Non-Orthodox Versions of Quantum Theory and the Need for Process 1

Abstract

Eugene Wigner introduced the term ‘orthodox’ to describe von Neumann’s formulation of quantum theory. I use the term more broadly to include, at the pragmatic level, also the Copenhagen formulation. But at the ontological level I mean the von Neumann—Tomonaga—Schwinger description that includes the entire physical universe in the physically described quantum world, and that accepts the occurrence of the process 1 interventions in the process 2 evolution of the physically described state of the universe.