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Physiology and Metabolic Requirements of Pathogenic Fungi

  • Chapter
Human and Animal Relationships

Part of the book series: The Mycota ((MYCOTA,volume 6))

This chapter mainly focuses on fungi which can grow, replicate and distribute without the urgent need for a mammalian host but which may, under certain conditions, cause severe invasive infections. A focus is given on Candida, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species. Because they are free-living, these micro-organisms have to be able to adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. The enzymatic toolbox of these fungi has to provide the ability for the de novo synthesis of all growth factors, the metabolism of various carbon and nitrogen sources, resistance against heat- and cold-shock, and resistance against osmotic stress.

Fungal infections, defined here as diseases caused by fungi (not only the acquisition or persistence), mostly require a suppressed host immune system. This immunosuppression can either be caused by drugs in transplant medicine or by illnesses like leukaemia, AIDS, and neutropenia. Nevertheless, these fungi have to be able to overcome or hide from the residual immune system. In this respect, Cryptococcus and Candida species may have adapted more specifically to life within a host compared to Aspergillus species. For example, Can. albicans is able to escape attack from the complement cascade by binding the complement regulators factor H and FHL-1 (Meri et al. 2002, 2004). In addition, environmental conditions such as contact with serum or a temperature shift to at least 37°C mediate a switch from yeast to hyphal growth. The hyphae have a much higher capacity to invade tissues and are attributed as a prerequisite for invasive infections. Cryptococcus neoformans is also able to form filaments under specific conditions, but filamentous growth is not required for infection rather than for the formation of basidiospores. However, genes involved in mating (e.g. STEA12) seem to play a role in capsule formation. This ability to form a polysaccharide capsule seems to create some advantages in growth within infected tissues and dissemination into the brain. In addition, particles from the capsule are released after phagocytosis by macrophages, which accumulate in vesicles and may cause macrophage dysfunction or even cell death (Steenbergen and Casadevall 2003). Although the ability for capsule formation is an important virulence factor, the capsule is not specifically formed during infection but also forms in the natural habitat, the soil, and may protect the fungus from desiccation.

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  1. Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany

    Matthias Brock

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  1. Matthias Brock
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  1. Leibniz Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e.V. Hans-Knöll-Institut, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 00745, Jena, Germany

    Axel A. Brakhage  & Peter F. Zipfel  & 

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Brock, M. (2008). Physiology and Metabolic Requirements of Pathogenic Fungi. In: Brakhage, A.A., Zipfel, P.F. (eds) Human and Animal Relationships. The Mycota, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79307-6_4

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