Abstract
As I sat at my desk in Connecticut to consider what I could contribute to this volume as a cultural historian of American law, I recalled a remarkable visit I took recently to Cincinnati, Ohio. My wife and I had visited Cincinnati immediately following a three-week stay in Germany, and because I hope it will shed light on how many Americans understand the relation between church and state, I wish to begin this essay by describing why I was in Ohio and painting a picture of some of the men and women I met there — a kind of American portrait in thick description. Before I do, however, I wish at the outset to state my basic view of the subject of religion and state neutrality. My view is that state neutrality toward religion can and should remain a guiding aspiration of American constitutionalism, but that the ideal has been complicated in practice by an old and continuing American tradition — one that I believe contrasts with socio-legal life in post-war Germany and, perhaps, Israel, in which universalistic liberal ideals and institutions are grounded in and viewed as inseparable from particularistic religious commitments. The U.S. Supreme Court, furthermore, has played an important institutional role in coping with the cultural tension to which this popular belief system has given rise, using the concept of neutrality as a tool of constitutional cultural management for a society that is at once highly religious, liberal, and increasingly pluralistic.
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References
Edward Eberle, Dignity and Liberty: Constitutional Visions in Germany and the United States, 2002.
“Mission: Impossible”, CBS, 1966–1973; Brian De Palma, “Mission Impossible”, 1996.
Galatians 3:28.
See Will Herberg, Protestant — Catholic — Jew, 1955, 97.
Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, Boston, Hilliard, Gray, 1833, § 1863–1871. See also Vidal v. Girard’s Executors, 43 U.S. (2 How) 127 (1844).
See Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947); Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940).
Douglas Laycock, Formal, Substantive, and Disaggregated Neutrality Toward Religion, DePaul Law Review 39 (1990), 993.
See Eberle, note 1 above, 235 and 260.
This issue deserves more scholarly examination. For an early treatment of non-legal issues, see Herberg, note 5 above.
Lemon v. Kurzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612–613 (1971).
Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 688 (1984).
McCreary v. ACLU, 125 S. Ct. 2722, 2742 (2005).
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 2004–2005, Washington, Government Printing Office, 2005, 55–6 (available through http://www.census.gov/statab/www/).
McCreary v. ACLU, see Justice Scalia 2751–2752.
David Conkle, Constitutional Law: The Religion Clauses 2003, 125, citing Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 674–78 (1984).
Van Orden v. Perry, 125 S.Ct. 2854 (2005), Justice Souter dissenting, 2893.
See McCreary v. ACLU, Justice Scalia dissenting, 2750.
Sherman Marks, “The Carriers”, 1966 (Season 1, Episode 10).
McCreary v. ACLU, Justice Scalia dissenting, 2751.
McCreary v. ACLU, Justice Scalia dissenting 2752.
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© 2007 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Heidelberg
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Weiner, M.S. (2007). Neutrality Between Church and State: Mission Impossible?. In: Brugger, W., Karayanni, M. (eds) Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 190. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_13
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