Abstract
Our knowledge of the Earth System ultimately comes from observations. Although observations have uncertainties and biases, they are the “truth” against which theories and models must be confronted and evaluated. Predictions of the variability of the Earth System require an understanding of the variability in the observations representing the “truth”. This requires observations that are: (i) high quality, i.e., have small errors and biases; (ii) consistent, i.e., there is uniformity in the observing system characteristics; and (iii) long-term, i.e., the results have statistical significance. Depending on application, there may be further observational requirements. For example, for monitoring climate change, global coverage would generally be required; for studying high impact weather, high spatial and temporal resolution would generally be required.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bertaux, J.-L., E. Kyrölä and T. Wehr, 2000. Stellar occultation technique for atmospheric ozone monitoring: GOMOS on Envisat. Earth. Observ. Q., 67, 17–20.
Bovensmann, H., J.P. Burrows, M. Buchwitz, et al., 1999. SCIAMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150.
Burrows, J.P., M. Weber, M. Buchwitz, et al., 1999. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission concept and first scientific results. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151–175.
Dethof, A., 2003. Assimilation of ozone retrievals from the MIPAS instrument onboard ENVISAT. ECMWF Tech. Memo., 428.
European Space Agency, ESA, 2005. Mission Requirements Document for the European Radar Observatory Sentinel-1, E. Attema, ES-RS-ESA-SY-0007.
European Space Agency, ESA, 2007a. GMES Sentinel-2 Mission Requirements Document, ESA Sentinel-2 Team, EOP-SM/1163/MR-dr.
European Space Agency, ESA, 2007b. Sentinel-3 Mission Requirements Document, M.R. Drinkwater and H. Rebhan, EOP-SMO/1151/MD-md.
European Space Agency, ESA, 2007c. GMES Sentinels 4 and 5 Mission Requirements Document, EOP-SMA/1507.
Fischer, H., C. Blom, H. Oelhaf, et al., 2000. Envisat MIPAS – An instrument for atmospheric chemistry and climate research. Readings, C and R.A. Harris (eds.), ESA Publication SP-1229, The Netherlands.
GCOS-92, 2004. Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in support of the UNFCCC. GCOS-92, WMO/TD No. 1219, October 2004.
GCOS-107, 2006. Systematic observation requirements for satellite-based products for climate. Supplemental details to the satellite-based component of the “Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in support of the UNFCCC”. GCOS-107, WMO/TD No. 1338, September 2006.
GCOS-129, 2009. Progress report on the implementation of the Global Observing System for Climate in support of the UNFCCC 2004–2008. GCOS-129, WMO/TD No. 1489, GOOS-173, GTOS-70, August 2009.
Gille, J.C. and J.M. Russell, 1984. The limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere: Experiment description, performance, and results. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5125–5140.
Gunson, M.R., M.M. Abbas, M.C. Abrams, et al., 1996. The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment: Deployment on the ATLAS Space Shuttle missions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2333–2336.
Hollingsworth, A., 2005. Global Earth-system Modelling using Space and in situ data. ECMWF Seminar Proceedings,September 2005, Reading. Available from http://www.ecmwf.int.
Hollinsgworth, A., R.J. Engelen, C. Textor, et al., 2008. The Global Earth-system Monitoring using Satellite and in-situ data (GEMS) Project: Towards a monitoring and forecasting system for atmospheric composition. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2355.1.
IGACO, 2004. The Changing Atmosphere. An Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation theme for the IGOS partnership. ESA SP-1282, Report GAW No. 159 (WMO TD No. 1235), September 2004; Implementation up-date, December 2004. Available from: http://www.igospartners.org/docsTHEM.htm.
Joiner, J., H.-T. Lee, L.L. Strow, et al., 1998. Radiative transfer in the 9.6 μm HIRS ozone channel using collocated SBUV-determined ozone abundances. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19213–19230.
Kalnay, E., 2003. Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and Predictability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 364pp.
Kerridge, B.J., W.J. Reburn, V.L. Jay, et al., 2005. ESA Capacity Study. Report for WP2200, May 2005. Available from http://www.knmi.nl/capacity/FinalDocs/.
Lahoz, W.A., 2003. Research Satellites. In Data Assimilation for the Earth System. NATO Science Series: IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences 26, Swinbank, R., V. Shutyaev and W.A. Lahoz (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 241–250, 378pp.
Lahoz, W.A., R. Brugge, D.R. Jackson, S. Migliorini, R. Swinbank, D. Lary and A. Lee, 2005. An Observing System Simulation Experiment to evaluate the scientific merit of wind and ozone measurements from the future SWIFT instrument. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 503–523.
Lahoz, W.A., Q. Errera, R. Swinbank and D. Fonteyn, 2007a. Data assimilation of stratospheric constituents: A review. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5745–5773.
Lahoz, W.A., A.J. Geer, S. Bekki, N. Bormann, S. Ceccherini, Q. Errera, H.J. Eskes, D. Fonteyn, D.R. Jackson, B. Khattatov, S. Massart, V.-H. Peuch, S. Rharmili, M. Ridolfi, A. Segers, O. Talagrand, H. Thornton, A.F. Vik and T. von Clarmann, 2007b. The Assimilation of Envisat data (ASSET) project. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1773–1796.
Lamarque, J.-F., B.V. Khattatov and J.C. Gille, 2002. Constraining tropospheric ozone column through data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001249.
Levelt, P.F., G.H.J. van den Oord, M.R. Dobber, et al., 2006. The ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 44, 1093–1101.
Levelt, P., P. Veefkind and the CAMELOT Team, 2009. ESA CAMELOT Study: Challenges in future operational missions for GMES atmospheric monitoring, sentinel 4 and 5. Geophys. Res. Abs., 11, EGU2009-8911.
McPeters, R.D., P.K. Bhartia, A. Krueger, et al., 1998. Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User’s Guide. NASA Reference Publication 1998-206895.
Miller, A.J., R.M. Nagatani, L.E. Flynn, et al., 2002. A cohesive total ozone data set from the SBUV(/2) satellite system. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000853.
Murtagh, D., U. Fisk, F. Merino, et al., 2002. An overview of the Odin atmospheric mission. Can. J. Phys., 80, 309–319.
Nakajima, H., T. Sugita, T. Yokota, et al., 2006. Characteristics and performance of the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) on board the ADEOS-II satellite. J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2005JD006334.
Offermann, D., K.-U. Grossman, P. Barthol, et al., 1999. The cryogenic infrared spectrometer and telescopes for the atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment and middle atmosphere variability. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16311–16327.
Palmer, P.I. and P. Rayner, 2009. Launch failure. Nat. Geosci., 2, April 2009.
Roche, A.E., J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler, et al., 1993. The Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) on UARS: Experiment description and performance. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10763–10775.
Rodgers, C.D., 2000. Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice. World Scientific, Singapore, 238pp.
Rood, R.B., 2003. Ozone assimilation. In Data Assimilation for the Earth System. NATO Science Series: IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences 26, Swinbank, R., V. Shutyaev and W.A. Lahoz (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 263–277, 378pp.
Rood, R.B., 2005. Assimilation of stratospheric meteorological and constituent observations: A Review. SPARC Newsletter, 25, July 2005.
Russell III, J.M., L.L. Gordley, J.H. Park, et al., 1993. The Halogen occultation experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10777–19797.
Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass and J. Joiner, 2008. Introduction to special section on Aura Validation. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 10.1029/2007JD009602.
Struthers, H., R. Brugge, W.A. Lahoz, A. O’Neill and R. Swinbank, 2002. Assimilation of ozone profiles and total column measurements into a global general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000957.
Waters, J.W., 1998. Atmospheric measurements by the MLS experiments: Results from UARS and plans for the future. Adv. Space Res., 21, 1363–1372.
Waters, J.W., L. Froidevaux, R.S. Harwood, et al., 2006. The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 44, 1075–1092.
WMO: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2006. World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lahoz, W. (2010). Research Satellites. In: Lahoz, W., Khattatov, B., Menard, R. (eds) Data Assimilation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-74702-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-74703-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)