Skip to main content

Tax and Corporate Governance: An Economic Approach

  • Conference paper
Tax and Corporate Governance

Abstract

How do the tax system and corporate governance arrangements interact? This chapter begins by reviewing an emerging literature that explores how agency problems create such interactions and provides evidence on their importance. This literature has neglected how taxation can interact with the various mechanisms that have arisen to ameliorate the corporate governance problem, such as concentrated ownership, accounting and information systems, high-powered incentives, financing choices, payout policy, and the market for corporate control. The remainder of the chapter outlines potentially fruitful areas for future research into how these mechanisms may respond to the tax system.

The authors thank participants in the Symposium on Tax and Corporate Governance at the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law in Munich, and seminar participants at Harvard Law School and UCLA Law School, for helpful comments. Desai acknowledges the financial support of the Division of Research of Harvard Business School.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 209.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 209.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. See DESAI/DHARMAPALA/FUNG, Taxation and the Evolution of Aggregate Corporate Ownership Concentration, in: AUERBACH/HINES/SLEMROD (eds.), Taxing Corporate Income in the 21st Century, 345–383 (2007) for a discussion of the Berle-Means argument (cf. BERLE/MEANS, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932)).

    Google Scholar 

  2. For more on tax shelters, see e.g. BANKMAN, The Tax Shelter Problem, 57 National Tax Journal 925–36 (2004) and WEISBACH, Ten Truths about Tax Shelters, 55 Tax Law Review 215–253 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  3. DESAI/ DYCK/ ZINGALES, Theft and Taxes, 84 Journal of Financial Economics 591–623 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, Corporate Tax Avoidance and High Powered Incentives, 79 Journal of Financial Economics 145–179 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. See DESAI/DHARMAPALA, id.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION, Report of Investigation of Enron Corporation and Related Entities Regarding Federal Tax and Compensation Issues, and Policy Recommendations, vol. 1–3 (2003) (see http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/joint/hjoint01cp108.html).

    Google Scholar 

  7. JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION, id.

    Google Scholar 

  8. JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION, id.

    Google Scholar 

  9. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, Earnings Management and Corporate Tax Shelters, Harvard Business School Finance Working Paper 884812 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  10. See DESAI/DYCK/ZINGALES, supra note 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. DESAI/ DYCK/ ZINGALES, note 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. DESAI/ DYCK/ ZINGALES, id.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. “Russia starts paying dividends: Shareholders are benefiting from improved corporate governance, says Andrew Jack”, Financial Times, September 17, 2001, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  14. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, supra note 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. MANZON/ PLESKO, The Relation Between Financial and Tax Reporting Measures of Income, 55 Tax Law Review 175–214 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Reviewed e.g. in HANLON, What Can We Infer about a Firm’s Taxable Income from Its Financial Statements?, 56 National Tax Journal 831–863 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  17. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, supra note 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, Corporate Tax Avoidance and Firm Value, Working Paper (2006) (available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=689562). This sample of firms was first identified and studied by GRAHAM/TUCKER, Tax Shelters and Corporate Debt Policy, 81 Journal of Financial Economics 563–594 (2006). However, the number of firms involved in such litigation is small, and so their measure of tax sheltering activity is not suitable for a large-sample approach.

    Google Scholar 

  19. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, supra note 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Governance characteristics are measured using the index constructed by GOMPERS/ISHII/METRICK, Corporate Governance and Equity Prices, 118 Quarterly Journal of Economics 107–156 (2003) and by a measure of the extent of institutional ownership.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA, supra note 18.

    Google Scholar 

  22. HANLON/ SLEMROD, What Does Tax Aggressiveness Signal? Evidence from Stock Price Reactions to News About Tax Aggressiveness, Working Paper (2007) (available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=975252). This sample includes a total of 108 events, and so (while somewhat broader than that constructed by GRAHAM/TUCKER, supra note 18) is quite small.

    Google Scholar 

  23. See DESAI/DHARMAPALA, supra note 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. DESAI/ HINES, Expectations and Expatriations: Tracing the Causes and Consequences of Corporate Inversions, 55 National Tax Journal 409–440 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  25. ERICKSON/ HANLON/ MAYDEW, How Much Will Firms Pay for Earnings That Do Not Exist? Evidence of Taxes Paid on Allegedly Fraudulent Earnings, 79 Accounting Review 387–408 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. GUEDHAMI/ PITTMAN, The Importance of IRS Monitoring to Debt Pricing in Private Firms, Working Paper (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  27. In the following, we limit our attention to the for-profit sector. It is worth briefly noting that the tax system is particularly important to governance of non-profit organizations. For example, tax returns for non-profits are made public and tax benefits can be contingent on operational decisions (levels of charitable activities) or financing decisions (payout decisions for foundations). For more on the governance of non-profits, see DESAI/YETMAN, Constraining Managers without Owners: Governance of the Not-for-Profit Enterprise, NBER Working Paper No. 11140 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  28. LA PORTA/ LOPEZ-DE-SILANES/ SHLEIFER, Corporate Ownership around the World, 54 Journal of Finance 471–517 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. ROE,_Corporate Law’s Limits, 31 Journal of Legal Studies 233–272 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  30. See BERLE/MEANS, supra note 1.

    Google Scholar 

  31. See MILLER, Debt and Taxes, 32 Journal of Finance 261–275 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. DESAI/ DHARMAPALA/ FUNG, supra note 1.

    Google Scholar 

  33. MORCK, How to Eliminate Pyramidal Business Groups: The Double Taxation of Inter-corporate Dividends and Other Incisive Uses of Tax Policy, in: POTERBA (ed.), 19 Tax Policy and the Economy 135–179 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  34. MORCK/ YEUNG, Dividend Taxation and Corporate Governance, 19 Journal of Economic Perspectives 163–180 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. DESAI/ GENTRY, The Character and Determinants of Corporate Capital Gains, in: POTERBA (ed.), 18 Tax Policy and the Economy 1–36 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  36. EDWARDS/ LANG/ MAYDEW/ SHACKELFORD, Germany’s Repeal of the Corporate Capital Gains Tax: The Equity Market Response, 26 Journal of the American Taxation Association, Supplement 73–97 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  37. HOLMEN/ HÖGFELDT, Pyramidal Discounts: Tunneling or Agency Costs, ECGI Working Paper Series in Finance (2005) (available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=676506).

    Google Scholar 

  38. MORCK/ PERCY/ TIAN/ YEUNG, The Rise and Fall of the Widely Held Firm: A History of Canadian Corporate Ownership, in: MORCK (ed.), A History of Corporate Governance Around the World, 65–148 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  39. DESAI/ FOLEY/ HINES, The Demand for Tax Haven Operations, 90 Journal of Public Economics 513–531 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. ANTRAS/ DESAI/ FOLEY, Multinational Firms, FDI Flows and Imperfect Capital Markets, NBER Working Paper No. 12855 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  41. JU/ WEI, Domestic Institutions and the Bypass Effect of International Capital Flows, IMF Working Paper (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  42. See DESAI/HINES, Old Rules and New Realities: Corporate Tax Policy in a Global Setting, 57 National Tax Journal 937–960 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  43. For a review of the history of the dual information system, see LENTER/SLEMROD/SHACKELFORD, Public Disclosure of Corporate Tax Return Information: Accounting, Economics, and Legal Perspectives, 56 National Tax Journal 803–830 (2003); KNOTT/ROSENFELD, Book and Tax: A Selective Exploration of Two Parallel Universes, Parts One and Two, 99 Tax Notes 865–897 and 1043–1080 (2003); and DESAI, The Degradation of Reported Corporate Profits, 19 Journal of Economic Perspectives 171–192 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  44. HANLON, supra note 16.

    Google Scholar 

  45. GRAHAM/ MILLS, Using Tax Return Data to Simulate Corporate Marginal Tax Rates, Working Paper (2007) (available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=959245); PLESKO, Corporate Tax Avoidance and the Properties of Corporate Earnings, 57 National Tax Journal 729–737 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  46. MILLS/ PLESKO, Bridging the Reporting Gap: A Proposal for More Informative Reconciling of Book and Tax Income, 56 National Tax Journal 865–893 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  47. DESAI, Reform Alternatives for the Corporate Tax, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures of the House Committee on Ways and Means, Washington DC, May 9, 2006 (see http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=4936).

    Google Scholar 

  48. HANLON/ MAYDEW, Book-Tax Conformity: Implications for Multinational Firms (2006) (see http://ssrn.com/abstract=983907).

    Google Scholar 

  49. SHACKELFORD, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures of the House Committee on Ways and Means, Washington DC, May 9, 2006 (see http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=144).

    Google Scholar 

  50. See e.g. SCHÖN, International Accounting Standards — A Starting Point for a Common European Tax Base?, 44 European Taxation 426–440 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  51. See FREEDMAN, Aligning Taxable Profits and Accounting Profits: Accounting Standards, Legislators and Judges, 2 eJournal of Tax Research 71–99 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  52. PERRY/ ZENNER, Pay for Performance? Government Regulation and the Structure of Compensation Contracts, 62 Journal of Financial Economics 453–488 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. ROSE/ WOLFRAM, Regulating Executive Pay: Using the Tax Code to Influence Chief Executive Officer Compensation, 20 Journal of Labor Economics S138–S175 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. See KATUSCAK, The Impact of Personal Income Taxation on Executive Compensation, Working Paper (2004) (available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=649851).

    Google Scholar 

  55. BEBCHUK, Testimony before House Financial Services Committee on Shareholder Advisory Votes on Compensation, March 8, 2007 (see http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/bebchuk/pdfs/2007_HFSC.pdf).

    Google Scholar 

  56. SCHIZER, Executives and Hedging: The Fragile Legal Foundation of Incentive Compatibility, 100 Columbia Law Review 440–504 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. See JENSEN/MECKLING, Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, 3 Journal of Financial Economics 305–360 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. GRAHAM/ TUCKER, supra note 18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. See JENSEN, Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers, 76 American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 323–329 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  60. ARLEN/ WEISS, A Political Theory of Corporate Taxation, 105 Yale Law Journal 325–391 (1995) argue that the persistence of the double taxation of dividends is itself attributable to an agency problem, as managers have insufficient incentives to lobby for corporate tax integration.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. CHRISTIE/ NANDA, Free Cash Flow, Shareholder Value, and the Undistributed Profits Tax of 1936 and 1937, 49 Journal of Finance 1727–1754 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. BANK, Is Double Taxation a Scapegoat for Declining Dividends? Evidence from History, 56 Tax Law Review 463, 471–472 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  63. CHETTY/ SAEZ, Dividend Taxes and Corporate Behavior: Evidence from the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut, 120 Quarterly Journal of Economics 791–834 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. BROWN/ LIANG/ WEISBENNER, Executive Financial Incentives and Payout Policy: Evidence from the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut, 62 Journal of Finance 1936–1965 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. BANKMAN, The Structure of Silicon Valley Startups, 41 UCLA Law Review 1737–1768 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  66. GILSON/ SCHIZER, Understanding Venture Capital Structure: A Tax Explanation for Convertible Preferred Stock, 116 Harvard Law Review 874–916 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. POTERBA, Venture Capital and Capital Gains Taxation, in: SUMMERS (ed.), 3 Tax Policy and the Economy 47–67 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  68. CULLEN/ GORDON, Taxes and Entrepreneurial Activity: Theory and Evidence for the U.S., NBER Working Paper 9015 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  69. KEUSCHNIGG/ NIELSEN, Tax Policy, Venture Capital, and Entrepreneurship, 87 Journal of Public Economics 175–203 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. See MOELLER/SCHLINGEMANN/STULZ, Wealth Destruction on a Massive Scale? 60 Journal of Finance 757–782 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. SHLEIFER/ VISHNY, Stock Market Driven Acquisitions, 70 Journal of Financial Economics 295–311 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. GILSON/ SCHOLES/ WOLFSON, Taxation and the Dynamics of Corporate Control: The Uncertain Case for Tax Motivated Acquisitions, in: COFFEE/LOWENSTEIN/ROSE-ACKERMANN (eds.), Knights, Raiders, and Targets: The Impact of the Hostile Takeover, 271–299 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Desai, M.A., Dharmapala, D. (2008). Tax and Corporate Governance: An Economic Approach. In: Schön, W. (eds) Tax and Corporate Governance. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77276-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics