Before the first neutron star was discovered in 1967 as a radio pulsar1 by Jocelyn Bell [22] it had been predicted that neutron stars can be powerful sources of thermal X-ray emission, having surface temperatures of about one million Kelvin [11, 78]. This prediction and the discovery of the first pulsar became one of many motivations for further developing X-ray astronomy at the end of the 1950s. Observational study of thermal radiation from neutron stars began in 1978 with the launch of the Einstein observatory which detected X-ray emission in the 0.2—4 keV range from a number of neutron stars and neutron star candidates. The ROSAT mission which was sensitive in the 0.1—2.4 keV range marks the beginning of the “decade of space science”, which in the 1990s provided many important results on observing X-ray emission from neutron stars. By extending the energy range up to 10 keV ASCA and BeppoSAX added important information on the pulsar emission in the harder band pass whereas EUVE and HST allowed to study neutron stars in the very soft 0.07—0.2 keV and optical/UV bands. More details on results from observations of neutron stars can be found in the Chaps. 6—8. New excellent observational data on neutron stars collected with two currently operating powerful X-ray observatories, Chandra and XMM-Newton (both launched in 1999), provide a breakthrough in studying emission properties of these enigmatic objects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
C. Alcock, A.F. Illarionov, 1980, ApJ,235, 534
W. Becker, J. Trümper, 1993, Nature,365, 528
W. Becker, J. Trümper, 1997, A & A,326, 682
W. Becker, M.C. Weisskopf, A.F. Tennant, A. Jessner, J. Dyks, et al., 2004, ApJ,615, 908
V.G. Bezchastnov, G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A Shibanov, V.E. Zavlin, 1996, inGamma-ray Bursts, ed. C. Kouveliotou, M. Briggs, G.J. Fishman, AIP Conf. Proc. 384, (New York: Woodbury), p. 907
G.F. Bignami, P.A. Caraveo, A. De Luca, S. Mereghetti, 2003, Nature,423, 725
S. Bogdanov, J.E. Grindlay, C.O. Heike, F. Camilo, P.C.C. Freire, et al., 2006, ApJ,646, 1104
S. Bogdanov, G.B. Rybicki, J.E. Grindlay, 2007, ApJ,670, 668
T. Bulik, G.G. Pavlov, 1995, ApJ,469, 373
P. Chang, L. Bildsten, 2004, ApJ,605
H.-Y. Chiu, E.E. Salpeter, 1964, Phys. Rev. Lett.,12, 413
A. De Luca, P.A. Caraveo, S. Mereghetti, M. Negroni, G.F. Bignami, 2005, ApJ,623, 1051
B.M. Gaensler, S. Chatterjee, P.O. Slane, E. van Swalw, F. Camilo, et al., 2006, ApJ,648, 1037
B.T. Gänsicke, T.M. Braje, R.W. Romani, 2002, A&A,386, 1001
Yu.N. Gnedin, G.G. Pavlov, 1974, JETP,38, 903
M.E. Gonzalez, V.M. Kaspi, F. Camilo, B.M. Gaensler, M.J. Pivovaroff, 2005, ApJ,630, 489
E.V. Gotthelf, J.P. Halpern, 2007, ApJ,664, L35
E.V. Gotthelf, J.P. Halpern, F.D. Seward, 2005, ApJ,627, 390
G. Greenstein, G.J. Hartke, 1983, ApJ,271, 283
F. Haberl, 2007, Ap&SS,308, 181
C.O. Heinke, G.B. Rybicki, R. Narayan, J.E. Grindlay, 2006, ApJ,664, 1090
A. Hewish, S.J. Bell, J.D.H. Pilkington, P.F. Scott, R.A. Collins, 1968, Nature,217, 709
W.C.G. Ho, D. Lai, 2001, MNRAS,327, 1081
W.C.G. Ho, D. Lai, 2003, MNRAS,338, 233
W.C.G. Ho, D. Lai, A.Y. Potekhin, G. Chabrier, 2003, ApJ,599, 1293
M.S. Jackson, J.P. Halpern, 2006, ApJ,633, 1114
A.D. Kaminker, G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A. Shibanov, 1982, Ap&SS,86, 249
O.Y. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, 2007, Ap&SS,308, 287
O.Y. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, G.P. Garmire, 2006, ApJ,636, 406
O.Y. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, R.W. Romani, 2004, ApJ,602, 327
O.Y. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, R.W. Romani, 2005, ApJ,625, 307
V.M. Kaspi, 2004, inYoung Neutron Stars and Their Environments, ed. F. Camilo, B.M. Gaensler, IAU Symp. 218 (San Francisco: ASP), p. 231
V.M. Kaspi, 2007, Ap&SS,308, 1
M. Kramer, A.G. Lyne, G. Hobbs, O. Löhmer, P. Carr, et al., 2003, ApJ,593, L31
D. Lai, E.E. Salpeter, 1997, ApJ,491, 270
K.E. McGowan, J.A. Kennea, S. Zane, F.A. Córdova, M. Cropper, et al., 2003, ApJ,591, 380
K.E. McGowan, S. Zane, M. Cropper, J.A. Kennea, F.A. Córdova, et al., 2004, ApJ,600, 343
K.E. McGowan, S. Zane, M. Cropper, W.T. Vestrand, C. Ho, 2006, ApJ,639, 377
D. Mihalas, 1978,Stellar Atmospheres(San Francisco: Freeman)
K. Mori, J.C. Chonko, C.J Hailey, 2005,631, 1082
K. Mori, C.J. Hailey, 2002, ApJ,564, 914
K. Mori, C.J. Hailey, 2006, ApJ,648, 1139
K. Mori, W.C.G. Ho, 2007, MNRAS,377, 905
M.A. Nowak, S. Heinz, M.C. Begelman, 2002, ApJ,573, 778
H. Ö gelamn, 1995, inThe Lives of Neutron Stars, ed. A. Alpar, U. Kilizóglu, J. van Paradijs (Dordrecht: Kluwer), p. 101
C.M. Olbert, C.R. Clearfield, N.E. Willams, J.W. Keohane, D.A. Frail, 2001, ApJ,554, L205
F. Ö zel, 2001, ApJ,563, 276
G.G. Pavlov, 1998, inAtoms and Molucules in Strong External Fields, ed. P. Schmelcher, W. Schweizer (New York: Plenum), p. 37
G.G. Pavlov, Yu.N. Gnedin, 1984, Astr. Space Phys. Rev.,3, 197
G.G. Pavlov, P. Mészáros, 1993, ApJ,416, 752
G.G. Pavlov, Y.A. Potekhin, 1995, ApJ,450, 883
G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A. Shibanov, J. Ventura, V.E Zavlin, 1994, A&A,289, 847
G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A. Shibanov, V.E Zavlin, R.D. Meyer, 1995, inThe Lives of Neutron Stars, ed. A. Alpar, U. Kilizóglu, J. van Paradijs (Dordrecht: Kluwer), p. 71
G.G. Pavlov, V.E Zavlin, 1997, ApJ,490, L91
G.G. Pavlov, V.E Zavlin, 2000, ApJ,529, 1011
G.G. Pavlov, V.E Zavlin, 2000, inHighly Energetic Physical Processes and Mechanisms for Emission from Astrophysical Plasmas, ed. P.C.H. Martens, S. Tsuruta, M.A. Weber (PASP: IAU Symp. 195), p. 103
G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, D. Sanwal, 2002, inNeutron Stars, Pulsars, and Supernova Remnants, ed. W. Becker, H. Lesch, J. Trümper (MPE Report 278), p. 273
G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, D. Sanwal, V. Burwitz, G.P. Garmire, 2001, ApJ,552, L129
K.R. Pechenick, C. Ftaclas, J.M. Cohen, 1983 ApJ,274, 846
J.A. Pons, F.M. Walter, J.M. Lattimer, M. Prakash, R. Neuhäuser, 2002, ApJ,564, 981
A.Y. Potekhin, D. Lai, G. Chabrier, W.C.G. Ho, 2004, ApJ,612, 1034
M. Rajagopal, R.W. Romani, 1996, ApJ,461, 327
M. Rajagopal, R.W. Romani, M.C. Miller, 1997, ApJ,479, 347
R.W. Romani, 1987, ApJ,313, 718
R.W. Romani, C.-Y. Ng, R. Dodson, W. Brisken, 2005, ApJ,631, 480
R.E. Rutledge, L. Bildsten, E.F. Brown, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, 1999, ApJ,514, 945
R.E. Rutledge, L. Bildsten, E.F. Brown, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, 2000, ApJ,529, 985 (2000)
R.E. Rutledge, L. Bildsten, E.F. Brown, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, 2001, ApJ,551, 921
R.E. Rutledge, L. Bildsten, E.F. Brown, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, 2001, ApJ,559, 1054
R.E. Rutledge, L. Bildsten, E.F. Brown, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, et al., 2002, ApJ,580, 413
D. Sanwal, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, M.A Teter, 2002, ApJ,574, L61
S. Shapiro, S. Teukolsky, 1983,Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars(New York: Wiley)
Yu.A. Shibanov, V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, J. Ventura, 1992, A&A,266, 313
Yu.A. Shibanov, V.E. Zavlin, 1995, Astron. Lett.,21, 3
P. Slane, D.J. Helfand, E. van der Swaluw, S.S. Murray, 2004, ApJ,616, 403
P. Slane, E.R. Zimmerman, J.P. Hughes, F.D. Seward, B.M. Gaensler, et al., 2004, ApJ,601, 1045
A.F. Tennant, W. Becker, M. Juda, R.F. Elsner, J.J. Kolodziejczak, et al., 2001, ApJ,554, 173
S. Tsuruta, 1964, Ph.D. Thesis (New York: Columbia University)
R. Turolla, S. Zane, J.J. Drake, 2004, ApJ,603, 265
M. van Adelsberg, D. Lai, A.Y. Potekhin, P. Arras, 2005, ApJ,628, 902
M.H. van Kerkwijk, D.L. Kaplan, 2007, Ap&SS,308, 279
M.C. Weisskopf, M. Karovska, G.G. Pavlov, V.E. Zavlin, T. Clarke, 2007, Ap&SS,308, 151
K. Werner, J. Deetjen, 2000, inPulsar Astronomy — 2000 and Beyond, ed. M. Kramer, N. Wex, R. Wielebinski (ASP Conf. Ser. 202), p. 623
R. Wijnands, G. Matteo, M. van der Klis, M. Mèndez, 2002, ApJ,573, L45
R. Wijnands, M. Nowak, J.M. Miller, J. Homan, S. Wachter, et al., 2003, ApJ,594, 952
D.G. Yakovlev, O.Y. Gnedin, M.E. Gusakov, A.D. Kaminker, K.P. Levenfish, et al., 2005, Nuc. Phys. A,752, 590
D.G. Yakovlev, K.P. Levenfish, P. Haensel, 2003, A&A,407, 265
S. Zane, R. Turolla, L. Stella, A. Treves, 2001, ApJ,560, 384
V.E. Zavlin, 2006, ApJ,638, 951
V.E. Zavlin, 2007, Ap&SS,308, 297
V.E. Zavlin, 2007, ApJ,665, L143
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, 1998, A&A,329, 583
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, 2002, inNeutron Stars, Pulsars, and Supernova Remnants, ed. W. Becker, H. Lesch, J. Trümper (MPE Report 278), p. 263
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, 2004, ApJ,616, 452
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, 2004, Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital.,75, 458
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, D. Sanwal, R.N. Manchester, J. Trümper, et al., 2002, ApJ,569, 894
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, D. Sanwal, J. Trümper, 2000, ApJ,540, L25 (2000)
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A. Shibanov, 1996, AüA,315, 141
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A. Shibanov, F.J. Rogers, C.A. Iglesias, 1996, inRöntgen-strahlung from the Universe, ed. H.-U. Zimmermann, J. Trümper, H. Yorke (MPE Report 263), p. 209
V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, Yu.A. Shibanov, J. Ventura, 1995, A&A,297, 441
V.E. Zavlin, Yu.A. Shibanov, G.G. Pavlov, 1995, Astron. Lett.,21, 149
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zavlin, V.E. (2009). Theory of Radiative Transfer in Neutron Star Atmospheres and Its Applications. In: Becker, W. (eds) Neutron Stars and Pulsars. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 357. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76965-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76965-1_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76964-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-76965-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)