Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics pp 125–136Cite as

Amblyopia Treatment 2009

  • Chapter

  • 1993 Accesses

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Academy of Ophthalmology pediatric ophthalmology panel (2002) Preferred practice pattern guidelines: amblyopia. American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, pp 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Optometric Association (1994) Care of the patient with amblyopia, optometric clinical practice guideline. American Optometric Association, St. Louis, pp 1–51

    Google Scholar 

  3. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2005) Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Arch Ophthalmol 123:437–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Simons K (1996) Preschool vision screening, methodology and outcome. Surv Ophthalmol 41:3–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Williamson TH, Andrews R, Dutton GN, et al (1995) Assessment of an inner city visual screening programme for preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol 79:1068–1073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. National eye institute office of biometry and epidemiology (1984) Report on the national eye institute's visual acuity impairment survey pilot study. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. Friedman DA, Repka MX, Katz J, et al (2009) Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in white and African-American children aged 6 through 71 months: the Baltimore pediat-ric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 116:(in press)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study group (2008) Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 115:1229–1236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Williams C, Northstone K, Howard M, et al (2008) Prevalence and risk factors for common vision problems in children: data from the ALSPAC study. Br J Ophthalmol 92:959–964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2002) The clinical profile of moderate amblyopia in children younger than 7 years. Arch Ophthalmol 120:281–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Woodruff G, Hiscox F, Thompson JR, et al (1994) The presentation of children with amblyopia. Eye 8:623–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bray LC, Clarke M P, Jarvis SN, et al (1996) Preschool vision screening: a prospective comparative evaluation. Eye 10:714–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Köhler L, Stigmar G (1973) Vision screening of four-year-old children. Acta Paediatr Scand 62:17–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hess RF, Howell ER (1977) The threshold contrast sensitivity function in strabismic amblyopia: evidence for a two type classification. Vision Res 17:1049–1055

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Howell ER, Mitchell DE, Keith CG (1983) Contrast thresholds for sine gratings of children with amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:782–787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. McKee S P, Levi DM, Movshon JA (2003) The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia. J Vis 3:380–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Moseley MJ, Stewart CE, Fielder AR, et al (2006) Intermediate spatial frequency letter contrast sensitivity: its relation to visual resolution before and during amblyo-pia treatment. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 26:1–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al (2009) Contrast sensitivity following amblyopia treatment in children. Arch Ophthalmol 127:1225–1227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stifter E, Burggasser G, Hirmann E, et al (2005) Monocular and binocular reading performance in children with microstrabismic amblyopia. Br J Opthalmol 89:1324–1329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zurcher B, Lang J (1980) Reading capacity in cases of ‘cured’ strabismic amblyopia. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 100:501–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Koklanis K, Georgievski Z, Brassington K, et al (2006) The prevalence of specific reading disability in an amblyopic population: a preliminary report. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 21:27–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al (2008) Monocular oral reading performance af er amblyopia treatment in children. Am J Ophthalmol 146:942–947

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Holmes JM, Beck RW, Repka MX, et al (2001) The amblyo-pia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1345–1353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cotter SA, Chu RH, Chandler DL, et al (2003) Reliability of the electronic early treatment diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol in children 7 to <13 years old. Am J Ophthalmol 136:655–661

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Birch EE, Strauber SF, Beck RW, et al (2009) Comparison of the amblyopia treatment study HOTV and the electronic-early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study visual acuity protocols in amblyopic children aged 5 to 11 years. J AAPOS 13:75–78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Friedman DS, Katz J, Repka MX, et al (2008) Lack of concordance between fixation preference and HOTV optotype visual acuity in preschool children: the Baltimore pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 115:1796–1799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Song E, et al (2009) Fixation preference and visual acuity testing in a population-based cohort of preschool children with amblyopia risk factors. Ophthalmology 116:145–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hakim OM (2007) Association between fixation preference testing and strabismic pseudoamblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 44:174–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clarke M P, Wright CM, Hrisos S, et al (2003) Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. BMJ 327:1251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hard AL, Williams P, Sjostrand J (1995) Do we have optimal screening limits in sweden for vision testing at the age of four years? Acta Ophthalmol 73:483–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Simons K, Preslan M (1999) Natural history of amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance. Br J Ophthalmol 83:582–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. American academy of ophthalmology pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus panel (2007) Preferred practice pattern guidelines: pediatric eye evaluations. American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, California

    Google Scholar 

  33. Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Fielder AR, et al (2004) Refractive adaptation in amblyopia: quantification of effect and implications for practice. Br J Ophthalmol 88:1552–1556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2006) Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology 113:895–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Cotter SA, Edwards AE, Arnold RW, et al (2007) Treatment of strabismic amblyopia with refractive correction. Am J Ophthalmol 143:1060–1063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lempert P (2004) The effectiveness of patching for ambly-opia should be tested with untreated control subjects (letter to editor). Arch Opthalmol 122:423–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2006) A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 113:904–912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2002) A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 120:268–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2003) The course of moderate amblyopia treated with patching in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Am J Ophthalmol 136:620–629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2003) A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 121:603–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2003) A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 110:2075–2087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2005) Two-year follow up of a six-month randomized trial of atropine versus patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children (reply to letter to editor). Arch Ophthalmol 123:285–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Repka MX, Holmes JM, Melia BM, et al (2005) The effect of amblyopia therapy on ocular alignment. J AAPOS 9:542–545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, et al (1997) Full-time atro-pine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 104:2143–2155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2004) A randomized trial of atropine regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 111:2076–2085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, et al (2002) Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS 6:289–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Morrison DG, Palmer NJ, Sinatra RB, et al (2005) Severe amblyopia of the sound eye resulting from atropine therapy combined with optical penalization. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 42:52–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2009) Pharmacological plus optical penalization treatment for amblyopia: results of a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 127:22–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Haase W (1978) Visual acuity in cases of monocular and bilateral amblyopia: treatment during school age. Metabolic Ophthalmology 2:147–148

    Google Scholar 

  50. Schoenleber DB, Crouch ER (1987) Bilateral hyperme-tropic amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 24:75–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Klimek DL, Cruz OA, Scott WE, et al (2004) Isoametropic amblyopia due to high hyperopia in children. J AAPOS 8:310–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2007) Treatment of bilateral refractive amblyopia in children three to less than 10 years of age. Am J Ophthalmol 144:487–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2003) A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia, and other factors. Ophthalmology 110:1632–1638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2004) Risk of amblyopia recurrence af er cessation of treatment. J AAPOS 8:420–428

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bhola R, Keech RV, Kutschke P, et al (2006) Recurrence of amblyopia af er occlusion therapy. Ophthalmology 113(11):2097–2100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Flynn JT, Schiffman J, Feuer W, et al (1998) The therapy of amblyopia: an analysis of the results of amblyopia therapy utilizing the pooled data of published studies. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 96:431–453

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2007) Stability of visual acuity improvement following discontinuation of amblyopia treatment in children aged 7 to 12 years. Arch Ophthalmol 125:655–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Fletcher MC, Silverman SJ, Boyd J, et al (1969) Biostatistical studies: comparison of the management of suppression amblyopia by conventional patching, intensive hospital pleoptics, and intermittent office pleoptics. Am Orthopt J 19:404–407

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gregersen E, Rindziunski E (1965) “Conventional” occlusion in the treatment of squint amblyopia. a 10-year fol-lowup. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 43:462–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Leiba H, Shimshoni M, Oliver M, et al (2001) Long-term follow-up of occlusion therapy in amblyopia. Ophthalmology 108:1552–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Levartovsky S, Oliver M, Gottesman N, et al (1995) Factors affecting long term results of successfully treated amblyo-pia: initial visual acuity and type of amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 79:225–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rutstein R P, Fuhr PS (1992) Efficacy and stability of ambly-opia therapy. Optom Vis Sci 69:747–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sparrow JC, Flynn JTh(1977) Amblyopia: a long-term fol-lowup. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 14:333–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2005) Two-year follow-up of a 6-month randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 123:149–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Pediatric eye disease investigator group (2008) A randomized trial of atropine versus patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at 10 years of age. Arch Ophthalmol 126:1039–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Konig HH, Barry JC (2004) Cost effectiveness of treatment for amblyopia: an analysis based on a probabilistic Markov model. Br J Ophthalmol 88:606–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Membreno JH, Brown MM, et al (2002) A cost-utility analysis of therapy for amblyopia. Ophthalmology 109:2265–2271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Peckham CS (2006) Does amblyopia affect educational, health, and social outcomes? Findings from 1958 British birth cohort. BMJ 332:820–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. van de Graaf ES, van der Sterre G W, van Kempen-du Saar H, et al (2007) Amblyopia and strabismus questionnaire (A&SQ): clinical validation in a historic cohort. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:1589–1595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bangerter (1958) Orthoptische Behandlung des Begleit schielens. pleoptik (monokulare orthoptik). Acta XVIII concilium ophthalmologica, Excerpta Medica Foundation 1:105–128

    Google Scholar 

  71. Iacobucci IL, Archer SM, Furr BA, et al (2001) Bangerter foils in the treatment of moderate amblyopia. Am Orthopt J 54:84–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Leguire LE, Rogers GL, Bremer DL, et al (1993) Levodopa/ carbidopa for childhood amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:3090–3095

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Procianoy E, Fuchs FD, Procianoy L, et al (1999) The effect of increasing doses of levodopa on children with strabis-mic amblyopia. J AAPOS 3:337–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mohan K, Dhankar V, Sharma A (2001) Visual acuities af er levodopa adminstration in amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 38:62–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Leguire LE, Komaromy KL, Nairus TM, et al (2002) Long-term follow-up of l-dopa treatment in children with amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 39:326–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bhartiya P, Sharma P, Biswas NR, et al (2002) Levodopa-carbidopa with occlusion in older children with amblyo-pia. J AAPOS 6:368–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lempert P (2000) Optic nerve hypoplasia and small eyes in presumed amblyopia. J AAPOS 4:258–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lempert P, Porter L (1998) Dysversion of the optic disc and axial length measurements in a presumed amblyopic population. J AAPOS 2:207–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lempert P (2008) Retinal area and optic disc rim area in amblyopic, fellow, and normal hyperopic eyes: a hypothesis for decreased acuity in amblyopia. Ophthalmology 115:2259–2261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Altintas O, Yuksel N, Ozkan B, et al (2005) Thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, macular thickness, and macular volume in patients with strabismic amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 42:216–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Repka MX, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Edwards AR (2006) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in amblyopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 142:247–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Yen M, Cheng C, Wang A (2004) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:2224–2230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer 233, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-9028, USA

    Michael X. Repka

Authors
  1. Michael X. Repka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Justus-Liebig-University UKGM GmbH Giessen Campus, Friedrichstraße 18, Giessen, 35392, Germany

    Birgit Lorenz (Professor of Ophthalmology) (Professor of Ophthalmology)

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Michael C. Brodsky

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Repka, M.X. (2010). Amblyopia Treatment 2009. In: Lorenz, B., Brodsky, M.C. (eds) Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85851-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85851-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85850-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85851-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation