Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurosurgery pp 403–427Cite as

Spinal Trauma

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: European Manual of Medicine ((EUROMANUAL))

Abstract

Surgery for cervical spine trauma has undergone a major development during the past 20 years. The main goal of the modern approach is no longer to simply decompress neural structures but also to stabilise the spine in a single-stage operation. The restoration of physiological shape and function as well as good long-term outcome has to be on the priority list and, indeed, is expected of the surgeon. Cervical spine trauma represents approximately 30% of spine injuries. The classical indication for the surgery of cervical spine trauma is existing instability and/or compression of neural structures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

References of Section 4.6.1

  1. Allen BL Jr, Fergusson RL, Lehmann T (1982) A mechanistic classification of closed indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine 7:1–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson LD, D’Alonso RT (1974) Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56:1663–1674

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson PA, Montesano PX (1988) Morphology and treatment of occipital condyle fractures. Spine 13:731–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bohler J (1981) Schraubenosteosythese von Fracturen des Dens Axis. Unfallheilkunde 84:221–223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bucholz RW, Burkhead WZ (1979) The pathological anatomy of fatal atlanto-occipital dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 61:248–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Clark CR, et al (2005) The cervical spine, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  7. Effendi B, Roy D, Cornish B, Dussault RG, Lauring CA (1978) Fractures of the ring of the axis: a classification based on the analysis of 131 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 60:319–327

    Google Scholar 

  8. Esses SI, Bednar D (1991) Screw fixation of odontoid fractures and non-unions. Spine 16(suppl):483–485

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fielding JW, Francis WR JR, Hawkins RJ, Pepin J, Hensinger R (1982) Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 239:48–52

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gehweiler JA Jr, Duff DE, Martinez S, Miller MD, Clark WC (1976) Fractures of the atlas vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 1:97–102

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gehweiler JA, Osborne RL, Becker RF (1980) The radiology of vertebral trauma. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goel A, Laheri V (1994) Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation. Acta Neurochir 129:47–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Greene KA, Dickman CA, Marciano FF, Drabier JB, Hadley MN, Sonntag VK (1997) Acute axis fractures: analysis of management and outcome in 340 consecutive cases. Spine 22:1843–1852

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hadley MN, Browner C, Sonntag VKH (1985) Miscellaneous fractures of the second cervical vertebra. BNI Quarterly 4:34–39

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hadley MN, Dickman CA, Browner CM, Sonntag VKH (1988) Acute traumatic atlas fractures: management and long term outcome. Neurosurgery 23:31–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Harms J, Melcher PR (2002) Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine 26:2467–2471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Harris JH, Carson GC, Wagner LK, Kerr N (1994) Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dislocation: comparison of three methods of detecting occipitovertebral relationship on lateral radiographs of spine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:887–892

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Harris JH, Edeiken-Monroe B, Kopansiki DR (1986) A practical classification of acute cervical spine injuries. Orthop Clin North Am 1:15–30

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jeanneret B (1994) Obere Halswirbelsäule. In: Hohman G, Hackenbroch M, Lindemann K (eds) Orthopädie in Praxis und Klinik. 2. Auflage. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 155–176

    Google Scholar 

  20. Judet R, Roy-Camille R, Saillant G (1970) Fractures du raches cervical. Actualités de chirurgie orthopédique de l’hospital Raymond-Poincaré 8:174–175

    Google Scholar 

  21. Levine AM, Edwards CC (1985) The management of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg 67A:217–226

    Google Scholar 

  22. Magerl F, Seemann PS (1987) Stable posterior fusion of the atlas and axis by transarticular screw fixation. In: Kehr P, Weidner A (eds) Cervical spine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 322–327

    Google Scholar 

  23. Suchomel P, Buchvald P, Barsa P, Lukáš R, Soukup T (2003) Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the odontoid process: single stage decompression and fusion. Spine 28:239–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Suchomel P, Hradil J, Barsa P, Buchvald P, Lukáš R, Taller S, Frohlich R (2006) Chirurgické řešení fraktury oblouku epistrofeu – “katovské zlomeniny”. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 73:321–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Suchomel P, Štulík J, Klézl Z, Chrobok J, Lukáš R, Krbec M, Magerl F (2004) Transartikulární fixace C1-C2: multicentrická retrospektivní studie. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 71:6–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Taller S, Suchomel P, Lukáš R, Beran J (2000) CT-guided internal fixation of hangman´s fracture. Eur. Spine. J., 9, 393–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Traynelis VC (1996) Treatment of occiput-C1 injuries. In: Menezes AH (ed) Principles of spinal surgery. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 841–854

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vaccaro AR, Hulbert RJ, Patel AA, Fischer CH, Dvorak M, Lehmann RA, Anderson P, Harrop J, Oner FC, Arnold P, Fehlings M, Hedlund R, Madrazo I, Rechtine G, Aarabi B, Shainline M, and the Spine Trauma Study Group (2007) The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system. A novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of disco-ligamentous complex. Spine 21:2365–2374

    Article  Google Scholar 

References of Section 4.6.2

  1. Albert TJ, Kim DH (2005) Timing of surgical stabilization after cervical and thoracic trauma. J Neurosurg Spine 3:182–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al (1990) A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med 322:1405–1411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al (1998) Methylprednisolone and tirilazad mesylate administration after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow up. Results of the Third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Randomized Controlled Trial. J Neurosurg 89:699–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bracken BB (2001) Methylprednisolone and acute spinal cord injury. An update of the randomized evidence. Spine 26(N24S):S47–S54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bronsard JJ, Tropiano P, Louis C, Kaech DL (2002) Three column spinal fusion using Prospace intervertebral blocks. In: Kaech DL, Jinkins JR (eds) Spinal restabilization procedures. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 153–170

    Google Scholar 

  6. Casha S, Silvaggio J, Hurlbert RJ (2007) Pharmacotherapy for spinal cord injury. In: Amar AP (ed) Surgical management of spinal cord injury: controversies and consensus. Blackwell Futura, pp 18–33

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chance GQ (1948) Note on a type of a flexion fracture of the spine. Br J Radiol 21:452–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Denis F (1983) The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 9:817–831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Denis F (1984) Spinal instability as defined by the three column spine concept in acute spinal trauma. Clin Orthop 189:65–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dick W (1987) Innere Fixation von Brust und Lendenwirbelfrakturen, 2nd edn. Huber, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  11. Emery E (2007) Spinal cord trauma: clinical aspects and surgery. ArgoSpine News J 16:16–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Farcy JP, Weidenbaum M, Glassman SD (1990) Sagittal index in management of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Spine 15:958–965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fehlings MG and the Spine Focus Panel (2001) Summary statement: the use of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. Spine 26(24S):S55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fehlings MG (2001) Editorial: recommendations regarding the use of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. Making sense out of the controversy. Spine 26(24S):S56–S57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fehlings MG, Baptiste DC (2005) Current status of clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury. Injury 36:S-B113–S-B122

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fehlings MG, Perrin RG (2005) The role and timing of early decompression for cervical spinal cord injury: update with a review of recent clinical evidence. Injury 36 (suppl 2):13–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Fehlings MG, Perrin RG (2006) The timing of surgical intervention in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of recent clinical evidence. Spine 31(11S):S28–S35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gerber MS, Sonntag VKH (2007) Controversies in surgical decompression: timing of decompressive surgery of the spinal cord. In: Amar AP (ed) Surgical management of spinal cord injury: controversies and consensus. Blackwell Futura, pp 82–94

    Google Scholar 

  19. Holt BT, McCormack T, Gaines RW (1993) Short segment fusion – anterior or posterior approach? The load sharing classification of spine fractures. Spine 7:189–197

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hurlbert RJ, Moulton R (2002) Why do you prescribe methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury? A Canadian perspective and a position statement. Can J Neurol Sci 29:236–239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jackson RP (1996) Lumbar burst fractures: fixation with pedicle instrumentation and reduction by adjustable contoured translating axes. The text book of spinal surgery, chap 2. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kaech DL, Meier G (1997) Principles, imaging and complications of spinal instrumentation: surgeon’s perspective. In: Jinkins JR (ed) Posttherapeutic neurodiagnostic imaging. Lippincott-Raven, New York, pp 267–302

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lemaire LP, Laloux E (1991) Traitement chirurgical des fractures du rachis dorso-lombaire par abord antérieur. Indications en fonction d’une classification personelle. Orthop Traumatol 1:247–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Licina P, Bowitzke AM (2005) Approach and considerations regarding the patient with spinal injury. Injury 36(suppl 2):2–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Louis R (1985) Spinal stability as defined by the three column spine concept. Anat Clin 7:33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, Harm J, Nazarian S (1994) A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries. Eur Spine J 3:184–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mazel C, Kehr P, Mitulescu A (2006) Tenth International European Association of Research Groups for Spinal Osteosynthesis Symposium: thoracolumbar fractures. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 16:299–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McCormack T, Karaikovic E, Gaines RW (1994) The load sharing classification of spine fractures. Spine 19:1741–1744

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Melcher RP (2005) Thoracolumbar (T11–L2) fracture treatment. Decision criteria: type of construct, long or short instrumentation. ARGOS Spine News 12:14–15

    Google Scholar 

  30. Moulin P (1995) Wirbelsäulenverletzungen. Swiss Med 6:30–33

    Google Scholar 

  31. Olerud C (2005) Thoughts on thoracolumbar spine fractures and correction of posttraumatic kyphosis. ARGOS Spine News 12:9–12

    Google Scholar 

  32. Oner FC, Dhert WJA, Verlaan JJ (2005) Less invasive anterior column reconstruction in thoracolumbar fractures. Injury 36:S-B82–S-B89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rihn JA, Lee JY, Khan M et al (2007): Does lumbar facet fluid detection on magnetic resonance imaging correlate with radiographic instability in patients with degenerative lumbar disease? Spine 32:1555–1560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Robert R (2007) Possibilities of regeneration after spinal cord injury or severing. ArgoSpine News J 16:10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Roger EP, Jones AJ, Benzel EC (2007) Biomechanics of spinal column failure. In: Amar AP (ed) Surgical management of spinal cord injury: controversies and consensus. Blackwell Futura, pp 95–115

    Google Scholar 

  36. Roy-Camille R, Roy-Camille M, Demeulenaere C (1970) Ostéosynthèse du rachis dorsal, lombaire et lombosacré par plaques métalliques vissées dans les pédicules vertébraux et les apophyses articulaires. Presse Med 78:1447

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Roy-Camille R (1986) Internal fixation of the thoracolumbar spine with pedicular screw plating. Clin Orthop 203:7–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Schweitzer KM, Vaccaro AR, Lee JY, et al (2006) Confusion regarding mechanisms of injury in the setting of thoracolumbar spinal trauma: a survey of the Spine Trauma Study Group (STSG). J Spinal Disord Tech 19:528–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Serin E, Karakurt L, Yilmaz E, et al (2004) Effects of two-levels, four-levels, and four-levels plus offset hook posterior fixation techniques on protecting the surgical correction of unstable thoracolumbar vertebral fractures: a clinical study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 14:1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Siebenga J, Leferink VJM, Segers MJM, et al (2006) Treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures: a multicenter prospective randomized study of operative versus nonsurgical treatment. Spine 31:2881–2890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Steib JP (2005) Thoracolumbar fractures. Surgical decision criteria: posterior, anterior or combined approach. ARGOS Spine News 12:28–29

    Google Scholar 

  42. Steib JP (2005) Approach strategy: single, double or combined approach? ARGOS Spine News 12:8–9

    Google Scholar 

  43. Steib JP, Aoui M, Mitulescu A, et al (2005) Thoracolumbar fractures surgically treated by “in situ contouring”. Eur Spine J 15:1823–1832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tator CH, Fehlings M, Thorpe K, et al (1999) Current use and timing of spine surgery for management of acute spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 91:12–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vaccaro AR, Lehman RA, Hurlbert RJ, et al (2005) A new classification of thoracolumbar injuries. The importance of injury morphology, the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex, and neurological status. Spine 30:2325–2333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vaccaro AR, Lehmann RA, Hurlbert RJ, et al (2005) The thoracolumbar injury severity score: a proposed treatment algorithm. J Spinal Disord Tech 18:209–215

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Vaccaro AR, Baron EM, Sanfilippo J, et al (2006) Reliability of a novel classification system for thoracolumbar injuries: the thoracolumbar injury severity score. Spine 31(N11 suppl):S62–S69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Vaccaro AR, Hurlbert RJ, Patel AA, et al (2007) The Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System. A novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine 32:2365–2374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang XY, Dai LY, Xu HZ, et al (2007) The load-sharing classification of thoracolumbar fractures: an in vitro biomechanical validation. Spine 32:1214–1219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang XY, Dai LY, Xu HZ, Chi YL (2008) Kyphosis recurrence after posterior short segment fixation in thoracolumbar burst fractures. J Neurosurg Spine 8:246–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Weyreuther M, Heyde CE, Westphal M, et al (2007) MRI atlas, orthopedics and neurosurgery, the spine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

    Google Scholar 

  52. Whang PG, Vaccaro AR, Poelstra KA, et al (2007) The influence of fracture mechanism and morphology on the reliability and validity of two novel thoracolumbar injury classification systems. Spine 32:791–795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. White AA, Bernhardt M, Panjabi MM (1999) Clinical biomechanics and lumbar spine instability. In: Szpalski M, Gunzburg R, Pope M (eds) Lumbar segmental instability. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 15–26

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, Regional Hospital, Husova Street, 10, 46063, Liberec, Czech Republic

    Petr Suchomel

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Graubünden, 7000, Chur, Switzerland

    Denis L. Kaech

Authors
  1. Petr Suchomel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Denis L. Kaech
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Bogenhausen Academic Teaching Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Englschalkinger Straße 77, 81925, München, Germany

    Christianto B. Lumenta

  2. Istituto di Neurochirurgica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Policlinico Gemelli, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Concezio Di Rocco

  3. Institute of Health Science and Technology, Faculties of Engineering, Science and Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers vej 7 D3, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark

    Jens Haase

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen Medical Centre UMCG, 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Netherlands

    Jan Jakob A. Mooij

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suchomel, P., Kaech, D. (2010). Spinal Trauma. In: Lumenta, C., Di Rocco, C., Haase, J., Mooij, J. (eds) Neurosurgery. European Manual of Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79565-0_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79565-0_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79564-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79565-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation