2), 143–159 (1997)
Bliss, J.P., Tidwell, P., Guest, M.: The effectiveness of virtual reality for administering spatial navigation training to firefighters. Presence 6(1), 73–86 (1997)
Waller, D., Hunt, E., Knapp, D.: The transfer of spatial knowledge in virtual environment training. Presence 7, 129–143 (1998)
Piaget, J., Inhelder, B., Szeminska, A.: The child’s conception of geometry. Basic Books, New York (1960)
Siegel, A., White, S.: The development of spatial representation of large scale environments. In: Reese, H. (ed.) Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Academic Press, New York (1975)
O’Keefe, J., Nadel, L.: The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford University Press, London (1978)
Ehrlich, K., Johnson-Laird, P.N.: Spatial descriptions and referential continuity. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 21, 296–306 (1982)
Loomis, J.M., et al.: Personal guidance system for people with visual impairment: A comparison of Spatial Displays for route guidance. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 99, 219–232 (2005)
Loomis, J.M., Golledge, R.G., Klatzky, R.L.: Navigation system for the blind: Auditory display modes and guidance. Presence 7, 193–203 (1998)
Marston, J.R., et al.: Evaluation of spatial displays for navigation without sight. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 3(2), 110–124 (2006)
Simpson, B.D., et al.: Spatial audio as a navigation aid and attitude indicator. In: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida (2005)
Oving, A.B., Veltmann, J.A., Bronkhorst, A.W.: Effectiveness of 3-D audio for warnings in the cockpit. Int. Journal of Aviation Psychology 14, 257–276 (2004)
Richardson, A.E., Montello, D.R., Hegarty, M.: Spatial knowledge acquisition from maps and from navigation in real and virtual environments. Memory & Cognition 27(4), 741–750 (1999)
Wilson, P.N., Foreman, N., Tlauka, M.: Transfer of spatial information from a virtual to a real environment. Human Factors 39(4), 526–531 (1997)
Klatzky, R.L., et al.: Cognitive load of navigating without vision when guided by virtual sound versus spatial language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 12(4), 223–232 (2006)
Lathrop, W.B., Kaiser, M.K.: Acquiring spatial knowledge while traveling simple and complex paths with immersive and nonimmersive interfaces. Presence 14(3), 249–263 (2005)
Lathrop, W.B., Kaiser, M.K.: Perceived orientation in physical and virtual environments: Changes in perceived orientation as a function of idiothetic information available. Presence (Camb) 11(1), 19–32 (2002)
Bakker, N.H., Werkhoven, P.J., Passenier, P.O.: The effects of proprioceptive and visual feedback on geographical orientation in virtual environments. Presence 8(1), 36–53 (1999)
Ruddle, R.A., Payne, S.J., Jones, D.M.: Navigating large-scale virtual environments: What differences occur between helmet-mounted and desk-top displays. Presence 8(2), 157–168 (1999)
Wraga, M., Creem-Regehr, S.H., Proffitt, D.R.: Spatial updating of virtual displays during self- and display rotation. Mem. and Cognit. 32(3), 399–415 (2004)
Klatzky, R.L., et al.: Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psychological Science 9(4), 293–299 (1998)
Grant, S.C., Magee, L.E.: Contributions of proprioception to navigation in virtual environments. Human Factors 40(3), 489–497 (1998)
Farrell, M.J., et al.: Transfer of route learning from virtual to real environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 9(4), 219–227 (2003)
Presson, C.C., Montello, D.R.: Updating after rotational and translational body movements: Coordinate structure of perspective space. Perception 23(12), 1447–1455 (1994)
de Vega, M., Rodrigo, M.J.: Updating spatial layouts mediated by pointing and labelling under physical and imaginary rotation. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 13, 369–393 (2001)
Avraamides, M.N.: Spatial updating of environments described in texts. Cognitive Psychology 47(4), 402–431 (2003)
Chance, S.S., et al.: Locomotion mode affects the updating of objects encountered during travel: The Contribution of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs to path integration. Presence 7(2), 168–178 (1998)
Klatzky, R.L., et al.: Encoding, learning, and spatial updating of multiple object locations specified by 3-D sound, spatial language, and vision. Experimental Brain Research 149(1), 48–61 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Giudice, N.A., Tietz, J.D. (2008). Learning with Virtual Verbal Displays: Effects of Interface Fidelity on Cognitive Map Development. In: Freksa, C., Newcombe, N.S., Gärdenfors, P., Wölfl, S. (eds) Spatial Cognition VI. Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space. Spatial Cognition 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 5248. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87600-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87601-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)