Temperate zone macroalgal communities in general and littoral communities in particular consist of a diverse producer assemblage, a rich mesograzer fauna occasionally complemented with larger herbivores, and predators. Diversity in the producer assemblage is generated by small-scale heterogeneity in substrate characteristics, seasonal variation in growing conditions, and the depth gradient. Abiotic disturbances, mainly in the form of wave energy, counteract competitive exclusion, thereby enhancing species richness (Sousa 2001). The diverse producer assemblage comprises a habitat and food resource for a species-rich fauna (reviewed in Underwood 2000; Menge and Branch 2001). In such a diverse community, interactions within and between trophic levels become important for the regulation of the structure and function of both the producer and consumer assemblages (Duffy 2002; Worm and Duffy 2003).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amade P, Lemee R (1998) Chemical defence of the Mediterranean alga Caulerpa taxifolia: variations in caulerpenyne production. Aquat Toxicol 43:287–300
Amsler CD (2001) Induced defenses in macroalgae: the herbivore makes a difference. J Phycol 37:353–356
Amsler CD, Fairhead VA (2006) Defensive and sensory chemical ecology of brown algae. Adv Bot Res 43:1–91
Aneer G (1987) High natural mortality of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) eggs caused by algal exudates. Mar Biol 94:163–169
Avila C (1995) Natural products of opisthobranch molluscs: a biological review. Oceanograph Mar Biol Ann Rev 33:487–559
Berenbaum MR, Zangerl AR (1992) Genetics of secondary metabolism and herbivore resistance in plants. In: Rosenthal GA, Berenbaum MR (eds) Herbivores: their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, vol II: Ecological and evolutionary processes, 2 edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 415–438
Bergelson J, Dwyer G, Emerson JJ (2001) Models and data on plant-enemy coevolution. Ann Rev Gen 35:469–499
Bergelson J, Purrington CB (1996) Surveying patterns in the cost of resistance in plants. Am Nat 148:536–558
Bernays EA, Minkenberg OPJM (1997) Insect herbivores: different reasons for being a generalist. Ecology 78:1157–1169
Bernstein BB, Jung N (1979) Selective pressures and coevolution in a kelp canopy community in Southern California. Ecol Monogr 49:335–355
#,*Borell EM, Foggo A, Coleman RA (2004) Induced resistance in intertidal macroalgae modifies feeding behaviour of herbivorous snails. Oecologia 140:328–334
Boyd KG, Adams DR, Burgess JG (1999) Antibacterial and repellent activities of marine bacteria associated with algal surfaces. Biofouling 14:227–236
Cebrian J, Enriquez S, Fortes M, Agawin N, Vermaat JE, Duarte CM (1999) Epiphyte accrual on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves: implications for light absorption. Bot Mar 42:123–128
#Ceh J, Molis M, Dzeha TM, Wahl M (2005) Induction and reduction of anti-herbivore defenses in brown and red macroalgae off the Kenyan coast. J Phycol 41:726–731
Coleman RA, Ramchunder SJ, Davies KM, Moody AJ, Foggo A (2007a) Herbivore-induced infochemicals influence foraging behaviour in two intertidal predators. Oecologia 151:454–463
#,*Coleman RA, Ramchunder SJ, Moody AJ, Foggo A (2007b) An enzyme in snail saliva induces herbivore-resistance in a marine alga. Funct Ecol 21:101–106
Connan S, Delisle F, Deslandes E, Gall EA (2006) Intra-thallus phlorotannin content and antioxidant activity in Phaeophyceae of temperate waters. Bot Mar 49:39–46
Cory JS, Hoover K (2006) Plant-mediated effects in insect-pathogen interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 21:278–286
Cronin G (2001) Resource allocation in seaweeds and marine invertebrates: chemical defense patterns in relation to defense theories. In: McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine chemical ecology. CRC, London, pp 325–353
#Cronin G, Hay ME (1996) Induction of seaweed chemical defenses by amphipod grazing. Ecology 77:2287–2301
Cruz-Rivera E, Hay ME (2000) The effects of diet mixing on consumer fitness: macroalgae, epiphytes, and animal matter as food for marine amphipods. Oecologia 123:252–264
Cruz-Rivera E, Hay ME (2001) Macroalgal traits and the feeding and fitness of an herbivorous amphipod: the roles of selectivity, mixing, and compensation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 218:249–266
Cruz-Rivera E, Hay ME (2003) Prey nutritional quality interacts with chemical defenses to affect consumer feeding and fitness. Ecol Monogr 73:483–506
Cyr H, Pace M (1993) Magnitude and patterns of herbivory in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 361:148–150
D’Antonio C (1985) Epiphytes on the rocky intertidal red alga Rhodomela larix (Turner) C. Agardh: negative effects on the host and food for herbivores? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 86:197–218
Davis AR, Targett NM, McConnell OJ, Young CM (1989) Epibiosis of marine algae and benthic invertebrates: natural products chemistry and other mechanisms inhibiting settlement and overgrowth. Bioorg Mar Chem 3:85–114
de Nys R, Steinberg PD, Rogers CN, Charlton TS, Duncan MW (1996) Quantitative variation of secondary metabolites in the sea hare Aplysia parvula and its host plant, Delisea pulchra. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 130:135–146
*Dethier MN, Williams SL, Freeman A (2005) Seaweeds under stress: manipulated stress and herbivory affect critical life-history functions. Ecol Monogr 75:403–418
#,*Diaz E, Guldenzoph C, Molis M, McQuaid C, Wahl M (2006) Variability in grazer-mediated defensive responses of green and red macroalgae on the south coast of South Africa. Mar Biol 149:1301–1311
Dicke M, Agrawal AA, Bruin J (2003a) Plants talk, but are they deaf? Trends Plant Sci 8:403–405
Dicke M, van Loon JJA (2000) Multitrophic effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in an evolutionary context. Entomol Exp Appl 97:237–249
Dicke M, Van Poecke RMP, de Boer JG (2003b) Inducible indirect defence of plants: from mechanisms to ecological functions. Basic Appl Ecol 4:27–42
Dobretsov S, Dahms HU, Harder T, Qian PY (2006a) Allelochemical defense against epibiosis in the macroalga Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 318:165–175
Dobretsov S, Dahms HU, Qian PY (2006b) Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms and their metabolites. Biofouling 22:43–54
Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006) Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives. Crit Rev Plant Sci 25:417–440
Duffy JE (2002) Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. Oikos 99:201–219
Duffy JE, Hay ME (2000) Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community. Ecol Monogr 70:237–263
Durante KM, Chia FS (1991) Epiphytism on Agarum fimbriatum – Can herbivore preferences explain distributions of epiphytic bryozoans. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77:279–287
Dworjanyn SA, Wright JT, Paul NA, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2006) Cost of chemical defence in the red alga Delisea pulchra. Oikos 113:13–22
Eklund B, Svensson AP, Jonsson C, Malm T (2005) Toxic effects of decomposing red algae on littoral organisms. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 62:621–626
Engkvist R, Malm T, Tobiasson S (2000) Density dependent grazing effects of the isopod Idotea baltica Pallas on Fucus vesiculosus L in the Baltic Sea. Aquat Ecol 34:253–260
Estes JA, Danner EM, Doak DF, Konar B, Springer AM, Steinberg PD, Tinker MT, Williams TM (2004) Complex trophic interactions in kelp forest ecosystems. Bull Mar Sci 74:621–638
Fairhead VA, Amsler CD, McClintock JB, Baker BJ (2005) Within-thallus variation in chemical and physical defences in two species of ecologically dominant brown macroalgae from the Antarctic Peninsula. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 322:1–12
*Fairhead VA, Amsler CD, McClintock JB, Baker BJ (2006) Lack of defense or phlorotannin induction by UV radiation or mesograzers in Desmarestia anceps and D. menziesii (Phaeophyceae). J Phycol 42:1174–1183
Feeny P (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense. Rec Adv Phytochem 10:1–40
Ginsburg DW, Paul VJ (2001) Chemical defenses in the sea hare Aplysia parvula: importance of diet and sequestration of algal secondary metabolites. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 215:261–274
Gross EM (2003) Allelopathy of aquatic autotrophs. Crit Rev Plant Sci 22:313–339
Gurevitch J, Hedges LV (1993) Meta-analysis: Combining the results of independent experiments. In: Scheiner SM, Gurevitch J (eds) Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 378–398
Halpern BS, Cottenie K, Broitman BR (2006) Strong top-down control in southern California kelp forest ecosystems. Science 312:1230–1232
Hamilton JG, Zangerl AR, DeLucia EH, Berenbaum MR (2001) The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis: its rise and fall. Ecol Lett 4:86–95
*Hammerström K, Dethier MN, Duggins DO (1998) Rapid phlorotannin induction and relaxation in five Washington kelps. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 165:293–305
Harder T, Dobretsov S, Qian PY (2004) Waterborne polar macromolecules act as algal antifoulants in the seaweed Ulva reticulata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274:133–141
Hay ME (1991) Marine-terrestrial contrasts in the ecology of plant chemical defences against herbivores. Trends Ecol Evol 6:362–365
Hay ME (1992) The role of seaweed chemical defenses in the evolution of feeding specialization and in the mediation of complex interactions. In: Paul VJ (ed) Ecological roles of marine natural products. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp 93–118
Hay ME (1996) Marine chemical ecology: what’s known and what’s next? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 200:103–134
Hay ME, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1990) Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a marine amphipod: an herbivore in plant’s clothing. Ecology 71:733–743
Hay ME, Duffy JE, Pfister CA, Fenical W (1987) Chemical defense against different marine herbivores: are amphipods insect equivalents? Ecology 68:1567–1580
Hay ME, Fenical W (1992) Chemical mediation of seaweed-herbivore interactions. In: John DM, Hawkins SJ, Price JH (eds) Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 319–337
Hay ME, Parker JD, Burkepile DE, Caudill CC, Wilson AE, Hallinan ZP, Chequer AD (2004) Mutualisms and aquatic community structure: the enemy of my enemy is my friend. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:175–197
Hay ME, Pawlik JR, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1989) Seaweed-herbivore-predator interactions: host plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia 81:418–427
Hellio C, De La Broise D, Dufosse L, Le Gal Y, Bourgougnon N (2001) Inhibition of marine bacteria by extracts of macroalgae: potential use for environmentally friendly antifouling paints. Mar Environ Res 52:231–247
#,*Hemmi A, Honkanen T, Jormalainen V (2004) Inducible resistance to herbivory in Fucus vesiculosus – duration, spreading and variation with nutrient availability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 273:109–120
Hemmi A, Jormalainen V (2002) Nutrient enhancement increases performance of a marine herbivore via quality of its food alga. Ecology 83:1052–1064
Hemmi A, Jormalainen V (2004a) Genetic and environmental variation in performance of a marine isopod: effects of eutrophication. Oecologia 140:302–311
Hemmi A, Jormalainen V (2004b) Geographic covariation of chemical quality of the host alga Fucus vesiculosus with fitness of the herbivorous isopod Idotea baltica. Mar Biol 145:759–768
*Hemmi A, Makinen A, Jormalainen V, Honkanen T (2005) Responses of growth and phlorotannins in Fucus vesiculosus to nutrient enrichment and herbivory. Aquat Ecol 39:201–211
Herms DA, Mattson WJ (1992) The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend? Q Rev Biol 67:283–335
Honkanen T, Jormalainen V (2002) Within-plant integration and compensation: effects of simulated herbivory on growth and reproduction of the brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus. Int J Plant Sci 163:815–823
Honkanen T, Jormalainen V (2005) Genotypic variation in tolerance and resistance to fouling in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Oecologia 144:196–205
Honkanen T, Jormalainen V, Hemmi A, Mäkinen A, Heikkilä N (2002) Feeding and growth of the isopod Idotea baltica on the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus: roles of inter-population and within-plant variation in plant quality. Ecoscience 9:332–338
Ianora A, Boersma M, Casotti R, Fontana A, Harder J, Hoffmann F, Pavia H, Potin P, Poulet SA, Toth G (2006) New trends in marine chemical ecology. Estuaries and Coasts 29:531–551
Ilvessalo H, Tuomi J (1989) Nutrient availability and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Mar Biol 101:115–119
Jin Q, Dong SL (2003) Comparative studies on the allelopathic effects of two different strains of Ulva pertusa on Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium tamarense. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 293:41–55
Jin Q, Dong SL, Wang CY (2005) Allelopathic growth inhibition of Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyta) by Ulva pertusa and Ulva linza (Chlorophyta) in laboratory cultures. Eur J Phycol 40:31–37
Johnson PM, Kicklighter CE, Schmidt M, Kamio M, Yang HC, Elkin D, Michel WC, Tai PC, Derby CD (2006) Packaging of chemicals in the defensive secretory glands of the sea hare Aplysia californica. J Exp Biol 209:78–88
Jormalainen V, Honkanen T (2001) Multiple cues for phenotypic plasticity in phlorotannin production of the bladder wrack Fucus vesiculosus. Phycologia 40:59–60
Jormalainen V, Honkanen T (2004) Variation in natural selection for growth and phlorotannins in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. J Evol Biol 17:807–820
Jormalainen V, Honkanen T, Heikkilä N (2001) Feeding preferences and performance of a marine isopod on seaweed hosts: cost of habitat specialization. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 220:219–230
*Jormalainen V, Honkanen T, Koivikko R, Eränen J (2003) Induction of phlorotannin production in a brown alga: defense or resource dynamics? Oikos 103:640–650
Jormalainen V, Honkanen T, Vesakoski O (2007) Geographical divergence in host use ability of a marine herbivore in alga-grazer interaction. Evol Ecol (online first: DOI 10.1007/s 10682–007-9181–9)
Jormalainen V, Honkanen T, Vesakoski O, Koivikko R (2005) Polar extracts of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (L.) reduce assimilation efficiency but do not deter the herbivorous isopod Idotea baltica (Pallas). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 317:143–157
Karban R, Baldwin IT (1997) Induced responses to herbivory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Karez R, Engelbert S, Sommer U (2000) ‘Co-consumption’ and ‘protective coating’: two new proposed effects of epiphytes on their macroalgal hosts in mesograzer-epiphyte-host interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 205:85–93
Kim J, Choi JS, Kang SE, Cho JY, Jin HJ, Chun BS, Hong YK (2004) Multiple allelopathic activity of the crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum yessoense against settlement and germination of seaweed spores. J Appl Phycol 16:175–179
Koivikko R, Loponen J, Honkanen T, Jormalainen V (2005) Contents of soluble, cell-wall-bound and exuded phlorotannins in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, with implications on their ecological functions. J Chem Ecol 31:195–212
Koivikko R, Loponen J, Pihlaja K, Jormalainen V (2007) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phlorotannins from the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Phytochem Anal 18:326–332
Koricheva J (2002a) Meta-analysis of sources of variation in fitness costs of plant antiherbivore defenses. Ecology 83:176–190
Koricheva J (2002b) The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis is dead; long live the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis? Oikos 98:537–539
Korpinen S, Honkanen T, Vesakoski O, Hemmi A, Koivikko R, Loponen J, Jormalainen V (2007a) Macroalgal communities face the challenge of changing biotic interactions: Review with focus on the Baltic Sea. Ambio 36:203–211
Korpinen S, Jormalainen V, Honkanen T (2007b) Bottom-up and cascading top-down control of macroalgae along a depth gradient. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 343:52–63
Korpinen S, Jormalainen V, Honkanen T (2007c) Effects of nutrients, herbivory, and depth on the macroalgal community in the rocky sublittoral. Ecology 88:839–852
Kost C, Heil M (2006) Herbivore-induced plant volatiles induce an indirect defence in neighbouring plants. J Ecol 94:619–628
Kraufvelin P, Salovius S, Christie H, Moy FE, Karez R, Pedersen MF (2006) Eutrophication-induced changes in benthic algae affect the behaviour and fitness of the marine amphipod Gammarus locusta. Aquat Bot 84:199–209
Kubanek J, Lester SE, Fenical W, Hay ME (2004) Ambiguous role of phlorotannins as chemical defenses in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 277:79–93
Lerdau M, Coley PD (2002) Benefits of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis. Oikos 98:534–536
Lotze HK, Schramm W (2000) Can ecophysiological traits explain species dominance patterns in macroalgal blooms? J Phycol 36:287–295
Lotze HK, Schramm W, Schories D, Worm B (1999) Control of macroalgal blooms at early developmental stages: Pilayella littoralis versus Enteromorpha spp. Oecologia 119:46–54
Lotze HK, Worm B, Sommer U (2000) Propagule banks, herbivory and nutrient supply control population development and dominance patterns in macroalgal blooms. Oikos 89:46–58
Lotze HK, Worm B, Sommer U (2001) Strong bottom-up and top-down control of early life stages of macroalgae. Limnol Oceanogr 46:749–757
Lüder UH, Clayton MN (2004) Induction of phlorotannins in the brown macroalga Ecklonia radiata (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in response to simulated herbivory – the first microscopic study. Planta 218:928–937
#Macaya EC, Rothausler E, Thiel M, Molis M, Wahl M (2005) Induction of defenses and within-alga variation of palatability in two brown algae from the northern-central coast of Chile: Effects of mesograzers and UV radiation. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 325:214–227
Malm T, Engkvist R, Kautsky L (1999) Grazing effects of two freshwater snails on juvenile Fucus vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 188:63–71
Mancinelli G, Rossi L (2001) Indirect, size-dependent effects of crustacean mesograzers on the Rhodophyta Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss: evidence from a short-term study in the Lesina Lagoon (Italy). Mar Biol 138:1163–1173
Marin A, Ros J (2004) Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranches: taxonomic trends and evolutive implications. Sci Mar 68:227–241
*Martinez EA (1996) Micropopulation differentiation in phenol content and susceptibility to herbivory in the Chilean kelp Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyta, Laminariales). Hydrobiologia 327:205–211
McQuaid CD, Froneman PW (1993) Mutualism between the territorial intertidal limpet Patella longicosta and the crustose alga Ralfsia verrucosa. Oecologia 96:128–133
Menge BA (1991) Relative importance of recruitment and other causes of variation in rocky intertidal community structure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 146:69–100
Menge BA (2000) Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250:257–289
Menge BA, Branch GM (2001) Rocky intertidal communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay ME (eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp 221–251
#Molis M, Korner J, Ko YW, Kim JH, Wahl M (2006) Inducible responses in the brown seaweed Ecklonia cava: the role of grazer identity and season. J Ecol 94:243–249
Nan CR, Zhang HZ, Zhao GQ (2004) Allelopathic interactions between the macroalga Ulva pertusa and eight microalgal species. J Sea Res 52:259–268
Nelson TA, Lee DJ, Smith BC (2003) Are “green tides” harmful algal blooms? Toxic properties of water-soluble extracts from two bloom-forming macroalgae, Ulva fenestrata and Ulvaria obscura (Ulvophyceae). J Phycol 39:874–879
Nishida R (2002) Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera. Annu Rev Entomol 47:57–92
Norkko A, Bonsdorff E (1996) Population responses of coastal zoobenthos to stress induced by drifting algal mats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 140:141–151
Nylund GM (2005) Chemical mediation of fouling in seaweeds. PhD Thesis, Department of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Sweden
Nylund GM, Pavia H (2003) Inhibitory effects of red algal extracts on larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. Mar Biol 143:875–882
Patel P, Callow ME, Joint I, Callow JA (2003) Specificity in the settlement – modifying response of bacterial biofilms towards zoospores of the marine alga Enteromorpha. Environ Microbiol 5:338–349
Paul NA, Cole L, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2006) Ultrastructure of the gland cells of the red alga Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniaceae). J Phycol 42:637–645
Paul VJ, Cruz-Rivera E, Thacker RW (2001) Chemical mediation of macroalgal-herbivore interactions: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine chemical ecology. CRC, pp 227–265
Pavia H, Carr H, Åberg P (1999) Habitat and feeding preferences of crustacean mesoherbivores inhabiting the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. and its epiphytic macroalgae. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 236:15–32
#,*Pavia H, Cervin G, Lindgren A, Aberg P (1997) Effects of UV-B radiation and simulated herbivory on phlorotannins in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 157:139–146
#,*Pavia H, Toth G (2000) Inducible chemical resistance to herbivory in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Ecology 81:3212–3225
Pavia H, Toth GB, Åberg P (2002) Optimal defense theory: elasticity analysis as a tool to predict intraplant variation in defenses. Ecology 83:891–897
*Peckol P, Krane JM, Yates JL (1996) Interactive effects of inducible defence and resource availability on pholorotannins in the North Atlantic brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 138:209–217
Pennings SC, Nadeau MT, Paul VJ (1993) Selectivity and growth of the generalist herbivore Dolabella auricularia feeding upon complementary resources. Ecology 74:879–890
Pennings SC, Nastisch S, Paul VJ (2001) Vulnerability of sea hares to fish predators: importance of diet and fish species. Coral Reefs 20:320–324
*Pfister CA (1992) Costs of reproduction in an intertidal kelp: patterns of allocation and life history consequences. Ecology 73:1586–1596
Poore AGB, Hill NA (2006) Sources of variation in herbivore preference: among-individual and past diet effects on amphipod host choice. Mar Biol 149:1403–1410
Potin P, Bouarab K, Salaun JP, Pohnert G, Kloareg B (2002) Biotic interactions of marine algae. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:308–317
Råberg S, Berger-Jönsson R, Björn A, Graneli E, Kautsky L (2005) Effects of Pilayella littoralis on Fucus vesiculosus recruitment: implications for community composition. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 289:131–139
Ragan MA, Jensen A (1979) Quantitative studies on brown algal phenols. III. Light-mediated exudation of polyphenols from Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 36:91–101
Rausher MD (1996) Genetic analysis of coevolution between plants and their natural enemies. Trends Genet 12:212–217
#Renaud PE, Hay ME, Schmitt TM (1990) Interactions of plant stress and herbivory: intraspecific variation in the susceptibility of a palatable versus an unpalatable seaweed to sea urchin grazing. Oecologia 82:217–226
Rhoades DF (1979) Evolution of plant chemical defense against herbivores. In: Rosenthal DA, Janzen DH (eds) Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Academic, New York, pp 3–54
Rogers CN, de Nys R, Charlton TS, Steinberg PD (2000) Dynamics of algal secondary metabolites in two species of sea hare. J Chem Ecol 26:721–744
Rogers CN, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2002) Effects of algal diet on the performance and susceptibility to predation of the sea hare Aplysia parvula. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 236:241–254
#Rohde S, Molis M, Wahl M (2004) Regulation of anti-herbivore defence by Fucus vesiculosus in response to various cues. J Ecol 92:1011–1018
Rönnberg C, Bonsdorff E (2004) Baltic Sea eutrophication: area-specific ecological consequences. Hydrobiologia 514:227–241
Rosenberg MS, Adams DC, Gurevitch J (2000) Version 2 MetaWin: statistical software for meta-analysis. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
#Rothausler E, Macaya EC, Molis M, Wahl M, Thiel M (2005) Laboratory experiments examining inducible defense show variable responses of temperate brown and red macroalgae. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78:603–614
Russell BD, Elsdon TS, Gillanders BM, Connell SD (2005) Nutrients increase epiphyte loads: broad-scale observations and an experimental assessment. Mar Biol 147:551–558
Schmitt TM, Hay ME, Lindquist N (1995) Constraints on chemically mediated coevolution: multiple functions for seaweed secondary metabolites. Ecology 76:107–123
Schmitz K, Lobban CS (1976) Survey of translocation in Laminariales (Phaeophyceae). Mar Biol 36:207–216
Shurin JB, Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Anderson K, Blanchette CA, Broitman B, Cooper SD, Halpern BS (2002) A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecol Lett 5:785–791
Sieburt JM, Jensen A (1969) Studies on algal substances in the sea. II. The formation of gelbstoff (humic material) by exudates of phaeophyta. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 3:275–289
Sotka EE (2005) Local adaptation in host use among marine invertebrates. Ecol Lett 8:448–459
#Sotka EE, Taylor RB, Hay ME (2002) Tissue-specific induction of resistance to herbivores in a brown seaweed: the importance of direct grazing versus waterborne signals from grazed neighbors. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 277:1–12
Sousa WP (2001) Natural disturbance and the dynamics of marine benthic communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay (eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp 85–130
Stachowicz JJ, Hay ME (1996) Facultative mutualism between an herbivorous crab and a coralline alga: advantages of eating noxious seaweeds. Oecologia 105:377–387
Stachowicz JJ, Whitlatch RB (2005) Multiple mutualists provide complementary benefits to their seaweed host. Ecology 86:2418–2427
Stamp N (2003) Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. Q Rev Biol 78:23–55
*Steinberg PD (1994) Lack of short-term induction of phlorotannins in the Australasian brown algae Ecklonia radiata and Sargassum vestitum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 112:129–133
*Steinberg PD (1995) Interaction between the canopy dwelling echinoid Holopneustes purpurescens and its host kelp Ecklonia radiata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 127:169–181
Steinberg PD, de Nys R (2002) Chemical mediation of colonization of seaweed surfaces. J Phycol 38:621–629
Steinberg PD, de Nys R, Kjelleberg S (2001) Chemical mediation of surface colonization. In: McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine chemical ecology. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 355–387
Steinberg PD, Estes JA, Winter FC (1995) Evolutionary consequences of food chain length in kelp forest communities. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92:8145–8148
Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ, Corbett D, Erlandson JM, Estes JA, Tegner MJ (2002) Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environ Conserv 29:436–459
Strauss SY, Rudgers JA, Lau JA, Irwin RE (2002) Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory. Trends Ecol Evol 17:278–284
Suzuki Y, Takabayashi T, Kawaguchi T, Matsunaga K (1998) Isolation of an allelopathic substance from the crustose coralline algae, Lithophyllum spp., and its effect on the brown alga, Laminaria religiosa Miyabe (Phaeophyta). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 225:69–77
*Svensson CJ, Pavia H, Toth G (2007) Do plant density, nutrient availability, and herbivore grazing interact to affect phlorotannin plasticity in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar Biol (in press). doi: 10.1007/s00227–007-0649–5
Swanson AK, Druehl LD (2002) Induction, exudation and the UV protective role of kelp phlorotannins. Aquat Bot 73:241–253
Targett NM, Arnold TM (2001) Effects of secondary metabolites on digestion in marine herbivores. In: McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine chemical ecology. CRC, pp 391–412
#Taylor RB, Sotka E, Hay ME (2002) Tissue-specific induction of herbivore resistance: seaweed response to amphipod grazing. Oecologia 132:68–76
Thompson JN (2005) The geographic mosaic of coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
#Toth G (2007) Screening for induced herbivore resistance in Swedish intertidal seaweeds. Mar Biol 1597–1604
*Toth G, Karlson M, Pavia H (2007) Mesoherbivores reduce net growth and induce chemical resistance in natural seaweed populations. Oecologia 152:245–255
Toth GB, Langhamer O, Pavia H (2005) Inducible and constitutive defenses of valuable seaweed tissues: consequences for herbivore fitness. Ecology 86:612–618
#,*Toth GB, Pavia H (2000) Water-borne cues induce chemical defense in a marine alga (Ascophyllum nodosum). Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 97:14418–14420
*Toth GB, Pavia H (2002a) Intraplant habitat and feeding preference of two gastropod herbivores inhabiting the kelp Laminaria hyperborea. J Mar Biol Ass UK 82:243–247
*Toth GB, Pavia H (2002b) Lack of phlorotannin induction in the kelp Laminaria hyperborea in response to grazing by two gastropod herbivores. Mar Biol 140:403–409
Toth GB, Pavia H (2006) Artificial wounding decreases plant biomass and shoot strength of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Mar Biol 148:1193–1199
Toth GB, Pavia H (2007) Induced herbivore resistance in seaweeds: a meta-analysis. J Ecol 95:425–434
Tuomi J, Ilvessalo H, Niemelä P, Sirén S, Jormalainen V (1989) Within-plant variation in phenolic content and toughness of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus L. Bot Mar 32:505–509
Underwood AJ (2000) Experimental ecology of rocky intertidal habitats: what are we learning? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250:51–76
#,*Van Alstyne KL (1988) Herbivory grazing increases polyphenolic defenses in the intertidal brown alga Fucus distichus. Ecology 69:655–663
Van Alstyne KL, McCarthy III JJ, Hustead CL, Kearns LJ (1999) Phlorotannin allocation among tissues of Northeastern Pacific kelps and rockweeds. J Phycol 35:483–492
Viejo RM, Åberg P (2003) Temporal and spatial variation in the density of mobile epifauna and grazing damage on the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar Biol 142:1229–1241
Wahl M, Hay ME (1995) Associational resistance and shared doom: effects of epibiosis on herbivory. Oecologia 102:329–340
Wahl M, Hay ME, Enderlein P (1997) Effects of epibiosis on consumer-prey interactions. Hydrobiologia 355:49–59
Wahl M, Mark O (1999) The predominantly facultative nature of epibiosis: experimental and observational evidence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187:59–66
#Weidner K, Lages BG, da Gama BAP, Molis M, Wahl M, Pereira RC (2004) Effect of mesograzers and nutrient levels on induction of defenses in several Brazilian macroalgae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 283:113–125
Wieczorek SK, Todd CD (1998) Inhibition and facilitation of settlement of epifaunal marine invertebrate larvae by microbial biofilm cues. Biofouling 12:81–118
Wikström SA, Kautsky L (2004) Invasion of a habitat-forming seaweed: effects on associated biota. Biological Invasions 6:141–150
Worm B, Duffy JE (2003) Biodiversity, productivity and stability in real food webs. Trends Ecol Evol 18:628–632
Worm B, Lotze HK, Sommer U (2001) Algal propagule banks modify competition, consumer and resource control on Baltic rocky shores. Oecologia 128:281–293
Worm B, Sommer U (2000) Rapid direct and indirect effects of a single nutrient pulse in a seaweed-epiphyte-grazer system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 202:283–288
Wright JT, de Nys R, Poore AGB, Steinberg PD (2004) Chemical defense in a marine alga: heritability and the potential for selection by herbivores. Ecology 85:2946–2959
*Yates JC, Peckol P (1993) Effects of nutrient availability and herbivory on polyphenolics in the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Ecology 74:1757–1766
Zangerl AR, Rutledge CE (1996) The probability of attack and patterns of constitutive and induced defense: a test of optimal defense theory. Am Nat 147:599–608
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jormalainen, V., Honkanen, T. (2008). Macroalgal Chemical Defenses and Their Roles in Structuring Temperate Marine Communities. In: Amsler, C.D. (eds) Algal Chemical Ecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74181-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74181-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-74180-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-74181-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)