Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Anatomic Basis of Tumor Surgery pp 195–264Cite as

Mediastinum, Thymus, Cervical and Thoracic Trachea, and Lung

  • Chapter

  • 4379 Accesses

Abstract

The mediastinum exists by definition as an area defined by arbitrary anatomic boundaries within which many intrathoracic organs reside. The mediastinum's existence by definition has led not only to confusion but also to controversy regarding its anatomic subdivisions. This in turn has led to confusion in the radiologic, medical, and surgical literature reporting frequency of different tumors within the mediastinum. The organs and tumors within the mediastinum are many. This section defines the mediastinum and its compartments, the contents within, surgical procedures for diagnosis, and representative surgical techniques within each compartment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Suggested Readings

  • Adams GA, Shochat SJ, Smith EI, et al Thoracic neuroblastoma: a pediatric oncology group study. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:372–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen MS, Wright CD, Heitmiller RF. In: Wood DE, Thomas CR, editors. Mediastinal tumors, update 1995. New York: Springer; 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom NA. Tumors of the mediastinum. In: Beattie EJ, Bloom ND, Harvey JC, editors. Thoracic surgical oncology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1992. p. 237–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlens E. Mediastinoscopy: a method of inspection and tissue biopsy in the superior mediastinum. Chest 1959;36:343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CioffiU, De Simone M, Ciulla MM. Computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound in detection and characterization of mediastinal masses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:1606–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duwe BV, Sterman DH, Musani AI. Tumors of the mediastinum. 2005;128:2893–909

    Google Scholar 

  • Elk B, Lynch M, Balk M, et al Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the management of two patients with bronchogenic carcinoma invading the left atrium. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:1101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg RJ, Rice TW, Goldberg M, et al Extended cervical mediastinoscopy — the best procedure for staging left upper lobe tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;94:673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hood RM. Mediastinum. In: Hood RM, editor. Techniques in general thoracic surgery. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993. p. 185–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Cardiac tumors. In: Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Cardiac surgery. 2nd edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 1635–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee RB, Miller JI. Mediastinal paragangliomas. In: Wood DE, Thomas CR, editors. Mediastinal tumors, update 1995. New York: Springer; 1995. p. 63–78

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Osada H, Aoki H, Yokote K, et al Dumbbell neurogenic tumor of the mediastinum: a report of three cases undergoing single staged complete removal without thoracotomy. Jpn J Surg. 1991;21:224–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wain JC. Neurogenic tumors of the mediastinum. In: Wood DE, Thomas CR, eds. Mediastinal tumors, update 1995. New York: Springer; 1995. p. 71–8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Suggested Readings

  • Batata MA, Martin N, Huvos AG, et al Thymomas: clinicopathologic features, therapy and prognosis. Cancer 1974;34:389–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell ET. Tumors of the thymus in myasthenia gravis. J Nerv Dis. 1917;45:130–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergh NP, Gatzinsky P, Larsson S, Lundin P, Ridell B. Tumors of the thymus and thymic region: I. Clinico-pathological studies on thymomas. Ann Thorac Surg. 1978;25:91–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blalock A, Mason MF, Morgan HT, et al Myasthenia gravis and tumors of the thymic region. Ann Surg. 1939;110:544–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretel JJ. Staging and preliminary results of the Thymic Tumor Study Group. Thymic tumors. In: Sarrazin R, Vroussos C, Vincent J, editors. Fourth Cancer Research Workshop. Basel: Karger; 1989. p. 156–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Frist W, Thirumalai T, Doehring CB, et al Thymectomy for the myasthenia gravis patient: factors influencing outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57:334–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Givel JC, editor. Surgery of the thymus. Berlin: Springer; 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggi G, Casadio C, Cavallo A, et al. Thymoma: results of 241 operated cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51:152–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakalara K, et al. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer 1991;68:1984–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack A, EI-Naggar AK, Cox JD, et al Thymoma: the prognostic significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis. Cancer 1992;69:1702–09

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regnard JF, Magdeleinat P, Dromer C, et al Prognostic factors and long-term results after thymoma resection: a series of 307 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112:376–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosai J, Levine GD. Tumors of the thymus. Atlas of tumor pathology, fascile, second series. Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1976. p. 34–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamakawa Y, Masaoka A, Hashimoto T, et al A tentative tumor-node-metastasis classification of thymoma. Cancer 1991;68:1984–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verley JM, Hollmann KH. Thymoma: a comparative study of clinical stages, histologic features, and survival in 200 cases. Cancer 1985;55:1074–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins EW, Castleman B. Thymoma: a continuing survey at Massachusetts general hospital. Ann Thorac Surg. 1979;28:252–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright CD, Choi NC, Wain JC, et al. Induction chemoradiotherapy followed by resection for locally advanced Masaoka stage III and IVA thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:385–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suggested Readings

  • Grillo HC, Suen HC, Mathisen DJ, et al Resectional management of thyroid carcinoma invading the airway. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:3–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitmiller RF. Tracheal release maneuvers. Chest Surg Clin North Am. 1996;6:675–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmy-Jones R, Wood DE. Traumatic injury to the trachea and bronchus. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17:35–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathisen DJ. Carinal reconstruction: techniques and problems. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;8:403–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura T, Grillo HC. The contribution of the inferior thyroid artery to the blood supply of the human trachea. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966;123:91–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Salassa JR, Pearson BW, Payne WS. Gross and microscopical blood supply of the trachea. Ann Thorac Surg. 1977;24:100–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steger V, Hampel M, Trick I, Müller M, Walles T. Clinical tracheal replacement: transplantation, biopros-theses and artificial grafts. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2008;5:605–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ugalde P, Miro S, Fréchette E, Deslauriers J. Correlative anatomy for thoracic inlet; glottis and subglottis; trachea, carina, and main bronchi; lobes, fissures, and segments; hilum and pulmonary vascular system; bronchial arteries and lymphatics. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17:639–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanni P, Melloni G. Surgical management of thyroid cancer invading the trachea. Chest Surg Clin North Am. 1996;6:777–90

    Google Scholar 

Suggested Readings

  • Aisner J, Arriagada R, Green M, et al editors. Comprehensive textbook of thoracic oncology. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins; 1996

    Google Scholar 

  • Demmy TL, Plante AJ, Nwogu CE, et al Discharge independence with minimally invasive lobectomy. Am J Surg. 2004;188:698

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Detterbeck F, Sukumar MS. Management algorithms for stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer with N2 node involvement. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:437–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downey RJ. Dissemination of malignant tumors after video-assisted thoracic surgery; a report of twenty-one cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraire AE. Pathology of lung cancer. In: Aisner J, Arriagada R, Green MR, et al editors. Comprehensive textbook of thoracic oncology. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins; 1996. p. 245–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg RJ. Alternative (muscle-sparing) incisions in thoracic surgery. The first International Symposium of Thoracoscopic Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:752–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howington JA. The role of VATS for staging and diagnosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19:212–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser LR, Aretz TA. Atlas of general thoracic surgery. St Louis: Mosby; 1997

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittle FC. History of thoracic surgical oncology. In: Beattie EJ, Bloom N, Harvey J, editors. Thoracic surgical oncology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1992. p. 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohman LJ. Is there a place for surgery in central small cell lung cancer. Chest Clin North Am 1997;7(1):105–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landreneau RJ. Prevalence of chronic pain following pulmonary resection by thoracotomy or video-assisted thoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:1079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice TW. Anatomy in thoracic surgery. In: Pearson FG, Deslauries J, Ginsberg RJ, et al eds. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 355–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth JA, Ruckdeschel JC, Weisenberger TH, editors. Thoracic oncology. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saun-ders; 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson SJ, Herndon JE II, D'Amico TA, et al Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: report of CALGB 39802 – a prospective, multi-institution feasibility study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4993–4997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urschel HC, Cooper JD. Atlas of thoracic surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Urschel JD. Surgical treatment of peripheral small cell lung cancer. Chest Clin North Am. 1997;7(1):95–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venissac N, Alifano M, Mouroux J. Video-assisted mediastinsocopy: experience from 240 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:208–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker WS, Codisopoti M, Soon SY, et al Long-term outcomes following VATS lobectomy for non-small cellbronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23:397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yim AP, Wan S, Lee TW, et al VATS lobectomy reduces cytokine responses compared with conventional surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kamal A. Mansour Professor of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Daniel L Miller

  2. Chief, General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Daniel L Miller

  3. Associate Program Director, Cardiothoracic Surgery Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Daniel L Miller

  4. Surgical Director, Thoracic Oncology Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Daniel L Miller

  5. Cardiovascular Surgical Clinic, Jackson, MS, USA

    Robert B Lee

  6. Former Assistant Professor, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Robert B Lee

Authors
  1. Daniel L Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert B Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel L Miller .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    William C. Wood

  2. Division of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Charles A. Staley

  3. Centers for Surgical Anatomy and Technique, Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    John E. Skandalakis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Miller, D.L., Lee, R.B. (2010). Mediastinum, Thymus, Cervical and Thoracic Trachea, and Lung. In: Wood, W.C., Staley, C.A., Skandalakis, J.E. (eds) Anatomic Basis of Tumor Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74177-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74177-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-74176-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-74177-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation