Abstract
The act of terrorism is as ‘old as human history’ and has been a focus of policy and research for centuries (Czech National Alliance (Great Britain). 1916; Kurth-Cronin 2002/2003: 34). Earlier work on terrorism largely focused on definitions (Bergesen/Han 2005). As the literature addressing terrorism continues to expand however, so have the various methods of analysis from statistical and criminal networks analyses, to sociological analyses, among others (Enders/Sandler 2005; Xu/Chen 2005; Turk 2004). The phenomenon of terrorism has been widely examined from a security analysis standpoint as well, albeit significantly dominated by state and international security perspectives, examining in what ways states are currently threatened by terrorism, and how they can and ought to respond (Tan 2004; Carpenter/Wiencek 2005). These approaches usually address the legal and military measures to ‘combat’ the threat so as to first maintain state integrity and second to protect the primary or first level targets of terrorist acts (such as ‘innocents’).
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References
Itamar Marcus: “Promoting Women Terrorists”, in: Jerusalem Post (9 October 2003), at: <http://www.pmw. org.il/index.html>.
The following discussion is a further development of an earlier work which has appeared in Hoogensen, 2005b. This discussion is also taken up by Hoogensen in Brauch, et al 2008. The stages of analysis are indicated in bold script as individual, societal/identity, national/ state, and international/global. The stages are presented horizontally in an attempt to avoid a prioritization of one stage over another. The arrows between the stages indicate relationships, where many of the stages have overlapping relationships. The individual and societal/identity stages are bracketed together to indicate an additional strength in their relationship, while societal/ identity, national/state, and international/global are italicized to indicate a recognized additional interconnectivity between them. The dynamics of security are indicated by dotted lines and arrows spanning across those stages to which they most relate.
See: BBC News, 1 January 2005: “Labour dismissed ID cards in 1974”; at: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/uk/ 4139049.stm>.
George W. Bush: “United States State of the Union Address” (Washington, D.C.: White House, 2004), at: <http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2004/>.
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© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Hoogensen, G. (2008). Non-state Based Terrorism and Security. In: Brauch, H.G., et al. Globalization and Environmental Challenges. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75977-5_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75977-5_31
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